WEBVTT FILE 1 00:00:00.022 --> 00:00:01.940 (train passing on tracks) 2 00:00:01.990 --> 00:00:04.220 - When people look at the environment, 3 00:00:02.000 --> 00:00:07.000 Downloaded from YTS.MX 4 00:00:04.270 --> 00:00:07.390 look at the world and say, oh everything's fine, 5 00:00:07.440 --> 00:00:10.340 it makes me think of a friend of mine. 6 00:00:08.000 --> 00:00:13.000 Official YIFY movies site: YTS.MX 7 00:00:10.390 --> 00:00:14.440 And he was a heroin addict and an alcoholic. 8 00:00:14.490 --> 00:00:17.850 And he was a pretty happy heroin addict and alcoholic. 9 00:00:17.900 --> 00:00:19.570 And one day he got into his car, 10 00:00:19.620 --> 00:00:21.220 he'd been shooting up and he'd been drinking. 11 00:00:21.270 --> 00:00:24.070 He got into his car and had some friends in the car 12 00:00:24.120 --> 00:00:25.360 and he was driving, 13 00:00:25.410 --> 00:00:27.140 no one was wearing their seatbelt, 14 00:00:27.190 --> 00:00:28.760 I think you see where this is going. 15 00:00:28.810 --> 00:00:30.840 And if you had asked him and his friends, 16 00:00:30.890 --> 00:00:33.160 as they're in their car, listening to music, 17 00:00:33.210 --> 00:00:35.680 going 100 miles an hour on the freeway, 18 00:00:35.730 --> 00:00:37.000 how they felt, they'd be like, 19 00:00:37.050 --> 00:00:39.610 we feel great, everything's fine! 20 00:00:39.660 --> 00:00:41.550 Ask them three seconds later 21 00:00:41.600 --> 00:00:42.960 when they were in a huge accident, 22 00:00:43.010 --> 00:00:45.770 he lost his legs and two of his friends died. 23 00:00:45.820 --> 00:00:49.200 And how do I convince you that you are that 24 00:00:49.250 --> 00:00:51.380 heroin addict alcoholic in the car 25 00:00:51.430 --> 00:00:53.210 driving without a seatbelt? 26 00:00:53.260 --> 00:00:55.610 'Cause right now, you think things are fine. 27 00:00:55.660 --> 00:00:57.290 I think things are fine. 28 00:00:57.340 --> 00:00:59.970 And I can guarantee you, they are not. 29 00:01:00.020 --> 00:01:05.020 (train passing on tracks) (solemn music) 30 00:02:00.490 --> 00:02:02.080 - Whether we know it or not, 31 00:02:02.130 --> 00:02:04.080 whether we like it or not, 32 00:02:04.130 --> 00:02:08.320 humanity is currently facing existential challenges. 33 00:02:08.370 --> 00:02:11.420 Experts warn that life on Earth is likely to change 34 00:02:11.470 --> 00:02:14.580 drastically in just our generation's lifetime 35 00:02:14.630 --> 00:02:17.415 if we continue business as usual. 36 00:02:17.465 --> 00:02:20.180 So, what does our future have in store for us 37 00:02:20.230 --> 00:02:22.600 just in the next few decades? 38 00:02:22.650 --> 00:02:25.040 To explore this compelling question, 39 00:02:25.090 --> 00:02:28.060 we're first going to watch a short 15 minute story 40 00:02:28.110 --> 00:02:32.700 we created that takes place in the year 2050. 41 00:02:32.750 --> 00:02:35.830 After that, we'll come back and hear what scientists 42 00:02:35.880 --> 00:02:40.418 have to say today about the challenges humanity is facing. 43 00:02:40.468 --> 00:02:43.218 (dramatic music) 44 00:02:45.320 --> 00:02:47.960 - A dramatic day in northern Alaska, 45 00:02:48.010 --> 00:02:51.030 as a 300 foot section of the Dalton Highway 46 00:02:51.080 --> 00:02:55.690 near Sagwan was obliterated by a methane gas explosion. 47 00:02:55.740 --> 00:02:58.390 Leaving behind a large crater. 48 00:02:58.440 --> 00:03:00.310 You are seeing live footage from our 49 00:03:00.360 --> 00:03:03.110 Consolidated News Service Worldeye Drone, 50 00:03:03.160 --> 00:03:08.160 operating 431 miles north of Fairbanks Alaska. 51 00:03:08.280 --> 00:03:10.370 No casualties have been reported, 52 00:03:10.420 --> 00:03:12.690 but the loss of this critical roadway 53 00:03:12.740 --> 00:03:15.650 is expected to cause serious disruptions 54 00:03:15.700 --> 00:03:17.813 for communities throughout the region. 55 00:03:20.870 --> 00:03:23.580 The volatile nature of methane events in this 56 00:03:23.630 --> 00:03:27.900 and other regions if of utmost concern for scientists 57 00:03:27.950 --> 00:03:29.270 monitoring the problem. 58 00:03:29.320 --> 00:03:32.430 For more, we're joined by Dr Marcus Cohen, 59 00:03:32.480 --> 00:03:34.990 who's an advisor to the National Weather Service's 60 00:03:35.040 --> 00:03:37.650 Event Mitigation Unit. 61 00:03:37.700 --> 00:03:39.000 Hello, Dr Cohen. 62 00:03:39.050 --> 00:03:41.020 - Good morning, Megan, glad to be here. 63 00:03:41.070 --> 00:03:43.130 - Dr Cohen, you were telling me over the break 64 00:03:43.180 --> 00:03:46.520 that these methane explosions are nothing new 65 00:03:46.570 --> 00:03:49.370 and you didn't seem to be entirely surprised 66 00:03:49.420 --> 00:03:51.030 by this event either. 67 00:03:51.080 --> 00:03:53.300 - Well, we've been monitoring this phenomenon for decades 68 00:03:53.350 --> 00:03:54.590 and while it's nothing new, 69 00:03:54.640 --> 00:03:57.460 we have seen an increase in the frequency 70 00:03:57.510 --> 00:04:00.310 of these methane bubbles, which is very concerning. 71 00:04:00.360 --> 00:04:03.570 Basically, as the ice melts, underground methane bubbles 72 00:04:03.620 --> 00:04:06.890 rise and eventually leak into the atmosphere. 73 00:04:06.940 --> 00:04:09.220 And sometimes it does so in the form of these 74 00:04:09.270 --> 00:04:11.340 dramatic explosions like we saw today. 75 00:04:11.390 --> 00:04:13.820 - So why is this happening now? 76 00:04:13.870 --> 00:04:16.410 - Well, in short, because the planet is warming, 77 00:04:16.460 --> 00:04:18.320 which is melting the ice and permafrost 78 00:04:18.370 --> 00:04:20.460 that covers the methane. 79 00:04:20.510 --> 00:04:23.150 Methane in the atmosphere heats the planet 80 00:04:23.200 --> 00:04:26.000 and when more of it leaks out from under the ice, 81 00:04:26.050 --> 00:04:28.150 it causes even more warming, 82 00:04:28.200 --> 00:04:30.100 which in turn causes the ice to melt, 83 00:04:30.150 --> 00:04:33.160 which then allows even more methane to reach the surface 84 00:04:33.210 --> 00:04:34.410 and so on and so on. 85 00:04:34.460 --> 00:04:38.370 And this vicious cycle is what we refer to as a 86 00:04:38.420 --> 00:04:40.760 positive feedback loop. 87 00:04:40.810 --> 00:04:44.100 Which, once it gets going, it sustains itself. 88 00:04:44.150 --> 00:04:47.030 - Now that the new International Carbon Mandates 89 00:04:47.080 --> 00:04:49.400 are in place, do you think there's any chance 90 00:04:49.450 --> 00:04:52.622 we can lessen or reverse the situation? 91 00:04:52.672 --> 00:04:54.000 - Well, we started very late, 92 00:04:54.050 --> 00:04:56.280 on meaningful greenhouse gas reforms. 93 00:04:56.330 --> 00:04:59.290 The problem is manmade emissions aren't the only 94 00:04:59.340 --> 00:05:01.130 problem we're facing now. 95 00:05:01.180 --> 00:05:03.110 Even if we completely stop all industrial, 96 00:05:03.160 --> 00:05:05.450 agricultural, and transportation emissions, 97 00:05:05.500 --> 00:05:07.570 bring them down to zero immediately, 98 00:05:07.620 --> 00:05:08.880 the methane and other gasses 99 00:05:08.930 --> 00:05:11.190 that are now being released from under the permafrost 100 00:05:11.240 --> 00:05:13.940 may still push recovery out of reach. 101 00:05:13.990 --> 00:05:16.380 - That is sobering but we have to leave it there 102 00:05:16.430 --> 00:05:18.170 Dr Cohen, on that note, 103 00:05:18.220 --> 00:05:20.160 thank you for being with us today 104 00:05:20.210 --> 00:05:22.635 and helping us understand the situation. 105 00:05:22.685 --> 00:05:24.250 - Thank you, Megan. 106 00:05:24.300 --> 00:05:27.680 - In other news, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric 107 00:05:27.730 --> 00:05:31.090 Authority, or NOAA, issued new warnings. 108 00:05:31.140 --> 00:05:35.300 They are reporting that the ocean's pH is still decreasing, 109 00:05:35.350 --> 00:05:37.890 meaning it's further acidifying. 110 00:05:37.940 --> 00:05:40.940 This, despite concerted attempts to regulate carbon 111 00:05:40.990 --> 00:05:44.940 emissions and industrial and agricultural runoff. 112 00:05:44.990 --> 00:05:47.120 NOAA reports that as a result, 113 00:05:47.170 --> 00:05:49.660 phytoplankton populations in the ocean 114 00:05:49.710 --> 00:05:51.890 are still on the decline. 115 00:05:51.940 --> 00:05:54.500 And last night in an emergency session, 116 00:05:54.550 --> 00:05:58.590 the United Nations extended the ICM Operational Window 117 00:05:58.640 --> 00:06:01.400 through June of 2052. 118 00:06:01.450 --> 00:06:04.220 Prolonging what were intended to be short term 119 00:06:04.270 --> 00:06:06.850 food and water rationing measures. 120 00:06:06.900 --> 00:06:10.410 We are just receiving some breaking news. 121 00:06:10.460 --> 00:06:13.120 An anti-government group in Seattle 122 00:06:13.170 --> 00:06:16.900 has reportedly taken hostages and barricaded themselves 123 00:06:16.950 --> 00:06:19.650 in Pike Place Market. 124 00:06:19.700 --> 00:06:22.800 We're going to try to Consolidated News reporter 125 00:06:22.850 --> 00:06:25.782 Jasmine Patel, live in Seattle. 126 00:06:25.832 --> 00:06:29.220 Hello, Jasmine, are you there. 127 00:06:29.270 --> 00:06:30.710 - Yes, thank you Megan. 128 00:06:30.760 --> 00:06:33.270 We're outside the old Pike Place Fish Market, 129 00:06:33.320 --> 00:06:35.950 once a Mecca for tourists and shoppers looking 130 00:06:36.000 --> 00:06:38.180 to buy fresh Pacific seafood. 131 00:06:38.230 --> 00:06:40.330 It is here that a group calling themselves 132 00:06:40.380 --> 00:06:44.840 Free American Patriots have staged their symbolic stand. 133 00:06:44.890 --> 00:06:47.410 Last night, 30 members of the group took an estimated 134 00:06:47.460 --> 00:06:50.780 25 people hostage from a nearby rail station. 135 00:06:50.830 --> 00:06:53.020 They are armed and barricaded themselves 136 00:06:53.070 --> 00:06:55.000 inside the old fish market. 137 00:06:55.050 --> 00:06:58.394 - What do we know about the group? 138 00:06:58.444 --> 00:07:01.110 - They are another group of what is being referred to 139 00:07:01.160 --> 00:07:03.200 as the Fish Truth Movement. 140 00:07:03.250 --> 00:07:05.860 They believe fishless oceans are a fabrication 141 00:07:05.910 --> 00:07:08.450 of a government conspiracy trying to force 142 00:07:08.500 --> 00:07:12.090 a vegan agenda on an unknowing American public. 143 00:07:12.140 --> 00:07:14.323 - Have they made any demands? 144 00:07:15.410 --> 00:07:17.330 - They say they will release the hostages 145 00:07:17.380 --> 00:07:20.400 once the government reopens and restocks the fish market. 146 00:07:20.450 --> 00:07:22.390 Something that experts have reiterated 147 00:07:22.440 --> 00:07:24.780 is literally impossible. 148 00:07:24.830 --> 00:07:26.853 - Nurse, nurse! 149 00:07:27.930 --> 00:07:30.330 - [News Anchor] Thank you, Jasmine, for that report. 150 00:07:30.380 --> 00:07:31.163 - Nurse! 151 00:07:31.213 --> 00:07:33.930 - What is it Mr. Baker? - It's time for my water. 152 00:07:33.980 --> 00:07:35.620 - [News Anchor] I'm looking at a recent US poll-- 153 00:07:35.670 --> 00:07:38.192 - Okay, yeah, I'll go get it. 154 00:07:38.242 --> 00:07:40.460 - [News Anchor] That shows at least 23% of viewers actually 155 00:07:40.510 --> 00:07:44.870 agree with these groups and believe that fishless oceans 156 00:07:44.920 --> 00:07:46.063 are not real. 157 00:07:47.120 --> 00:07:49.880 I don't think any serious person doubts the UN 158 00:07:49.930 --> 00:07:53.000 when they say fisheries are empty, but 159 00:07:53.050 --> 00:07:54.793 who wouldn't wish it weren't so. 160 00:07:56.192 --> 00:07:58.765 For historical context, fishless oceans 161 00:07:58.815 --> 00:08:03.170 were actually predicted at least 40 years ago. 162 00:08:03.220 --> 00:08:06.480 At a time when about a third of all seafood species 163 00:08:06.530 --> 00:08:08.540 had already crashed. 164 00:08:08.590 --> 00:08:11.180 Some experts predicted back then that we would 165 00:08:11.230 --> 00:08:14.140 have fishless oceans by 2048. 166 00:08:14.190 --> 00:08:15.520 - Here you go. - [News Anchor] As we now 167 00:08:15.570 --> 00:08:18.322 know, that was very close to the mark. 168 00:08:18.372 --> 00:08:21.114 - The ICM mandate specifically allows each 169 00:08:21.164 --> 00:08:24.550 citizen eight eight ounce glasses of water a day. 170 00:08:24.600 --> 00:08:26.630 Eight times eight, remember? 171 00:08:26.680 --> 00:08:28.810 My right, as a human being, 172 00:08:28.860 --> 00:08:31.500 even if I am locked up in this nuthouse. 173 00:08:31.550 --> 00:08:34.070 - Yes, Mr Baker, you do have rights. 174 00:08:34.120 --> 00:08:37.370 And I just gave you exactly eight ounces of water. 175 00:08:37.420 --> 00:08:41.200 The dispenser measures it exactly every time. 176 00:08:41.250 --> 00:08:42.680 (laughs) 177 00:08:42.730 --> 00:08:44.680 - That's what they want you to believe. 178 00:08:46.090 --> 00:08:48.767 - Mr Baker, come back here, Mr Baker! 179 00:08:51.891 --> 00:08:52.674 Mr Baker. 180 00:08:52.724 --> 00:08:53.693 - Hey, hey, hey! 181 00:08:53.743 --> 00:08:56.382 - Hey, calm down, back back. 182 00:08:56.432 --> 00:08:58.096 - No, I need water! 183 00:08:58.146 --> 00:08:59.354 - [Karen] Get him in the bed. 184 00:08:59.404 --> 00:09:03.790 - No, no, I need water! - Okay, okay. 185 00:09:03.840 --> 00:09:05.961 - No, not fair! - You'll get water, 186 00:09:06.011 --> 00:09:07.390 - I need water. - Calm down. 187 00:09:07.440 --> 00:09:09.370 Mr Baker, calm down. - Water. 188 00:09:09.420 --> 00:09:11.223 - [Karen] It's gonna be okay. - I need water. 189 00:09:11.273 --> 00:09:14.200 Need water. - Shh, okay, okay. 190 00:09:14.250 --> 00:09:15.723 We'll get you some water. 191 00:09:18.175 --> 00:09:20.925 (dramatic music) 192 00:09:29.620 --> 00:09:30.960 - What's goin' on, who called the page? 193 00:09:31.010 --> 00:09:34.370 - I did, a patient was acting very aggressively, 194 00:09:34.420 --> 00:09:35.560 but he's calmed down now. 195 00:09:35.610 --> 00:09:37.143 - So, what happened? 196 00:09:38.100 --> 00:09:40.193 Oh, Mr Baker again. 197 00:09:41.840 --> 00:09:43.790 - He was complaining I didn't give him his ration 198 00:09:43.840 --> 00:09:45.970 of water and it blew up from there. 199 00:09:46.020 --> 00:09:47.630 - Well, did ya? 200 00:09:47.680 --> 00:09:49.310 - [Karen] Did I what? 201 00:09:49.360 --> 00:09:50.579 - Give him the right amount. 202 00:09:50.629 --> 00:09:52.210 - What? 203 00:09:52.260 --> 00:09:53.280 What do you think? 204 00:09:53.330 --> 00:09:56.480 I've been hoarding the patients' water for myself? 205 00:09:56.530 --> 00:09:58.770 Of course, I gave it to him and everyone else. 206 00:09:58.820 --> 00:10:00.590 A full eight ounce glass. 207 00:10:00.640 --> 00:10:02.070 What are implying? 208 00:10:02.120 --> 00:10:04.420 - Nothing, sorry, it's just that some of the facilities 209 00:10:04.470 --> 00:10:06.330 had to reduce their rations, so I just wanted 210 00:10:06.380 --> 00:10:08.340 to be sure of our supply and make sure you were 211 00:10:08.390 --> 00:10:10.470 distributing the right amount. 212 00:10:10.520 --> 00:10:12.088 Come on, let's go take a look. 213 00:10:12.138 --> 00:10:14.888 (dramatic music) 214 00:10:18.160 --> 00:10:21.560 - I'm telling you, she did not give me eight ounces. 215 00:10:21.610 --> 00:10:22.640 - Did you get a glass, sir? 216 00:10:22.690 --> 00:10:25.340 - Yeah, with like maybe five ounces, 217 00:10:25.390 --> 00:10:26.780 but not the full eight. 218 00:10:26.830 --> 00:10:30.470 See, they think you can't tell, but I can, 219 00:10:30.520 --> 00:10:33.000 so I said something, it's my right. 220 00:10:33.050 --> 00:10:35.560 And the orderlies went crazy! 221 00:10:35.610 --> 00:10:37.240 They went crazy, but not me. 222 00:10:37.290 --> 00:10:38.200 I was calm. 223 00:10:38.250 --> 00:10:40.943 - It says here you tried to break the water machine. 224 00:10:42.670 --> 00:10:46.060 I thought you said this morning you were ready to go home. 225 00:10:46.110 --> 00:10:49.660 Really, Mr Baker, I want to discharge you, 226 00:10:49.710 --> 00:10:51.610 but you're making it very difficult to do so. 227 00:10:51.660 --> 00:10:54.250 - Oh come on, I'm ready to go. 228 00:10:54.300 --> 00:10:56.310 Look how calm I am. 229 00:10:56.360 --> 00:11:00.350 And I'm not, I'm not suicidal either, 230 00:11:00.400 --> 00:11:02.000 and you know that. 231 00:11:02.050 --> 00:11:03.240 I just wanna go home. 232 00:11:03.290 --> 00:11:05.320 I can have more water there anyway. 233 00:11:05.370 --> 00:11:06.153 - Mr Baker-- 234 00:11:06.203 --> 00:11:08.850 - Oh, you think a hospital, of all places, 235 00:11:08.900 --> 00:11:10.650 wouldn't hold water from its patients. 236 00:11:10.700 --> 00:11:13.660 - Mr Baker, we're just following the ICM mandates. 237 00:11:13.710 --> 00:11:16.380 You're not seriously suggesting that we don't. 238 00:11:16.430 --> 00:11:19.620 And besides, we all need to ration water 239 00:11:19.670 --> 00:11:21.245 while there's a shortage, 240 00:11:21.295 --> 00:11:22.810 and once you're discharged, 241 00:11:22.860 --> 00:11:24.800 you should be doing the exact same thing at home. 242 00:11:24.850 --> 00:11:26.253 - Okay, whatever. 243 00:11:27.930 --> 00:11:30.070 - What's this I hear about fish? 244 00:11:30.120 --> 00:11:32.740 The staff say you're asking for fish at every meal. 245 00:11:32.790 --> 00:11:33.765 You know we don't have any 246 00:11:33.815 --> 00:11:35.052 and you don't have any at home either. 247 00:11:35.102 --> 00:11:36.666 (laughs) 248 00:11:36.716 --> 00:11:39.110 - So, I'm not gonna get a fish sandwich 249 00:11:39.160 --> 00:11:40.724 at my going away party? 250 00:11:40.774 --> 00:11:42.857 (laughs) 251 00:11:43.848 --> 00:11:46.055 ♪ Where have all the fishies gone? ♪ 252 00:11:46.105 --> 00:11:48.320 (laughs) 253 00:11:48.370 --> 00:11:52.629 It's fishy, I mean, who's hiding all those fish? 254 00:11:52.679 --> 00:11:56.270 You, the government, the Japanese? 255 00:11:56.320 --> 00:11:58.710 - Mr Baker, I need to know whether or not 256 00:11:58.760 --> 00:12:00.730 you think there are any fish to eat. 257 00:12:00.780 --> 00:12:02.540 It's for cognitive purposes, 258 00:12:02.590 --> 00:12:04.110 it's very important that I know this. 259 00:12:04.160 --> 00:12:05.539 Please answer the question. 260 00:12:05.589 --> 00:12:06.372 (laughs) 261 00:12:06.422 --> 00:12:08.640 - A smart doctor like you doesn't know? 262 00:12:08.690 --> 00:12:09.990 - I'd like you to tell me. 263 00:12:11.330 --> 00:12:14.030 - If this was a game show, I could win a bunch of money. 264 00:12:14.080 --> 00:12:15.269 - You don't know, do you? 265 00:12:15.319 --> 00:12:17.970 (laughs) 266 00:12:18.020 --> 00:12:20.930 - Oh no, sorry to report to the world, 267 00:12:20.980 --> 00:12:24.380 but as predicted by many fishy scientists, 268 00:12:24.430 --> 00:12:26.500 we have fished all the fishies. 269 00:12:26.550 --> 00:12:27.840 Well, almost all the fishies. 270 00:12:27.890 --> 00:12:29.980 Any that are left are kinda hard to find, 271 00:12:30.030 --> 00:12:31.710 unless you have enough money. 272 00:12:31.760 --> 00:12:32.800 Then you can treat yourself 273 00:12:32.850 --> 00:12:34.633 to some of the old frozen stocks. 274 00:12:36.380 --> 00:12:39.805 And great news folks, we still have plenty of jellyfishies. 275 00:12:39.855 --> 00:12:43.790 Oh, get ready, 'cause we're about to learn to cook 276 00:12:43.840 --> 00:12:47.880 and eat jellyfish, and in other related news, 277 00:12:47.930 --> 00:12:51.780 those tiny little ocean phytoplankton thingies, 278 00:12:51.830 --> 00:12:53.730 well they're dyin' off too, 279 00:12:53.780 --> 00:12:55.799 but no big deal, I mean, 280 00:12:55.849 --> 00:12:58.450 they just make half of our oxygen. 281 00:12:58.500 --> 00:13:00.400 We still have the other half, right? 282 00:13:00.450 --> 00:13:03.780 No problemo, just skip every other breath, folks. 283 00:13:03.830 --> 00:13:05.378 You'll be sound as a pound. 284 00:13:05.428 --> 00:13:07.720 (cries) 285 00:13:07.770 --> 00:13:09.380 - Thank you, thank you, Mr Baker, 286 00:13:09.430 --> 00:13:11.130 that was an excellent explanation. 287 00:13:14.310 --> 00:13:15.960 I remember when I was just a kid, 288 00:13:16.890 --> 00:13:18.390 they warned us about the fish. 289 00:13:20.480 --> 00:13:22.180 Really screwed that up, didn't we? 290 00:13:23.233 --> 00:13:24.726 Couldn't be bothered, I guess. 291 00:13:24.776 --> 00:13:26.820 - It wasn't just the fish. 292 00:13:26.870 --> 00:13:29.200 They warned us about everything, really. 293 00:13:29.250 --> 00:13:31.680 I mean, you're the psychiatrist, you tell me. 294 00:13:31.730 --> 00:13:34.038 Why did we ignore it all? 295 00:13:34.088 --> 00:13:37.130 Really, indulge me, no BS. 296 00:13:37.180 --> 00:13:39.883 - Okay, think about it like this. 297 00:13:40.884 --> 00:13:45.220 What do you get when you mix a lot of shortsightedness 298 00:13:45.270 --> 00:13:48.570 with a little selfishness and just a dash of apathy, 299 00:13:48.620 --> 00:13:52.550 and oh, no shortage of scientific illiteracy, 300 00:13:52.600 --> 00:13:56.160 and don't forget, a whole lot of power and technology, too. 301 00:13:56.210 --> 00:14:01.210 In my opinion, we're two hairs short of being chimpanzees. 302 00:14:01.230 --> 00:14:04.260 We're extremely emotional, with powerful, primitive, 303 00:14:04.310 --> 00:14:06.840 shortsighted survival drives, 304 00:14:06.890 --> 00:14:08.650 and in the blink of an evolutionary eye, 305 00:14:08.700 --> 00:14:10.570 we developed this powerful technology 306 00:14:10.620 --> 00:14:13.263 that completely changed the shape of the planet. 307 00:14:16.160 --> 00:14:19.300 Anyway, let's get back to business. 308 00:14:19.350 --> 00:14:22.800 Probably do need to discharge Mr Baker 309 00:14:22.850 --> 00:14:25.350 and some of the other patients, too. 310 00:14:25.400 --> 00:14:28.430 Beds are full and the waiting list 311 00:14:28.480 --> 00:14:29.950 isn't getting any shorter. 312 00:14:30.000 --> 00:14:34.160 We have what, 21 patients now? 313 00:14:34.210 --> 00:14:35.860 Yeah, 21 patients. 314 00:14:35.910 --> 00:14:37.290 - All suicide attempts? 315 00:14:37.340 --> 00:14:38.123 - Looks like it. 316 00:14:38.173 --> 00:14:41.360 Suicide attempts, suicidal ideation, suicidal gestures. 317 00:14:41.410 --> 00:14:42.460 - I don't blame them. 318 00:14:43.600 --> 00:14:45.610 - Are you all right, why would you say that? 319 00:14:45.660 --> 00:14:47.890 - No, actually, I'm not all right. 320 00:14:47.940 --> 00:14:49.410 Why would I be? 321 00:14:49.460 --> 00:14:53.540 One meal a day, just one measly meal? 322 00:14:53.590 --> 00:14:56.313 Rationing food and water doesn't get you down, too? 323 00:14:57.260 --> 00:15:00.250 And I can't remember the last time we could eat three meals, 324 00:15:00.300 --> 00:15:01.180 just like normal-- 325 00:15:01.230 --> 00:15:04.790 - Look, I know it's hard, but it's just temporary. 326 00:15:04.840 --> 00:15:06.893 - Yeah, that's what they said a year ago. 327 00:15:09.550 --> 00:15:12.180 I feel hungry and weak all the time, 328 00:15:12.230 --> 00:15:14.750 and then the methane bubbles that keep resurfacing. 329 00:15:14.800 --> 00:15:16.390 That doesn't worry you too? 330 00:15:16.440 --> 00:15:17.960 And the plankton thing, 331 00:15:18.010 --> 00:15:20.460 everything just seems to be crashing down all around us-- 332 00:15:20.510 --> 00:15:21.670 - Look, Karen. 333 00:15:21.720 --> 00:15:24.573 The plankton thing's going okay for now, right? 334 00:15:25.500 --> 00:15:27.710 Yes, some types have died off, 335 00:15:27.760 --> 00:15:29.683 but others are supposedly doing okay. 336 00:15:30.580 --> 00:15:33.196 Everything's going to be fine. 337 00:15:33.246 --> 00:15:35.196 (laughs) - Everything's gonna be fine. 338 00:15:36.680 --> 00:15:39.193 Really, just like us? 339 00:15:49.120 --> 00:15:51.780 - Really, Karen, this is about us now? 340 00:15:51.830 --> 00:15:55.020 - No, actually, this is not about us, 341 00:15:55.070 --> 00:15:58.320 but the Department of Agriculture doesn't exactly 342 00:15:58.370 --> 00:16:00.620 share your optimistic views. 343 00:16:00.670 --> 00:16:04.690 I think you're trying to tell me what I wanna hear, again. 344 00:16:04.740 --> 00:16:06.790 Do you really think they can figure out how to farm 345 00:16:06.840 --> 00:16:08.483 so much food with so little water? 346 00:16:08.533 --> 00:16:10.050 - Why are you so mad at me? 347 00:16:10.100 --> 00:16:11.440 I didn't cause this. 348 00:16:11.490 --> 00:16:13.250 - You just take what you want, when you want it, 349 00:16:13.300 --> 00:16:14.950 and you don't care who you hurt? 350 00:16:15.000 --> 00:16:18.230 - Are you talkin' about us or the Earth? 351 00:16:18.280 --> 00:16:19.950 - Both. 352 00:16:20.000 --> 00:16:21.230 We've been down this road before. 353 00:16:21.280 --> 00:16:22.980 You make all kinds of promises-- 354 00:16:23.030 --> 00:16:24.427 - Hey, Karen. 355 00:16:24.477 --> 00:16:27.100 Let's not rehash this again, okay? 356 00:16:27.150 --> 00:16:30.880 It happened, it was good for a time, 357 00:16:30.930 --> 00:16:33.440 but we both knew it wasn't gonna last. 358 00:16:33.490 --> 00:16:35.710 - Sort of like our food and water? 359 00:16:35.760 --> 00:16:37.280 - That's not fair. 360 00:16:37.330 --> 00:16:38.630 I never meant to hurt you. 361 00:16:40.700 --> 00:16:42.660 We've got more important things to focus on, 362 00:16:42.710 --> 00:16:44.250 don't you think? 363 00:16:44.300 --> 00:16:48.653 - I know, I'm sorry, I'm just frustrated. 364 00:16:49.540 --> 00:16:52.263 I don't understand how we let everything get so bad. 365 00:16:53.613 --> 00:16:56.190 - You're back to talking about the Earth again, right? 366 00:16:56.240 --> 00:16:58.633 - Yes, yes, the Earth. 367 00:17:00.010 --> 00:17:03.320 You know, my parents were educated people, 368 00:17:03.370 --> 00:17:06.250 just totally oblivious. 369 00:17:06.300 --> 00:17:08.070 We grew up with so much water and food 370 00:17:08.120 --> 00:17:09.230 we didn't know what to do, 371 00:17:09.280 --> 00:17:13.960 and all the while this whole little mess was brewing. 372 00:17:14.010 --> 00:17:16.290 We ended up turning our one little planet 373 00:17:16.340 --> 00:17:18.780 completely upside down. 374 00:17:18.830 --> 00:17:20.510 - When I was growing up, my folks used to tell me 375 00:17:20.560 --> 00:17:22.180 oh, these are problems in third world countries, 376 00:17:22.230 --> 00:17:23.430 it'll never happen here. 377 00:17:26.030 --> 00:17:28.810 It's the elephant in the room and we all just ignored it. 378 00:17:28.860 --> 00:17:31.323 - Jesus, elephants. 379 00:17:32.600 --> 00:17:35.650 I mean I think there's one left in a zoo somewhere. 380 00:17:35.700 --> 00:17:36.630 Call it what you want, 381 00:17:36.680 --> 00:17:38.680 but we created this mess on our own, 382 00:17:38.730 --> 00:17:40.700 with a mass extinction to boot. 383 00:17:40.750 --> 00:17:43.650 You know, my folks had eight frickin' kids, eight! 384 00:17:43.700 --> 00:17:45.890 Don't get me wrong, I love my parents 385 00:17:45.940 --> 00:17:47.560 and my brothers and my sisters, 386 00:17:47.610 --> 00:17:48.410 but what the hell, right? 387 00:17:48.460 --> 00:17:49.600 It's like we're a plague! 388 00:17:49.650 --> 00:17:52.079 - Karen, calm down, right now. 389 00:17:52.129 --> 00:17:53.643 This isn't helping anything. 390 00:17:56.200 --> 00:17:58.543 The experts, they're getting on top of this. 391 00:17:59.790 --> 00:18:01.507 Let's stick to the facts, 392 00:18:01.557 --> 00:18:04.548 you know, take it a day at a time. 393 00:18:04.598 --> 00:18:09.240 You know what, why don't you take tomorrow off and relax? 394 00:18:09.290 --> 00:18:10.503 - I was planning on it. 395 00:18:16.300 --> 00:18:18.510 - You've got a lot of frozen food. 396 00:18:18.560 --> 00:18:19.860 Why don't you sit down to a big meal 397 00:18:19.910 --> 00:18:22.540 and forget any of this is even happening? 398 00:18:22.590 --> 00:18:24.730 We'll get you back in shape, okay? 399 00:18:24.780 --> 00:18:26.420 - Yeah, sure. 400 00:18:26.470 --> 00:18:30.100 - Karen, I still care about you, I always have-- 401 00:18:30.150 --> 00:18:32.073 - Don't, please don't. 402 00:18:33.010 --> 00:18:34.873 I'm sorry I even brought it up. 403 00:18:37.070 --> 00:18:37.903 - Karen-- 404 00:18:39.610 --> 00:18:41.833 - Thank you for everything, really. 405 00:18:44.150 --> 00:18:45.143 Goodbye, Jerry. 406 00:18:52.241 --> 00:18:54.991 (dramatic music) 407 00:19:05.500 --> 00:19:07.050 - Morning Susan, what's on my plate today? 408 00:19:07.100 --> 00:19:10.820 - Well, we are understaffed and completely full. 409 00:19:10.870 --> 00:19:14.633 It's gonna be a crazy day today, no pun intended. 410 00:19:15.900 --> 00:19:17.430 - Well, when it rains, it pours. 411 00:19:17.480 --> 00:19:20.110 When you see Karen, just send her to my office? 412 00:19:20.160 --> 00:19:21.733 - Jerry, Karen's not, 413 00:19:23.460 --> 00:19:24.363 didn't you hear? 414 00:19:27.530 --> 00:19:28.910 - Hear what? 415 00:19:28.960 --> 00:19:31.340 - Her sister found her yesterday morning. 416 00:19:31.390 --> 00:19:33.563 She's, she's dead. 417 00:19:38.920 --> 00:19:40.823 She was a good kid, sorry. 418 00:19:46.684 --> 00:19:47.517 - Yeah. 419 00:19:49.441 --> 00:19:52.191 (dramatic music) 420 00:19:54.490 --> 00:19:57.430 - Well, that was very shocking and sad. 421 00:19:57.480 --> 00:20:00.040 But in fact, scientists today are warning 422 00:20:00.090 --> 00:20:02.700 that many of the problems in our future scene 423 00:20:02.750 --> 00:20:06.211 could be upon us, and surprisingly soon. 424 00:20:06.261 --> 00:20:09.011 (dramatic music) 425 00:20:10.450 --> 00:20:14.170 Our characters from the future mentioned a mass extinction. 426 00:20:14.220 --> 00:20:16.770 - It's the elephant in the room and we all just ignored it. 427 00:20:16.820 --> 00:20:17.740 - Call it what you want, 428 00:20:17.790 --> 00:20:19.780 but we created this mess on our own, 429 00:20:19.830 --> 00:20:21.950 with a mass extinction to boot. 430 00:20:22.000 --> 00:20:24.620 - [Sofia] Unfortunately, a rapid and widespread 431 00:20:24.670 --> 00:20:26.880 loss of species is something that's 432 00:20:26.930 --> 00:20:29.610 already happening right now. 433 00:20:29.660 --> 00:20:32.400 In fact, biologists have classified our time 434 00:20:32.450 --> 00:20:36.270 as the sixth mass extinction in Earth's history. 435 00:20:36.320 --> 00:20:38.506 - First, let me start by saying that 436 00:20:38.556 --> 00:20:42.310 we have millions of species on the planet 437 00:20:42.360 --> 00:20:46.260 and they have evolved over hundreds of millions 438 00:20:46.310 --> 00:20:49.520 of years into a fantastic array of different 439 00:20:49.570 --> 00:20:52.610 types of plants and animals and microbes. 440 00:20:52.660 --> 00:20:54.530 And it's really fascinating. 441 00:20:54.580 --> 00:20:57.800 At the same time, right now we're undergoing 442 00:20:57.850 --> 00:20:59.990 what's called a mass extinction. 443 00:21:00.040 --> 00:21:03.280 And that means that the rates of extinction 444 00:21:03.330 --> 00:21:07.600 are much faster, much higher than they normally would be. 445 00:21:07.650 --> 00:21:10.380 - In the past, there have been five episodes 446 00:21:10.430 --> 00:21:14.090 of mass extinctions in which the majority of the 447 00:21:14.140 --> 00:21:17.630 plants and animals of the planet were wiped out. 448 00:21:17.680 --> 00:21:21.080 The last one was 65 million years ago 449 00:21:21.130 --> 00:21:23.990 when we lost the dinosaurs and a lot of other things. 450 00:21:24.040 --> 00:21:27.920 Since then we've built up a huge amount of biodiversity, 451 00:21:27.970 --> 00:21:29.650 and then in the last 200 years, 452 00:21:29.700 --> 00:21:31.940 we've started destroying it. 453 00:21:31.990 --> 00:21:34.700 - To recap, the Earth has been around for about 454 00:21:34.750 --> 00:21:37.160 4.5 billion years, 455 00:21:37.210 --> 00:21:39.780 and in those years, there have been a total of 456 00:21:39.830 --> 00:21:42.590 five mass extinctions so far. 457 00:21:42.640 --> 00:21:46.070 The Permian mass extinction was the third and largest one 458 00:21:46.120 --> 00:21:48.570 around 252 million years ago. 459 00:21:48.620 --> 00:21:51.560 The the fifth, and most recent one, 460 00:21:51.610 --> 00:21:53.680 was when the dinosaurs went extinct 461 00:21:53.730 --> 00:21:56.690 about 65 million years ago. 462 00:21:56.740 --> 00:22:00.340 But now we're in the sixth mass extinction. 463 00:22:00.390 --> 00:22:02.620 And unlike the previous five, 464 00:22:02.670 --> 00:22:05.760 this one is the first one that is not caused 465 00:22:05.810 --> 00:22:07.380 by natural phenomena, 466 00:22:07.430 --> 00:22:09.530 like meteors hitting the Earth, 467 00:22:09.580 --> 00:22:11.950 or major volcanic eruptions. 468 00:22:12.000 --> 00:22:13.580 This one is different. 469 00:22:13.630 --> 00:22:17.470 It's being caused by humans and our activities. 470 00:22:17.520 --> 00:22:20.680 It's the first time a single species 471 00:22:20.730 --> 00:22:23.560 is causing a mass extinction. 472 00:22:23.610 --> 00:22:27.560 So, we're truly navigating through uncharted waters. 473 00:22:27.610 --> 00:22:29.660 - We have a catastrophic situation 474 00:22:29.710 --> 00:22:32.860 that's basically unrecognized. 475 00:22:32.910 --> 00:22:34.860 In about the last 40 years, 476 00:22:34.910 --> 00:22:38.293 we've lost more than half the wildlife on the planet. 477 00:22:39.254 --> 00:22:41.100 - That bears repeating. 478 00:22:41.150 --> 00:22:44.520 Over one half of all wild animals on our planet 479 00:22:44.570 --> 00:22:48.310 have disappeared in just the last 40 years. 480 00:22:48.360 --> 00:22:50.620 - I'm sure many people think 481 00:22:50.670 --> 00:22:52.690 what has biodiversity ever done for me 482 00:22:52.740 --> 00:22:54.470 and why should I worry about it? 483 00:22:54.520 --> 00:22:59.280 Well, if you don't have a functioning 484 00:22:59.330 --> 00:23:01.820 ecological system that produces oxygen, 485 00:23:01.870 --> 00:23:03.594 that produces food, 486 00:23:03.644 --> 00:23:06.080 people will not survive. 487 00:23:06.130 --> 00:23:08.510 - Many of our crops, many of the ones that are 488 00:23:08.560 --> 00:23:11.660 the most important really for our own health, 489 00:23:11.710 --> 00:23:14.360 are dependent on an animal pollinator, 490 00:23:14.410 --> 00:23:16.480 like a bee, to pollinate it. 491 00:23:16.530 --> 00:23:18.650 And so, without these pollinators, 492 00:23:18.700 --> 00:23:22.330 we wouldn't have important components of our food supply. 493 00:23:22.380 --> 00:23:25.560 Pollinators help to produce 75% 494 00:23:25.610 --> 00:23:27.820 of our different crop species. 495 00:23:27.870 --> 00:23:30.340 That's how important they are to our diet. 496 00:23:30.390 --> 00:23:32.860 As well as things we really like, like chocolate. 497 00:23:32.910 --> 00:23:35.250 Many people don't know that cacao, 498 00:23:35.300 --> 00:23:36.810 which chocolate comes from, 499 00:23:36.860 --> 00:23:38.770 is pollinated by a tiny fly. 500 00:23:38.820 --> 00:23:42.000 Without that tiny fly, we wouldn't have chocolate. 501 00:23:42.050 --> 00:23:44.714 Personally, I think that would be a catastrophe. 502 00:23:44.764 --> 00:23:47.250 (dramatic music) 503 00:23:47.300 --> 00:23:50.530 - Even if we were to take a more selfish view 504 00:23:50.580 --> 00:23:54.410 of not caring about other species or the natural world, 505 00:23:54.460 --> 00:23:57.490 we should still literally be doing everything 506 00:23:57.540 --> 00:24:00.870 in our power to protect and preserve biodiversity 507 00:24:00.920 --> 00:24:03.480 for our own survival. 508 00:24:03.530 --> 00:24:06.870 - If you had visited the planet three billion years ago, 509 00:24:06.920 --> 00:24:08.640 you would not have survived a minute 510 00:24:08.690 --> 00:24:11.550 because there was no oxygen to breathe, 511 00:24:11.600 --> 00:24:12.920 the water was toxic, 512 00:24:12.970 --> 00:24:15.340 there was no food to eat, 513 00:24:15.390 --> 00:24:17.380 so you wouldn't have survived. 514 00:24:17.430 --> 00:24:20.410 And three billions years of evolution, 515 00:24:20.460 --> 00:24:23.960 of the web of life that makes the planet habitable 516 00:24:24.010 --> 00:24:27.960 is what we are rapidly destroying. 517 00:24:28.010 --> 00:24:33.010 - So why is this tragic loss of biodiversity happening? 518 00:24:33.040 --> 00:24:38.040 - The biggest cause of extinctions is habitat destruction. 519 00:24:38.870 --> 00:24:43.360 We know that all organisms need appropriate habitats 520 00:24:43.410 --> 00:24:45.430 and when you destroy the habitats, 521 00:24:45.480 --> 00:24:48.480 you are wiping out populations. 522 00:24:48.530 --> 00:24:51.850 The basic cause of the extinction episode 523 00:24:51.900 --> 00:24:55.670 of the sixth mass extinction is the much too large 524 00:24:55.720 --> 00:24:58.440 a size of the human enterprise. 525 00:24:58.490 --> 00:25:00.290 - Habitat loss is the number one driver 526 00:25:00.340 --> 00:25:02.590 of biodiversity loss. 527 00:25:02.640 --> 00:25:07.130 And what's behind that is really our population growth, 528 00:25:07.180 --> 00:25:10.583 and also how we consume resources. 529 00:25:11.590 --> 00:25:14.270 - [Sofia] There are several causes for the dramatic loss 530 00:25:14.320 --> 00:25:16.860 of biodiversity we are experiencing. 531 00:25:16.910 --> 00:25:21.550 For example, poaching is a serious threat to many species. 532 00:25:21.600 --> 00:25:25.310 However the biggest driver of species extinctions 533 00:25:25.360 --> 00:25:30.240 is actually the destruction of natural habitats by humans. 534 00:25:30.290 --> 00:25:33.580 According to the United Nations, the livestock sector 535 00:25:33.630 --> 00:25:37.860 is by far the single largest user of land on the planet. 536 00:25:37.910 --> 00:25:41.320 And it is the major driver of deforestation. 537 00:25:41.370 --> 00:25:45.600 Livestock systems occupy a staggering 45% 538 00:25:45.650 --> 00:25:47.573 of the global surface area. 539 00:25:48.890 --> 00:25:51.450 I don't think annual agriculture comes to mind 540 00:25:51.500 --> 00:25:54.270 immediately for most people as the largest 541 00:25:54.320 --> 00:25:56.200 land user on the planet. 542 00:25:56.250 --> 00:25:57.790 But it is. 543 00:25:57.840 --> 00:25:59.990 - [Dr Kremen] So then, as we're eating more meats, 544 00:26:00.040 --> 00:26:02.100 we're eating more of a product that really 545 00:26:02.150 --> 00:26:03.760 just takes a lot to produce. 546 00:26:03.810 --> 00:26:05.200 It takes a lot of land, 547 00:26:05.250 --> 00:26:06.360 it takes a lot of energy, 548 00:26:06.410 --> 00:26:08.190 it takes a lot of water. 549 00:26:08.240 --> 00:26:12.480 And as we use these more expensive products, 550 00:26:12.530 --> 00:26:14.720 as we consume more expensive products, 551 00:26:14.770 --> 00:26:17.960 it means that we basically are co-opting 552 00:26:18.010 --> 00:26:21.180 more of the Earth's resources for ourselves, 553 00:26:21.230 --> 00:26:23.660 and that's competing with biodiversity. 554 00:26:23.710 --> 00:26:26.230 It's meaning that we need to take up 555 00:26:26.280 --> 00:26:27.880 a lot of their habitats. 556 00:26:27.930 --> 00:26:30.680 (dramatic music) 557 00:26:34.920 --> 00:26:39.920 - The fact that we, you know, this weird primate species, 558 00:26:40.710 --> 00:26:45.710 of like relatively hairless, defenseless apes, 559 00:26:45.890 --> 00:26:50.820 are destroying the only home that we know of in the universe 560 00:26:50.870 --> 00:26:52.103 that will support life. 561 00:26:53.591 --> 00:26:58.591 It's horrifying on a scale that we can't even conceive of. 562 00:27:00.750 --> 00:27:03.430 Which is why, like, I feel badly for humans, 563 00:27:03.480 --> 00:27:06.050 but there is a part of me that just thinks, that like, 564 00:27:06.100 --> 00:27:08.620 if we can't change ourselves, 565 00:27:08.670 --> 00:27:12.060 if we can't learn how to live in sort of 566 00:27:12.110 --> 00:27:15.280 sustainable harmony with the only world 567 00:27:15.330 --> 00:27:17.100 that will support us, 568 00:27:17.150 --> 00:27:18.193 we need to go away. 569 00:27:19.200 --> 00:27:21.313 And the other thing is, we will go away. 570 00:27:22.280 --> 00:27:25.680 - In other news, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric 571 00:27:25.730 --> 00:27:29.140 Authority, or NOAA, issued new warnings. 572 00:27:29.190 --> 00:27:33.400 They are reporting that the oceans' pH is still decreasing, 573 00:27:33.450 --> 00:27:36.000 meaning it's further acidifying. 574 00:27:36.050 --> 00:27:39.020 This despite concerted attempts to regulate carbon 575 00:27:39.070 --> 00:27:42.497 emissions and industrial and agricultural runoff. 576 00:27:42.547 --> 00:27:45.297 (dramatic music) 577 00:27:48.250 --> 00:27:50.020 - [Sofia] The newscast in the future reported 578 00:27:50.070 --> 00:27:52.650 that the ocean was acidifying. 579 00:27:52.700 --> 00:27:56.070 Yet again, this is another problem that we don't really 580 00:27:56.120 --> 00:27:58.500 need to go to the future to see, 581 00:27:58.550 --> 00:28:01.580 because it's already happening today. 582 00:28:01.630 --> 00:28:04.410 So, what does ocean acidification mean? 583 00:28:04.460 --> 00:28:07.890 It means the pH of the oceans' water is decreasing. 584 00:28:07.940 --> 00:28:10.910 pH simply measures how acidic or alkaline 585 00:28:10.960 --> 00:28:12.740 a given substance is. 586 00:28:12.790 --> 00:28:15.990 But why is the ocean acidifying? 587 00:28:16.040 --> 00:28:20.610 Well, because a third of all the carbon dioxide, or CO2, 588 00:28:20.660 --> 00:28:23.350 that we are releasing into the atmosphere, 589 00:28:23.400 --> 00:28:25.580 gets absorbed by the ocean, 590 00:28:25.630 --> 00:28:28.210 where it turns into carbonic acid. 591 00:28:28.260 --> 00:28:30.250 And it happens to be the case 592 00:28:30.300 --> 00:28:34.680 that we've put huge amounts of CO2 in the atmosphere 593 00:28:34.730 --> 00:28:37.413 in a very short period of time. 594 00:28:38.260 --> 00:28:41.860 - As we are emitting CO2, a constant fraction of it 595 00:28:41.910 --> 00:28:44.640 goes into the ocean and turns it into an acid. 596 00:28:44.690 --> 00:28:47.580 For every pound of CO2 we emit into the atmosphere, 597 00:28:47.630 --> 00:28:50.600 about 30% of it ends up in the ocean. 598 00:28:50.650 --> 00:28:53.050 So, acidification is a very linear, 599 00:28:53.100 --> 00:28:55.520 very predictable affair. 600 00:28:55.570 --> 00:28:58.730 - The oceans' average pH already dropped from 601 00:28:58.780 --> 00:29:00.810 8.2 to 8.1 602 00:29:00.860 --> 00:29:03.000 since pre-industrial times. 603 00:29:03.050 --> 00:29:05.410 And scientists estimate that it will drop further 604 00:29:05.460 --> 00:29:07.220 by the end of this century, 605 00:29:07.270 --> 00:29:10.770 to an average pH of 7.8 606 00:29:10.820 --> 00:29:15.170 So after being relatively stable for thousands of years, 607 00:29:15.220 --> 00:29:17.810 now we're looking at a total pH drop 608 00:29:17.860 --> 00:29:20.150 of zero point four units 609 00:29:20.200 --> 00:29:22.780 in only about 300 years. 610 00:29:22.830 --> 00:29:27.830 And while point four pH units may not sound like a lot, 611 00:29:27.860 --> 00:29:31.010 for the plants and animals who live in the ocean, 612 00:29:31.060 --> 00:29:33.190 it's a huge change. 613 00:29:33.240 --> 00:29:36.390 - Life, as we know it, has evolved to depend on those 614 00:29:36.440 --> 00:29:40.120 very constant, very well buffered conditions in the ocean. 615 00:29:40.170 --> 00:29:41.920 If the ocean turns more acidic, 616 00:29:41.970 --> 00:29:45.700 it's a chemical environment that a lot of species 617 00:29:45.750 --> 00:29:48.100 are not accustomed to because they've never seen this 618 00:29:48.150 --> 00:29:49.800 in their species lifetime, 619 00:29:49.850 --> 00:29:51.305 millions of years. 620 00:29:51.355 --> 00:29:53.155 And, as such, this can really present 621 00:29:53.205 --> 00:29:55.850 a large challenge to ocean life. 622 00:29:55.900 --> 00:29:58.460 For example, the western United States, 623 00:29:58.510 --> 00:30:00.840 there's a big oyster industry, 624 00:30:00.890 --> 00:30:02.600 and some of the oyster hatcheries, 625 00:30:02.650 --> 00:30:05.560 where the very fragile larvae of the oysters form, 626 00:30:05.610 --> 00:30:08.380 had to be moved to Hawaii because the water 627 00:30:08.430 --> 00:30:10.930 was turning too acidic for them to survive. 628 00:30:10.980 --> 00:30:13.310 And what a lot of people don't realize is that 629 00:30:13.360 --> 00:30:16.350 ocean acidification is already outside the bounds 630 00:30:16.400 --> 00:30:17.603 of natural variability. 631 00:30:20.686 --> 00:30:23.086 - [Sofia] Another creature that has attracted a lot of 632 00:30:23.136 --> 00:30:26.200 concern for its sensitivity to ocean acidification 633 00:30:26.250 --> 00:30:29.160 and warming is phytoplankton. 634 00:30:29.210 --> 00:30:30.460 Why is that? 635 00:30:30.510 --> 00:30:32.160 Well, for a number of reasons. 636 00:30:32.210 --> 00:30:35.000 One of which is that ocean phytoplankton 637 00:30:35.050 --> 00:30:37.310 are responsible for one half 638 00:30:37.360 --> 00:30:40.760 of the world's oxygen production. 639 00:30:40.810 --> 00:30:41.900 Half of it. 640 00:30:41.950 --> 00:30:44.710 - So, half of all plant production happens in the ocean, 641 00:30:44.760 --> 00:30:47.320 and that also means half of our oxygen that is produced 642 00:30:47.370 --> 00:30:49.800 annually on the globe, happens in the ocean. 643 00:30:49.850 --> 00:30:52.410 It's produced by tiny algae called phytoplankton, 644 00:30:52.460 --> 00:30:54.620 which produce the same amount of oxygen 645 00:30:54.670 --> 00:30:56.820 as all other plants in the world combined. 646 00:30:56.870 --> 00:30:58.690 In some sense, every second breath we take 647 00:30:58.740 --> 00:31:00.240 comes from the ocean. 648 00:31:00.290 --> 00:31:03.650 - The further changes in phytoplankton that are projected 649 00:31:03.700 --> 00:31:07.340 if ocean acidification and warming continue, 650 00:31:07.390 --> 00:31:09.860 are completely unprecedented. 651 00:31:09.910 --> 00:31:11.440 So we really don't know how 652 00:31:11.490 --> 00:31:13.483 exactly it's all going to play out. 653 00:31:14.430 --> 00:31:18.650 - In 2018 my one wish for Christmas 654 00:31:18.700 --> 00:31:20.890 was some device that will suck CO2 655 00:31:20.940 --> 00:31:22.970 out of the atmosphere. 656 00:31:23.020 --> 00:31:25.263 But in a way, 657 00:31:27.230 --> 00:31:30.220 I wonder if that would actually be the best thing, 658 00:31:30.270 --> 00:31:33.200 'cause of course, we're on a sorta like, 659 00:31:33.250 --> 00:31:37.490 collision course with disaster and tragedy. 660 00:31:37.540 --> 00:31:40.630 I hate to say this, but we kind of deserve it. 661 00:31:40.680 --> 00:31:43.550 Like, we're the cause of the problem. 662 00:31:43.600 --> 00:31:44.750 You're the cause of the problem. 663 00:31:44.800 --> 00:31:46.330 I'm the cause of the problem. 664 00:31:46.380 --> 00:31:49.670 And sure, it would be nice to magically push a button 665 00:31:49.720 --> 00:31:51.380 and suck all, well, not all of it, 666 00:31:51.430 --> 00:31:54.280 a lot of the CO2 out of the atmosphere, 667 00:31:54.330 --> 00:31:56.690 but what would we have learned? 668 00:31:56.740 --> 00:32:01.020 I don't want a magic fix that will reduce CO2, 669 00:32:01.070 --> 00:32:03.640 I want us to stop treating this planet 670 00:32:03.690 --> 00:32:04.750 like a garbage dump, 671 00:32:04.800 --> 00:32:07.090 and I want us to stop pretending that there 672 00:32:07.140 --> 00:32:10.620 is some, like, plan B, some other planet we can move to. 673 00:32:10.670 --> 00:32:14.310 Like, I'm sorry Elon Musk, Mars is not a viable solution. 674 00:32:14.360 --> 00:32:17.960 You can't move eight billion people to Mars, 675 00:32:18.010 --> 00:32:19.440 which does not support life. 676 00:32:19.490 --> 00:32:22.210 - Sorry to report to the world, but 677 00:32:22.260 --> 00:32:24.810 as predicted by many fishy scientists, 678 00:32:24.860 --> 00:32:26.910 we have fished all the fishies, 679 00:32:26.960 --> 00:32:28.260 well almost all the fishies. 680 00:32:28.310 --> 00:32:30.410 Any that are left are kinda hard to find. 681 00:32:30.460 --> 00:32:32.150 Unless you have enough money. 682 00:32:32.200 --> 00:32:33.240 Then you can treat yourself 683 00:32:33.290 --> 00:32:34.899 to some of the old frozen stocks. 684 00:32:34.949 --> 00:32:37.699 (dramatic music) 685 00:32:39.460 --> 00:32:41.390 - We saw in our future world, 686 00:32:41.440 --> 00:32:43.960 that fish were very hard to come by. 687 00:32:44.010 --> 00:32:46.310 This is based on a simple reality. 688 00:32:46.360 --> 00:32:49.310 We're taking too much life out of the ocean, 689 00:32:49.360 --> 00:32:53.110 while dumping too many harmful things into it. 690 00:32:53.160 --> 00:32:56.120 The World Economic Forum recently issued 691 00:32:56.170 --> 00:32:57.903 a sobering prediction. 692 00:32:57.953 --> 00:33:00.353 With a business as usual scenario, 693 00:33:00.403 --> 00:33:05.380 by 2050 there will be more plastic in the ocean than fish. 694 00:33:06.400 --> 00:33:09.090 The pervasiveness of plastic seems to have really 695 00:33:09.140 --> 00:33:10.700 snuck up on us. 696 00:33:10.750 --> 00:33:14.380 It's a manmade substance, first created in 1907, 697 00:33:14.430 --> 00:33:16.610 but now, barely a century later, 698 00:33:16.660 --> 00:33:19.170 it's literally everywhere. 699 00:33:19.220 --> 00:33:22.650 Most plastic is never recycled either. 700 00:33:22.700 --> 00:33:25.040 In fact, a lot of it can't be recycled, 701 00:33:25.090 --> 00:33:26.670 even if we wanted to, 702 00:33:26.720 --> 00:33:30.420 because of certain components that are used in its making. 703 00:33:30.470 --> 00:33:34.040 According to the United Nations, more than eight million 704 00:33:34.090 --> 00:33:37.060 metric tons of plastic find their way 705 00:33:37.110 --> 00:33:39.880 to the ocean every year. 706 00:33:39.930 --> 00:33:41.946 That's the equivalent of dumping 707 00:33:41.996 --> 00:33:46.677 1,440 garbage trucks of plastic 708 00:33:46.727 --> 00:33:51.727 into the sea every single day. 709 00:33:53.230 --> 00:33:54.180 - Plastic doesn't break down. 710 00:33:54.230 --> 00:33:56.800 It stays in the environment and accumulates. 711 00:33:56.850 --> 00:33:58.770 The more we dump in, the more there is. 712 00:33:58.820 --> 00:33:59.910 It doesn't go away. 713 00:33:59.960 --> 00:34:01.790 It breaks into smaller and smaller pieces, 714 00:34:01.840 --> 00:34:05.880 but those micro-plastics remain and they have toxic effects 715 00:34:05.930 --> 00:34:07.580 that we don't even really understand, 716 00:34:07.630 --> 00:34:09.670 we are only beginning to study now. 717 00:34:09.720 --> 00:34:11.640 Including their effects on humans. 718 00:34:11.690 --> 00:34:15.070 For example, if you eat a muscle, or any shellfish 719 00:34:15.120 --> 00:34:17.980 or any product from the sea is almost guaranteed now 720 00:34:18.030 --> 00:34:20.580 to have little plastic filaments in them. 721 00:34:20.630 --> 00:34:22.890 Because the plastic is everywhere 722 00:34:22.940 --> 00:34:25.410 and is being fed upon by these animals. 723 00:34:25.460 --> 00:34:28.280 - Scientists have even measured the proportion of plastic 724 00:34:28.330 --> 00:34:32.120 mass to the proportion of plankton mass in the ocean 725 00:34:32.170 --> 00:34:35.950 and in some places, like the North Pacific Gyre, 726 00:34:36.000 --> 00:34:40.123 they found there was six times more plastic than plankton. 727 00:34:41.050 --> 00:34:44.980 So we're really turning the oceans into a plastic soup. 728 00:34:45.030 --> 00:34:48.130 - You find plastic in almost all seafood now. 729 00:34:48.180 --> 00:34:51.390 So, when you take a muscle from Halifax Harbor, 730 00:34:51.440 --> 00:34:54.420 it has about 100 plastic filaments in it. 731 00:34:54.470 --> 00:34:56.850 When you take a muscle from an aquaculture farm, 732 00:34:56.900 --> 00:34:58.670 it has about 200 plastic filaments, 733 00:34:58.720 --> 00:35:00.290 because they grow it on plastic ropes 734 00:35:00.340 --> 00:35:02.400 that shed the micro-fibers that then 735 00:35:02.450 --> 00:35:03.990 are eaten up by the muscle. 736 00:35:04.040 --> 00:35:07.380 - So, if you're eating seafood, you're probably also 737 00:35:07.430 --> 00:35:09.980 eating quite a bit of plastic, too. 738 00:35:10.030 --> 00:35:12.130 Embedded in the animal's tissue, 739 00:35:12.180 --> 00:35:15.530 even if you don't see the plastic or taste it. 740 00:35:15.580 --> 00:35:18.180 A recent study from the University of Belgium 741 00:35:18.230 --> 00:35:22.830 actually examined how much plastic seafood-loving 742 00:35:22.880 --> 00:35:26.390 Europeans were eating and estimated it could be 743 00:35:26.440 --> 00:35:31.440 around 11,000 tiny pieces of plastic per person, per year. 744 00:35:31.710 --> 00:35:34.240 We don't know how eating all this plastic 745 00:35:34.290 --> 00:35:36.300 will affect human health. 746 00:35:36.350 --> 00:35:39.010 We've only just started to study this, 747 00:35:39.060 --> 00:35:41.530 so it's still largely an unknown, 748 00:35:41.580 --> 00:35:43.740 which is not reassuring at all. 749 00:35:43.790 --> 00:35:47.500 On top of that, we've also seen that the nano-plastics 750 00:35:47.550 --> 00:35:50.870 which are the very small plastic particles, 751 00:35:50.920 --> 00:35:55.250 can actually cross cell membranes in some fish. 752 00:35:55.300 --> 00:35:58.690 We've seen that they can accumulate in organs, 753 00:35:58.740 --> 00:36:01.940 like the brain, testicles, and liver 754 00:36:01.990 --> 00:36:04.619 and cause problems with the reproduction, 755 00:36:04.669 --> 00:36:06.830 immune system, and behavior. 756 00:36:06.880 --> 00:36:10.980 And this ability of plastic to cross cell membranes 757 00:36:11.030 --> 00:36:14.620 is, in my opinion, one of the most concerning. 758 00:36:14.670 --> 00:36:16.860 Because, if it's affecting wildlife, 759 00:36:16.910 --> 00:36:18.710 I don't know how we can be certain that 760 00:36:18.760 --> 00:36:21.165 it's somehow not going to affect us, too. 761 00:36:21.215 --> 00:36:26.215 (dramatic music) (ocean waves crashing) 762 00:36:29.089 --> 00:36:31.672 (solemn music) 763 00:36:41.610 --> 00:36:44.250 We've known about the problem of fatal encounters 764 00:36:44.300 --> 00:36:46.560 between marine wildlife and debris 765 00:36:46.610 --> 00:36:47.980 for a long time. 766 00:36:48.030 --> 00:36:51.010 Since at least the 1960s. 767 00:36:51.060 --> 00:36:54.640 But today, of course, the magnitude is many times 768 00:36:54.690 --> 00:36:56.610 greater than it was then. 769 00:36:56.660 --> 00:36:58.910 And now we also have more technology, 770 00:36:58.960 --> 00:37:02.020 like cellphones with cameras and YouTube, 771 00:37:02.070 --> 00:37:05.570 so it's easier to witness the plight of these poor animals. 772 00:37:05.620 --> 00:37:07.590 With just a quick Google search, 773 00:37:07.640 --> 00:37:09.920 you'll see clips and pictures uploaded 774 00:37:09.970 --> 00:37:14.523 from all over the world of animals tangled in plastic, 775 00:37:18.370 --> 00:37:19.683 eating plastic, 776 00:37:23.290 --> 00:37:26.003 with plastic forks in their nostrils, 777 00:37:28.500 --> 00:37:31.593 with plastic straws stuck in their noses, 778 00:37:37.210 --> 00:37:40.523 birds dying with plastic-filled stomachs, 779 00:37:43.900 --> 00:37:47.180 baby birds being fed plastics by their mothers, 780 00:37:47.230 --> 00:37:49.480 who mistake it for food, 781 00:37:49.530 --> 00:37:51.690 and even whales, stranded ashore, 782 00:37:51.740 --> 00:37:54.970 starving and dying, unable to eat anything 783 00:37:55.020 --> 00:37:58.190 because their stomachs are filled with plastic, 784 00:37:58.240 --> 00:38:00.030 like this one in severe distress 785 00:38:00.080 --> 00:38:01.680 in the last moments of her life. 786 00:38:04.950 --> 00:38:09.050 I just can't imagine the level of despair and helplessness 787 00:38:09.100 --> 00:38:11.730 whales and all the other animals must feel 788 00:38:11.780 --> 00:38:15.120 as their stomachs fill with plastic to the point 789 00:38:15.170 --> 00:38:18.403 that they cannot eat food anymore and die. 790 00:38:23.770 --> 00:38:26.870 Remember this problem is all because of us. 791 00:38:26.920 --> 00:38:31.070 100 years ago, there was virtually no plastic anywhere, 792 00:38:31.120 --> 00:38:33.341 so it's a tragedy of our own making. 793 00:38:33.391 --> 00:38:36.141 (dramatic music) 794 00:39:44.623 --> 00:39:47.373 (dramatic music) 795 00:39:49.211 --> 00:39:52.350 With a human population of 7.5 billion 796 00:39:52.400 --> 00:39:55.520 and growing, if we all want to eat fish, 797 00:39:55.570 --> 00:39:58.090 then over-fishing seems to be the result. 798 00:39:58.140 --> 00:40:01.410 - Most fishing, prior to 1950, was coastal. 799 00:40:01.460 --> 00:40:05.370 Few fisheries happened way outside in the open oceans. 800 00:40:05.420 --> 00:40:07.470 That changed after World War II because of new 801 00:40:07.520 --> 00:40:09.980 technology, more power diesel engines. 802 00:40:10.030 --> 00:40:12.010 New materials for nets, and so on, 803 00:40:12.060 --> 00:40:14.460 that made it feasible to fish way offshore 804 00:40:14.510 --> 00:40:17.220 in fish populations that had never been fished before. 805 00:40:17.270 --> 00:40:20.220 And what we documented is that within 20 to 30 years, 806 00:40:20.270 --> 00:40:22.340 a lot of those populations became depleted, 807 00:40:22.390 --> 00:40:24.900 particularly for the very large fish. 808 00:40:24.950 --> 00:40:28.360 So the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization 809 00:40:28.410 --> 00:40:30.290 comes out with a report every two years 810 00:40:30.340 --> 00:40:31.990 and what they've shown is that the larger 811 00:40:32.040 --> 00:40:34.680 and larger fraction of those fish populations 812 00:40:34.730 --> 00:40:36.640 is being depleted and right now, 813 00:40:36.690 --> 00:40:40.391 about 80% or more are fully fished, 814 00:40:40.441 --> 00:40:42.300 meaning their fished to capacity 815 00:40:42.350 --> 00:40:44.750 or they're over-fished and being depleted. 816 00:40:44.800 --> 00:40:48.106 - Using data from the UNFAO, scientists from 817 00:40:48.156 --> 00:40:52.380 Dalhousie University projected that by the year 2048 818 00:40:52.430 --> 00:40:55.850 all fisheries would be practically empty. 819 00:40:55.900 --> 00:40:59.480 In other words, if we continue business as usual, 820 00:40:59.530 --> 00:41:03.420 they're warning we could have virtually fishless oceans 821 00:41:03.470 --> 00:41:05.673 in just a few short decades. 822 00:41:06.900 --> 00:41:09.110 - Many studies have concluded that if we keep 823 00:41:09.160 --> 00:41:11.260 fishing the way we've been fishing in the past 824 00:41:11.310 --> 00:41:13.280 we will collapse many or most 825 00:41:13.330 --> 00:41:15.940 fish populations by the middle of the century. 826 00:41:15.990 --> 00:41:18.890 There was just a new paper last year that showed this again 827 00:41:18.940 --> 00:41:22.950 using new data for fisheries management worldwide. 828 00:41:23.000 --> 00:41:25.750 - When people are confronted with this reality 829 00:41:25.800 --> 00:41:27.550 they sometimes think, well, 830 00:41:27.600 --> 00:41:30.260 we can just have farmed fish instead, right? 831 00:41:30.310 --> 00:41:33.170 Although farm fish, or aquaculture, is sometimes 832 00:41:33.220 --> 00:41:36.370 touted as an alternative approach to commercial fishing, 833 00:41:36.420 --> 00:41:40.250 in reality, it has its own set of very serious problems 834 00:41:40.300 --> 00:41:42.270 and can still be detrimental to both 835 00:41:42.320 --> 00:41:44.370 wild fish and ecosystems. 836 00:41:44.420 --> 00:41:48.240 From destruction and contamination of natural habitats, 837 00:41:48.290 --> 00:41:52.143 to genetic problems from the inbreeding of farm fish 838 00:41:52.193 --> 00:41:55.780 that sometimes escape and pass on their problems 839 00:41:55.830 --> 00:41:57.610 to the wild populations, 840 00:41:57.660 --> 00:42:00.350 making them less likely to survive. 841 00:42:00.400 --> 00:42:03.220 In addition, the crowded farming conditions 842 00:42:03.270 --> 00:42:06.950 are a breeding ground for diseases and parasites. 843 00:42:07.000 --> 00:42:10.020 One good example is parasitic sea lice, 844 00:42:10.070 --> 00:42:13.370 which feed on the skin and blood of salmon 845 00:42:13.420 --> 00:42:16.250 and can ultimately kill the fish. 846 00:42:16.300 --> 00:42:19.440 Wild salmon populations have been severely affected 847 00:42:19.490 --> 00:42:22.130 by lice spread from fish farms. 848 00:42:22.180 --> 00:42:26.030 On top of all that, many farmed fish are also carnivorous. 849 00:42:26.080 --> 00:42:29.053 Meaning they need to be fed wild caught fish. 850 00:42:32.710 --> 00:42:35.100 I don't think farming fish is the most effective 851 00:42:35.150 --> 00:42:37.480 or realistic solution to the problem. 852 00:42:37.530 --> 00:42:39.440 A more elegant and simple approach 853 00:42:39.490 --> 00:42:42.730 for all of us who have access to basic food options, 854 00:42:42.780 --> 00:42:44.723 is to simply stop eating fish. 855 00:42:44.773 --> 00:42:47.523 (dramatic music) 856 00:42:59.034 --> 00:43:01.461 - I have some friends who think that like 857 00:43:01.511 --> 00:43:03.540 by being environmentally responsible, 858 00:43:03.590 --> 00:43:05.900 they're going to stop eating land animals and only eat 859 00:43:05.950 --> 00:43:10.403 sea animals, fish and crustaceans and things. 860 00:43:10.453 --> 00:43:11.630 Like, if you care about the ocean, 861 00:43:11.680 --> 00:43:15.280 you have to stop eating animals that live in the ocean. 862 00:43:15.330 --> 00:43:17.240 It's so self-evident, 863 00:43:17.290 --> 00:43:21.260 I don't know how destroying fish 864 00:43:21.310 --> 00:43:23.840 and destroying the ecosystem of the ocean 865 00:43:23.890 --> 00:43:27.270 is somehow environmentally responsible, 866 00:43:27.320 --> 00:43:30.050 but we're a messed up species, 867 00:43:30.100 --> 00:43:31.440 so I'm not surprise that like, 868 00:43:31.490 --> 00:43:33.880 someone came up with that terrible idea. 869 00:43:33.930 --> 00:43:38.150 - My parents were educated people, just totally oblivious. 870 00:43:38.200 --> 00:43:42.860 And all the while, this whole little mess was brewing. 871 00:43:42.910 --> 00:43:45.180 We ended up turning our one little planet 872 00:43:45.230 --> 00:43:46.937 completely upside down. 873 00:43:46.987 --> 00:43:49.737 (dramatic music) 874 00:43:52.420 --> 00:43:55.892 - Our rapidly growing population is a multiplier that 875 00:43:55.942 --> 00:43:59.980 affects every global environmental issue we face. 876 00:44:00.030 --> 00:44:03.580 The fact is, we've had an unprecedented spike 877 00:44:03.630 --> 00:44:07.180 in our population over the last two centuries. 878 00:44:07.230 --> 00:44:10.110 That, coupled with our consumption patterns, 879 00:44:10.160 --> 00:44:13.480 is placing serious strain on our planet's finite 880 00:44:13.530 --> 00:44:16.260 natural resources and ecosystems 881 00:44:17.100 --> 00:44:19.950 - The number of people on the planet would not matter 882 00:44:20.000 --> 00:44:22.520 if we were ethereal beings. 883 00:44:22.570 --> 00:44:25.790 What matters is the combination of the number of people 884 00:44:25.840 --> 00:44:28.920 and their economic activity, namely consumption 885 00:44:28.970 --> 00:44:30.450 and waste products. 886 00:44:30.500 --> 00:44:33.750 - Our species, modern humans, has been around 887 00:44:33.800 --> 00:44:36.417 for about 200,000 years. 888 00:44:36.467 --> 00:44:40.674 And it took us all that time to reach a population of 889 00:44:40.724 --> 00:44:45.640 one billion, which we finally did relatively recently, 890 00:44:45.690 --> 00:44:47.900 in the early 1800s. 891 00:44:47.950 --> 00:44:52.450 But today, only about 200 years after that, 892 00:44:52.500 --> 00:44:55.940 we've multiplied seven times over. 893 00:44:55.990 --> 00:44:59.500 We're not more than 7.5 billion humans 894 00:44:59.550 --> 00:45:04.550 and on track to hit close to ten billion by the year 2050. 895 00:45:04.690 --> 00:45:05.970 - I'm concerned about population, 896 00:45:06.020 --> 00:45:08.670 because if you look over all of human history, 897 00:45:08.720 --> 00:45:11.050 it took up until the 1800s to reach 898 00:45:11.100 --> 00:45:13.140 the first one billion people on Earth. 899 00:45:13.190 --> 00:45:15.480 And the last one billion people, 900 00:45:15.530 --> 00:45:17.590 to go from six to seven billion people on Earth, 901 00:45:17.640 --> 00:45:19.483 took only about 12 years. 902 00:45:21.150 --> 00:45:24.280 - Why did our population grow so quickly in just 903 00:45:24.330 --> 00:45:25.853 the last two centuries? 904 00:45:26.710 --> 00:45:30.060 Well, simply put, we've had the very good fortune 905 00:45:30.110 --> 00:45:33.050 of being able to decrease child mortality 906 00:45:33.100 --> 00:45:35.810 and increase our life expectancies 907 00:45:35.860 --> 00:45:38.528 as a result of the agricultural revolution 908 00:45:38.578 --> 00:45:42.170 and technological advances in modern medicine. 909 00:45:42.220 --> 00:45:45.160 So more children now grow up, 910 00:45:45.210 --> 00:45:48.412 live longer and have children of their own. 911 00:45:48.462 --> 00:45:51.710 And this in the aggregate dramatically increased 912 00:45:51.760 --> 00:45:54.900 the world population in a short period of time. 913 00:45:54.950 --> 00:45:57.750 - Every year we're adding about 80 million 914 00:45:57.800 --> 00:45:58.950 extra people to the planet, 915 00:45:59.000 --> 00:46:01.250 and that is about the population of Germany. 916 00:46:01.300 --> 00:46:04.210 So, if you think about the need to find a good 917 00:46:04.260 --> 00:46:05.630 home for those people, 918 00:46:05.680 --> 00:46:07.530 to ensure that they have access to food, 919 00:46:07.580 --> 00:46:09.630 that they have access to clean water, 920 00:46:09.680 --> 00:46:12.210 that they have healthcare and education. 921 00:46:12.260 --> 00:46:14.310 It really puts things into perspective. 922 00:46:14.360 --> 00:46:18.410 - When I was born, in 1932, 923 00:46:18.460 --> 00:46:20.920 there were two billion people on the planet, 924 00:46:20.970 --> 00:46:24.630 now there are 7.5 billion people. 925 00:46:24.680 --> 00:46:28.580 The size of the human population has more than tripled 926 00:46:28.630 --> 00:46:30.373 in my one lifetime. 927 00:46:32.870 --> 00:46:34.670 One of the really critical things, 928 00:46:34.720 --> 00:46:39.280 the resource that we'll never run out of, is morons. 929 00:46:39.330 --> 00:46:41.240 Morons, for instance, say, 930 00:46:41.290 --> 00:46:43.160 it's only consumption, it's not the 931 00:46:43.210 --> 00:46:45.310 number of people that counts. 932 00:46:45.360 --> 00:46:48.310 That's like saying the area of a rectangle 933 00:46:48.360 --> 00:46:51.720 is determined only by its width, not by its length. 934 00:46:51.770 --> 00:46:54.710 Certainly, consumption is a big problem, 935 00:46:54.760 --> 00:46:56.840 so is population size. 936 00:46:56.890 --> 00:47:00.185 The two multiply together to give you your impact 937 00:47:00.235 --> 00:47:02.247 on your life support systems. 938 00:47:02.297 --> 00:47:03.370 (dramatic music) 939 00:47:03.420 --> 00:47:07.220 - Never in human history, have we asked so much 940 00:47:07.270 --> 00:47:11.650 of our environment, our infrastructure, and our society 941 00:47:11.700 --> 00:47:15.180 to accommodate such large increases in our population 942 00:47:15.230 --> 00:47:17.990 over such a short period of time. 943 00:47:18.040 --> 00:47:21.100 Just as one example, at the pace we are currently 944 00:47:21.150 --> 00:47:23.950 growing our population, we need to be building 945 00:47:24.000 --> 00:47:28.030 63 thousand new classrooms every single week, 946 00:47:28.080 --> 00:47:30.420 repeatedly, week after week, 947 00:47:30.470 --> 00:47:34.070 if we want every child to have access to education. 948 00:47:34.120 --> 00:47:38.100 Funding, building, and staffing 63 thousand new 949 00:47:38.150 --> 00:47:41.770 classrooms every single week, over and over. 950 00:47:41.820 --> 00:47:43.530 So are we building them? 951 00:47:43.580 --> 00:47:45.990 And are we prepared to keep building at that pace 952 00:47:46.040 --> 00:47:47.700 every single week? 953 00:47:47.750 --> 00:47:51.620 The answer is no, unfortunately we are not building them. 954 00:47:51.670 --> 00:47:53.580 And I don't think it's realistic 955 00:47:53.630 --> 00:47:56.540 to think that we could at that pace. 956 00:47:56.590 --> 00:47:59.808 - The impact of human beings on the planet 957 00:47:59.858 --> 00:48:01.798 doubles every 17 years. 958 00:48:01.848 --> 00:48:04.588 That is, if you take the rate of population growth, 959 00:48:04.638 --> 00:48:06.420 and add to it the rate of economic growth, 960 00:48:06.470 --> 00:48:08.260 and put those two things together, 961 00:48:08.310 --> 00:48:11.850 we make twice the impact on the planet every 17 years 962 00:48:11.900 --> 00:48:13.947 and you can't do that for many doublings before 963 00:48:13.997 --> 00:48:15.343 you destroy the planet. 964 00:48:17.350 --> 00:48:19.710 - A lot of people think the population problem 965 00:48:19.760 --> 00:48:23.420 is too many Indians, or too many people in Africa and so on. 966 00:48:23.470 --> 00:48:25.870 Actually, it's too many people in the United States 967 00:48:25.920 --> 00:48:27.180 to start out with. 968 00:48:27.230 --> 00:48:30.640 You and I consume much more than the average person 969 00:48:30.690 --> 00:48:33.350 in Africa or the average person in India. 970 00:48:33.400 --> 00:48:35.180 And that's part of the problem. 971 00:48:35.230 --> 00:48:38.250 To support the people we have today, 972 00:48:38.300 --> 00:48:39.960 the current estimate is you'd need 973 00:48:40.010 --> 00:48:41.950 one and a half Earths to do it. 974 00:48:42.000 --> 00:48:44.080 To support the people we have today 975 00:48:44.130 --> 00:48:46.510 at the style of the average American, 976 00:48:46.560 --> 00:48:49.370 you would need four or five more Earths. 977 00:48:49.420 --> 00:48:53.080 We're living on our capital, not on our interest. 978 00:48:53.130 --> 00:48:56.070 It's as if we were an idiot child that inherited 979 00:48:56.120 --> 00:48:59.650 a million dollars and kept writing bigger checks 980 00:48:59.700 --> 00:49:01.750 on the bank account every year, 981 00:49:01.800 --> 00:49:03.930 and never looking at the balance. 982 00:49:03.980 --> 00:49:06.150 We're using up our precious soils, 983 00:49:06.200 --> 00:49:09.190 we're using up our easily accessible resources. 984 00:49:09.240 --> 00:49:11.890 Basically, we're behaving like idiots, 985 00:49:11.940 --> 00:49:15.270 because we're the only species we know of 986 00:49:15.320 --> 00:49:17.943 that is determinedly set out to destroy itself. 987 00:49:23.950 --> 00:49:27.280 - Supposing the moon had water and an atmosphere, 988 00:49:27.330 --> 00:49:29.360 and we had a cheap way of getting there. 989 00:49:29.410 --> 00:49:31.040 At the present rate of population growth, 990 00:49:31.090 --> 00:49:32.390 we'd fill it up in 10 years. 991 00:49:32.440 --> 00:49:34.270 It wouldn't help us. 992 00:49:34.320 --> 00:49:37.370 - Given the fundamental importance that our population 993 00:49:37.420 --> 00:49:41.090 plays in so many converging environmental issues, 994 00:49:41.140 --> 00:49:43.300 you would think that environmental organizations 995 00:49:43.350 --> 00:49:46.470 would be having a robust conversation about it, 996 00:49:46.520 --> 00:49:49.980 yet most don't talk about population growth that much, 997 00:49:50.030 --> 00:49:51.240 if at all. 998 00:49:51.290 --> 00:49:54.530 - If you think about any controversial topic, 999 00:49:54.580 --> 00:49:59.580 people are always aware of difficult subjects 1000 00:49:59.671 --> 00:50:02.730 and if they bring those difficult subjects up, 1001 00:50:02.780 --> 00:50:03.990 it may get them into trouble. 1002 00:50:04.040 --> 00:50:07.070 So, if you go to a dinner party and you bring up 1003 00:50:07.120 --> 00:50:09.580 population and people jump all over you, 1004 00:50:09.630 --> 00:50:11.360 you'll say, okay I won't touch that again. 1005 00:50:11.410 --> 00:50:13.050 - There are a few reasons why people are afraid 1006 00:50:13.100 --> 00:50:16.370 to talk about population, but I thing at the heart of it 1007 00:50:16.420 --> 00:50:21.000 because there have been some coercive population programs 1008 00:50:21.050 --> 00:50:23.984 and policies, people are afraid that if they 1009 00:50:24.034 --> 00:50:27.410 make these links between population and the environment, 1010 00:50:27.460 --> 00:50:31.020 that it's suggesting that we have to control the population, 1011 00:50:31.070 --> 00:50:33.400 that there has to be some external force. 1012 00:50:33.450 --> 00:50:36.690 But, good population policies and programs respect what 1013 00:50:36.740 --> 00:50:40.900 couples want and they're about giving women and men 1014 00:50:40.950 --> 00:50:43.610 what they want and not telling people what to do. 1015 00:50:43.660 --> 00:50:46.190 - In talking about the very real problem of 1016 00:50:46.240 --> 00:50:49.230 unsustainable population growth, I believe 1017 00:50:49.280 --> 00:50:53.229 the focus needs to be on raising the awareness of the issue, 1018 00:50:53.279 --> 00:50:56.490 promoting gender equality and women's rights 1019 00:50:56.540 --> 00:51:00.400 around the world, supporting things like family planning, 1020 00:51:00.450 --> 00:51:03.360 so that all women have the means to determine 1021 00:51:03.410 --> 00:51:06.240 the number and spacing of their children, 1022 00:51:06.290 --> 00:51:11.100 encouraging small family norms, supporting adoption efforts, 1023 00:51:11.150 --> 00:51:15.270 increasing education, eradicating poverty, 1024 00:51:15.320 --> 00:51:19.533 and abolishing horrid practices like child marriages. 1025 00:51:20.580 --> 00:51:23.670 These human rights efforts are critically important 1026 00:51:23.720 --> 00:51:26.760 in their own right, but they also happen to be 1027 00:51:26.810 --> 00:51:29.590 some of the most effective actions we can take 1028 00:51:29.640 --> 00:51:32.643 to help slow our population growth rate. 1029 00:51:33.540 --> 00:51:36.840 Also, in our culture, there are still sometimes 1030 00:51:36.890 --> 00:51:39.840 some religious or social pressures that can make 1031 00:51:39.890 --> 00:51:43.030 people feel like they have to have children, 1032 00:51:43.080 --> 00:51:45.970 or they have to have a certain number of children, 1033 00:51:46.020 --> 00:51:48.290 even if they don't really want to. 1034 00:51:48.340 --> 00:51:51.000 Even if you are capable of having and supporting 1035 00:51:51.050 --> 00:51:54.560 children, no one should feel like they must have children 1036 00:51:54.610 --> 00:51:56.810 if that's not what they want to do. 1037 00:51:56.860 --> 00:52:00.860 As a personal example, I actually underwent tubal ligation, 1038 00:52:00.910 --> 00:52:04.660 or permanent sterilization surgery, several years ago 1039 00:52:04.710 --> 00:52:06.820 while single and childless. 1040 00:52:06.870 --> 00:52:10.360 Even though I love kids, I just don't have the inclination 1041 00:52:10.410 --> 00:52:14.100 to have any children of my own, and that's okay. 1042 00:52:14.150 --> 00:52:17.897 But no woman or man should feel like they have to have 1043 00:52:17.947 --> 00:52:21.580 children simply in response to social pressures. 1044 00:52:21.630 --> 00:52:23.782 And for the benefit of all humans, 1045 00:52:23.832 --> 00:52:27.740 including today's children and future generations to come, 1046 00:52:27.790 --> 00:52:31.120 I think we have a moral obligation to raise awareness 1047 00:52:31.170 --> 00:52:35.040 about the unsubstantiality of our current population growth 1048 00:52:35.090 --> 00:52:39.420 rate and the importance of slowing that rate down, 1049 00:52:39.470 --> 00:52:42.420 as well as changing our consumption patterns 1050 00:52:42.470 --> 00:52:46.070 so that we avoid irreparably depleting and destroying 1051 00:52:46.120 --> 00:52:49.780 the very environmental systems on which we humans 1052 00:52:49.830 --> 00:52:52.170 and all other species depend. 1053 00:52:52.220 --> 00:52:55.820 - So, I think that the silence around population 1054 00:52:55.870 --> 00:52:59.710 has to be broken, and people have to speak out 1055 00:52:59.760 --> 00:53:02.860 about the relationship between population and environment, 1056 00:53:02.910 --> 00:53:05.600 that there is something we can do to slow population growth 1057 00:53:05.650 --> 00:53:09.720 and it will have drastic benefits for access to resources, 1058 00:53:09.770 --> 00:53:13.570 access to land, access to water, food security, 1059 00:53:13.620 --> 00:53:17.320 and clean air, stable climate. 1060 00:53:17.370 --> 00:53:19.190 All of that's affected by population. 1061 00:53:19.240 --> 00:53:22.260 It will be much easier to manage these challenges 1062 00:53:22.310 --> 00:53:25.250 if we can slow and stabilize population growth. 1063 00:53:25.300 --> 00:53:28.230 Than if we continue on a business as usual path. 1064 00:53:28.280 --> 00:53:31.893 - A lot of us, myself included, everyone watching, 1065 00:53:31.943 --> 00:53:36.040 most of us self-identify as good people. 1066 00:53:36.090 --> 00:53:38.770 Of the 7.7 billion people on the planet, 1067 00:53:38.820 --> 00:53:40.607 I guarantee you almost all of them think 1068 00:53:40.657 --> 00:53:43.218 they're a good person, and they're leading a good life, 1069 00:53:43.268 --> 00:53:45.590 they're like, lookin' after their family. 1070 00:53:45.640 --> 00:53:49.757 But we are not judged 1071 00:53:49.807 --> 00:53:52.273 on how we self-identify. 1072 00:53:52.323 --> 00:53:55.420 We're judged on our actions, you know, 1073 00:53:55.470 --> 00:53:59.110 and if our actions cause misery and destruction 1074 00:53:59.160 --> 00:54:01.977 and suffering, we're not good people. 1075 00:54:02.027 --> 00:54:05.260 And you know, I'm not God, it's not my place to judge, 1076 00:54:05.310 --> 00:54:07.880 but like, where do we get the idea that we're living good, 1077 00:54:07.930 --> 00:54:10.300 benign lives if the product of our lives 1078 00:54:10.350 --> 00:54:12.840 is nothing but suffering and destruction? 1079 00:54:12.890 --> 00:54:15.640 (dramatic music) 1080 00:54:26.240 --> 00:54:28.320 - Dr Cohen, you were telling me over the break 1081 00:54:28.370 --> 00:54:31.760 that these methane explosions are nothing new, 1082 00:54:31.810 --> 00:54:34.540 and you didn't seem to be entirely surprised 1083 00:54:34.590 --> 00:54:36.220 by this event either. 1084 00:54:36.270 --> 00:54:38.440 - Well, we've been monitoring this phenomenon for decades 1085 00:54:38.490 --> 00:54:41.800 and while it's nothing new, we have seen an increase 1086 00:54:41.850 --> 00:54:43.610 in the frequency of these methane bubbles 1087 00:54:43.660 --> 00:54:45.288 which is very concerning. 1088 00:54:45.338 --> 00:54:48.088 (dramatic music) 1089 00:54:50.090 --> 00:54:52.830 - Our fictional characters in the future were worried 1090 00:54:52.880 --> 00:54:56.510 about methane bubbles escaping from under the Arctic. 1091 00:54:56.560 --> 00:54:59.820 But we actually don't have to go to the future to see this, 1092 00:54:59.870 --> 00:55:03.510 because it's something that's already happening today. 1093 00:55:03.560 --> 00:55:07.090 In fact, the image we used for the fictional newscast 1094 00:55:07.140 --> 00:55:11.190 is from a real life crater in Siberia, thought to have been 1095 00:55:11.240 --> 00:55:15.500 formed by a recent methane pocket explosion in an area 1096 00:55:15.550 --> 00:55:18.590 that used to be covered by frozen permafrost. 1097 00:55:18.640 --> 00:55:21.340 Some places in the Arctic are starting to look like 1098 00:55:21.390 --> 00:55:24.773 bubbling jacuzzis, not because the water is boiling, 1099 00:55:24.823 --> 00:55:28.740 but because methane that was previously trapped in ice 1100 00:55:28.790 --> 00:55:31.253 is now bubbling up to the surface. 1101 00:55:32.210 --> 00:55:34.330 Some daring scientists, like this one from the 1102 00:55:34.380 --> 00:55:37.770 University of Alaska, can even dig just a little bit 1103 00:55:37.820 --> 00:55:42.210 into the ice and light escaping methane right on fire. 1104 00:55:42.260 --> 00:55:44.450 But why does it matter if frozen methane 1105 00:55:44.500 --> 00:55:47.180 is now being released into the atmosphere? 1106 00:55:47.230 --> 00:55:50.330 Well, it's a concern for two main reasons. 1107 00:55:50.380 --> 00:55:53.345 First, because the total amount of methane trapped in frozen 1108 00:55:53.395 --> 00:55:57.350 parts of our planet is truly enormous. 1109 00:55:57.400 --> 00:56:00.940 There's several tons more methane trapped by ice 1110 00:56:00.990 --> 00:56:04.020 than there is in the entire atmosphere. 1111 00:56:04.070 --> 00:56:06.240 The second reason why methane matters, 1112 00:56:06.290 --> 00:56:10.200 is it happens to be an extremely powerful greenhouse gas. 1113 00:56:10.250 --> 00:56:14.610 It's at least 20 times more powerful than carbon dioxide 1114 00:56:14.660 --> 00:56:17.490 in trapping heat from the sun. 1115 00:56:17.540 --> 00:56:21.349 If this enormous store of frozen methane or a big 1116 00:56:21.399 --> 00:56:25.570 part of it is released into our atmosphere, 1117 00:56:25.620 --> 00:56:30.380 it could amplify the degree and speed of climate change. 1118 00:56:30.430 --> 00:56:31.970 - It's a very unusual kind of ice 1119 00:56:32.020 --> 00:56:33.380 that you can actually burn. 1120 00:56:33.430 --> 00:56:36.880 Also, of course, like regular ice, it can melt. 1121 00:56:36.930 --> 00:56:39.260 - It's actually methane trapped in water molecules, 1122 00:56:39.310 --> 00:56:41.740 but frozen and it's under pressure and at cold 1123 00:56:41.790 --> 00:56:43.960 temperatures under the oceans. 1124 00:56:44.010 --> 00:56:45.870 There's a lot of it, but it's deep in the ocean, 1125 00:56:45.920 --> 00:56:47.650 it's hard to get at, it's very unstable, 1126 00:56:47.700 --> 00:56:49.750 so people just generally leave it alone, 1127 00:56:49.800 --> 00:56:51.200 and that's a good thing. 1128 00:56:51.250 --> 00:56:54.020 But in the Arctic Ocean, it's more shallow, 1129 00:56:54.070 --> 00:56:55.650 and so we're already starting to see, 1130 00:56:55.700 --> 00:56:57.277 due to warming, the melting of ice, 1131 00:56:57.327 --> 00:56:58.630 the warming of the Arctic Sea, 1132 00:56:58.680 --> 00:57:00.490 we're starting to see methane bubbles 1133 00:57:00.540 --> 00:57:02.530 coming out of the Arctic Ocean. 1134 00:57:02.580 --> 00:57:06.520 And it's hard to say how much that is so far, 1135 00:57:06.570 --> 00:57:08.940 but we know that with further warming, 1136 00:57:08.990 --> 00:57:10.873 it's going to get worse. 1137 00:57:15.370 --> 00:57:18.660 - The good news is, when methane is locked under 1138 00:57:18.710 --> 00:57:20.400 or within a frozen surface, 1139 00:57:20.450 --> 00:57:24.110 it's harmless because it doesn't enter the atmosphere. 1140 00:57:24.160 --> 00:57:27.360 The bad news is, over the past century, 1141 00:57:27.410 --> 00:57:30.150 we've been putting a lot of carbon dioxide into our 1142 00:57:30.200 --> 00:57:33.350 atmosphere, which traps heat from the sun 1143 00:57:33.400 --> 00:57:36.730 and has been causing the average global temperature 1144 00:57:36.780 --> 00:57:39.450 to warm up, and as a result, 1145 00:57:39.500 --> 00:57:42.450 places that were once permanently frozen, 1146 00:57:42.500 --> 00:57:46.510 are now thawing, or thawing for part of the year. 1147 00:57:46.560 --> 00:57:48.645 - I think the danger of the methane is even though 1148 00:57:48.695 --> 00:57:51.630 we're starting to see the melting of the permafrost, 1149 00:57:51.680 --> 00:57:54.000 we're starting to see bubbling out of the Arctic, 1150 00:57:54.050 --> 00:57:55.860 it's not that it's a lot now, 1151 00:57:55.910 --> 00:57:59.228 but it's a sign of something that could happen in much 1152 00:57:59.278 --> 00:58:00.690 greater amounts in the future, 1153 00:58:00.740 --> 00:58:02.390 and therefore we want to stop it 1154 00:58:02.440 --> 00:58:04.610 before it gets out of control. 1155 00:58:04.660 --> 00:58:08.910 Right now, the biggest contributor to climate change 1156 00:58:08.960 --> 00:58:10.393 and global warming is CO2. 1157 00:58:11.866 --> 00:58:14.335 - So we refer to these gasses, like CO2 1158 00:58:14.385 --> 00:58:18.410 as greenhouse gasses because of this metaphor 1159 00:58:18.460 --> 00:58:20.110 with an actual greenhouse. 1160 00:58:20.160 --> 00:58:23.090 A greenhouse is a glass building that lets sunlight 1161 00:58:23.140 --> 00:58:26.610 come in and then it traps some of the heat in there 1162 00:58:26.660 --> 00:58:29.470 so it's warmer inside the greenhouse 1163 00:58:29.520 --> 00:58:31.420 than outside the greenhouse. 1164 00:58:31.470 --> 00:58:33.540 And I have firsthand experience with a greenhouse, 1165 00:58:33.590 --> 00:58:37.360 having had my wedding reception in a greenhouse, 1166 00:58:37.410 --> 00:58:40.800 in July, in Massachusetts, with no air conditioning. 1167 00:58:40.850 --> 00:58:42.260 So, they work. 1168 00:58:42.310 --> 00:58:46.710 In fact, on our planet, if we didn't have CO2 and those 1169 00:58:46.760 --> 00:58:50.850 greenhouse gasses, the planet would freeze over. 1170 00:58:50.900 --> 00:58:53.920 It would freeze over, from the pole down to the equator. 1171 00:58:53.970 --> 00:58:57.700 - The problem is that in a very short period of time 1172 00:58:57.750 --> 00:59:01.280 we have rapidly increased the amount of these 1173 00:59:01.330 --> 00:59:03.920 heat-trapping substances in our atmosphere, 1174 00:59:03.970 --> 00:59:07.080 not over thousand or millions of years 1175 00:59:07.130 --> 00:59:09.520 like has happened naturally in the past, 1176 00:59:09.570 --> 00:59:14.000 we're literally doing it in the blink of a geological eye. 1177 00:59:14.050 --> 00:59:17.340 The amount of CO2 in the atmosphere used to be around 1178 00:59:17.390 --> 00:59:21.460 280 parts per million for thousands of years, 1179 00:59:21.510 --> 00:59:24.330 until we had the Industrial Revolution. 1180 00:59:24.380 --> 00:59:27.250 And then, in a very short period of time, 1181 00:59:27.300 --> 00:59:32.300 less than 300 years, we increased the concentration 1182 00:59:32.350 --> 00:59:36.483 to over 400 parts per million today. 1183 00:59:37.510 --> 00:59:39.340 Ending our use of fossil fuels, 1184 00:59:39.390 --> 00:59:42.410 by transitioning to clean renewable energy 1185 00:59:42.460 --> 00:59:45.959 is urgently needed to stop this dangerous increase 1186 00:59:46.009 --> 00:59:50.330 in the amount of heat-trapping CO2 in our atmosphere. 1187 00:59:50.380 --> 00:59:53.560 And while we need to absolutely remain diligent 1188 00:59:53.610 --> 00:59:56.700 in the crucial task of transitioning to clean, 1189 00:59:56.750 --> 01:00:00.580 renewable energy, there is also another critical action 1190 01:00:00.630 --> 01:00:03.160 that is available to us as individuals 1191 01:00:03.210 --> 01:00:05.110 that we can all take right now, 1192 01:00:05.160 --> 01:00:08.800 that would have a significant and almost immediate impact, 1193 01:00:08.850 --> 01:00:13.040 and that does not require any new laws or technology. 1194 01:00:13.090 --> 01:00:15.300 According to the United Nations, 1195 01:00:15.350 --> 01:00:19.320 animal agriculture is responsible for more human-caused 1196 01:00:19.370 --> 01:00:22.910 greenhouse gas emissions than the entire global 1197 01:00:22.960 --> 01:00:26.240 transportation sector combined. 1198 01:00:26.290 --> 01:00:28.610 This means that livestock sector, 1199 01:00:28.660 --> 01:00:30.430 the sector that raises animals, 1200 01:00:30.480 --> 01:00:33.070 like cows, pigs, chickens, and goats, 1201 01:00:33.120 --> 01:00:37.463 produces more heat-trapping greenhouse gas emissions 1202 01:00:37.513 --> 01:00:40.620 than all of the cars, buses, trains, 1203 01:00:40.670 --> 01:00:43.210 ships, and airplanes combined. 1204 01:00:43.260 --> 01:00:45.531 In addition, the United Nations reports 1205 01:00:45.581 --> 01:00:50.320 the livestock sector is also the major driver 1206 01:00:50.370 --> 01:00:53.527 of deforestation in the world. 1207 01:00:53.577 --> 01:00:57.490 And trees are an important carbon dioxide sink, 1208 01:00:57.540 --> 01:01:01.683 meaning they absorb and sequester it out of our atmosphere. 1209 01:01:03.730 --> 01:01:07.270 In addition to continued development and implementation 1210 01:01:07.320 --> 01:01:11.210 of clean energy technologies, a mass global shift 1211 01:01:11.260 --> 01:01:15.130 away from animal foods is urgently needed 1212 01:01:15.180 --> 01:01:17.920 and would have significant and almost immediate 1213 01:01:17.970 --> 01:01:20.980 impact in addressing our climate crisis. 1214 01:01:21.030 --> 01:01:23.370 - It's funny, when I became a vegan in 1987, 1215 01:01:23.420 --> 01:01:24.560 my reason was simple. 1216 01:01:24.610 --> 01:01:26.900 I loved animals and I didn't want to do anything 1217 01:01:26.950 --> 01:01:29.570 that contributed or caused animal suffering. 1218 01:01:29.620 --> 01:01:31.850 But as time passed, I began to find out more about 1219 01:01:31.900 --> 01:01:34.440 the role of animal agriculture in human health 1220 01:01:34.490 --> 01:01:36.750 and in the environment, but especially 1221 01:01:36.800 --> 01:01:38.520 what has reinforced my veganism, 1222 01:01:38.570 --> 01:01:42.190 is the role that animal agriculture in climate change. 1223 01:01:42.240 --> 01:01:43.610 - Why are you a vegetarian? 1224 01:01:43.660 --> 01:01:45.780 I asked him and it wasn't even because meat's bad for you, 1225 01:01:45.830 --> 01:01:48.500 he said that raising cattle was bad for the planet 1226 01:01:48.550 --> 01:01:51.900 with cow flatulence in the ozone and the clearing 1227 01:01:51.950 --> 01:01:54.160 of land for the raising of cattle. 1228 01:01:54.210 --> 01:01:56.743 What are you doing to help the environment? 1229 01:01:57.760 --> 01:01:59.202 I'm eatin' the cow. 1230 01:01:59.252 --> 01:02:00.800 (audience laughs) 1231 01:02:00.850 --> 01:02:01.930 - It's your choice, 1232 01:02:01.980 --> 01:02:05.040 comedians and everyone else, you can continue to make jokes 1233 01:02:05.090 --> 01:02:08.490 about cow farts, or you can address the fact 1234 01:02:08.540 --> 01:02:10.680 that animal agriculture and the way it contributes 1235 01:02:10.730 --> 01:02:13.290 to climate change is going to make this planet 1236 01:02:13.340 --> 01:02:15.470 uninhabitable for us. 1237 01:02:15.520 --> 01:02:17.180 - One meal a day? 1238 01:02:17.230 --> 01:02:18.803 Just one measly meal? 1239 01:02:19.650 --> 01:02:22.831 Rationing food and water doesn't get you down, too? 1240 01:02:22.881 --> 01:02:25.770 And I can't remember the last time we could eat 1241 01:02:25.820 --> 01:02:27.270 three meals just like normal. 1242 01:02:28.870 --> 01:02:31.280 - Civilization has only flourished 1243 01:02:31.330 --> 01:02:34.240 when there is food availability. 1244 01:02:34.290 --> 01:02:38.030 Well, unfortunately, severe food and water shortages 1245 01:02:38.080 --> 01:02:41.350 are anticipated in the not-so-distant future 1246 01:02:41.400 --> 01:02:44.170 if we continue business as usual. 1247 01:02:44.220 --> 01:02:48.020 Global resource depletion, our own consumption patterns, 1248 01:02:48.070 --> 01:02:50.987 and population growth all play a part. 1249 01:02:51.037 --> 01:02:53.787 (dramatic music) 1250 01:02:56.530 --> 01:02:59.810 - There are three projections for the year 2050 1251 01:02:59.860 --> 01:03:01.810 made by the UN Population Division. 1252 01:03:01.860 --> 01:03:03.880 High, medium, and low. 1253 01:03:03.930 --> 01:03:07.365 If we're at the high or even the medium projection, 1254 01:03:07.415 --> 01:03:12.415 so somewhere between 9.5 and 10.5 billion people by 2050, 1255 01:03:12.610 --> 01:03:16.200 we will clearly face a food crisis. 1256 01:03:16.250 --> 01:03:19.080 - Right now enough calories certainly are produced 1257 01:03:19.130 --> 01:03:22.010 to feed everyone, so right now enough food is produced, 1258 01:03:22.060 --> 01:03:24.740 but there are these issues that lead to food insecurity 1259 01:03:24.790 --> 01:03:26.670 due to distribution. 1260 01:03:26.720 --> 01:03:28.780 Projecting forward into the future, 1261 01:03:28.830 --> 01:03:31.000 it's easy to imagine that it's less of a distribution 1262 01:03:31.050 --> 01:03:34.110 issue and becomes more of a issue that it's very very 1263 01:03:34.160 --> 01:03:36.850 difficult to actually produce all the calories 1264 01:03:36.900 --> 01:03:38.550 that will be demanded. 1265 01:03:38.600 --> 01:03:40.480 - According to the United Nations, 1266 01:03:40.530 --> 01:03:42.820 with our current population growth 1267 01:03:42.870 --> 01:03:45.590 and the current trends of a growing middle class 1268 01:03:45.640 --> 01:03:47.760 who are consuming more animal foods, 1269 01:03:47.810 --> 01:03:50.610 we'll need to double our crop production 1270 01:03:50.660 --> 01:03:54.690 by the year 2050, just to keep up. 1271 01:03:54.740 --> 01:03:57.280 The problem is our planet doesn't really 1272 01:03:57.330 --> 01:03:59.640 have the land to do this. 1273 01:03:59.690 --> 01:04:02.600 - We're currently using pretty much all of the good 1274 01:04:02.650 --> 01:04:05.515 arable land for agriculture. 1275 01:04:05.565 --> 01:04:07.100 If it's good land for growing crops, 1276 01:04:07.150 --> 01:04:09.300 we're probably already growing crops there. 1277 01:04:09.350 --> 01:04:11.800 There is some other land that could be turned into 1278 01:04:11.850 --> 01:04:14.750 cropland, but generally that's a bad idea, 1279 01:04:14.800 --> 01:04:17.960 because other lands are either sensitive forests, 1280 01:04:18.010 --> 01:04:20.720 or simply not suitable for agriculture. 1281 01:04:20.770 --> 01:04:23.360 - It turns out that feeding the human population 1282 01:04:23.410 --> 01:04:26.850 with animal foods is tremendously inefficient. 1283 01:04:26.900 --> 01:04:29.130 Animal foods require a lot more land, 1284 01:04:29.180 --> 01:04:31.750 a lot more water, and a lot more energy, 1285 01:04:31.800 --> 01:04:34.270 as compared to producing plant foods. 1286 01:04:34.320 --> 01:04:36.360 Keep in mind that we're not just talking about the 1287 01:04:36.410 --> 01:04:39.890 animals themselves, we're also talking about all the food 1288 01:04:39.940 --> 01:04:42.800 that has to be grown to feed all those animals. 1289 01:04:42.850 --> 01:04:45.580 And all the land and water that goes into growing 1290 01:04:45.630 --> 01:04:47.150 all those feed crops. 1291 01:04:47.200 --> 01:04:50.750 Animals are extremely inefficient converters of food, 1292 01:04:50.800 --> 01:04:54.290 meaning they eat much more food than they produce. 1293 01:04:54.340 --> 01:04:57.690 - Globally, about 36% of 1294 01:04:57.740 --> 01:04:59.956 plant-based crop production 1295 01:05:00.006 --> 01:05:01.620 goes to feed animals. 1296 01:05:01.670 --> 01:05:05.160 But only about four percent of that is actually 1297 01:05:05.210 --> 01:05:08.520 returned to our food system in meat that we eat. 1298 01:05:08.570 --> 01:05:12.890 In other words, there's this huge conversion inefficiency. 1299 01:05:12.940 --> 01:05:16.390 We're losing about 90% of the calories 1300 01:05:16.440 --> 01:05:18.730 as we go from grains to meat. 1301 01:05:18.780 --> 01:05:22.070 - You have to feed about 30 calories to a cow to get 1302 01:05:22.120 --> 01:05:26.000 one calorie of edible meat out. 1303 01:05:26.050 --> 01:05:28.250 So it takes-- the cow uses a lot 1304 01:05:28.300 --> 01:05:30.550 of that energy just to live. 1305 01:05:30.600 --> 01:05:34.120 So eating meat is a very inefficient use, 1306 01:05:34.170 --> 01:05:37.800 in energetic terms, of calories. 1307 01:05:37.850 --> 01:05:40.670 - According to scientists from the University of Minnesota 1308 01:05:40.720 --> 01:05:42.550 Institute on the Environment, 1309 01:05:42.600 --> 01:05:45.730 of all the calories we invest in raising animals 1310 01:05:45.780 --> 01:05:48.550 for food, we only recover a fraction, 1311 01:05:48.600 --> 01:05:51.940 on average about 12% in the form of meat, 1312 01:05:51.990 --> 01:05:53.750 dairy, and other animal products. 1313 01:05:53.800 --> 01:05:56.580 - To state the obvious, it takes a lot of energy 1314 01:05:56.630 --> 01:05:59.580 and a lot of resources, to produce food. 1315 01:05:59.630 --> 01:06:03.170 There's seven and a half billion of us on this planet. 1316 01:06:03.220 --> 01:06:08.090 But what doesn't make sense is to produce all this food 1317 01:06:08.140 --> 01:06:10.670 and then feed it to animals. 1318 01:06:10.720 --> 01:06:13.202 You know, I mean, the only analogy I can think of 1319 01:06:13.252 --> 01:06:15.476 is like, imagine taking 1320 01:06:15.526 --> 01:06:19.137 1,000 pounds of corn 1321 01:06:19.187 --> 01:06:20.640 that you could eat yourself, 1322 01:06:20.690 --> 01:06:22.840 and instead turning it into tequila 1323 01:06:22.890 --> 01:06:25.590 and trying to feed yourself off of that. 1324 01:06:25.640 --> 01:06:27.190 Like we see how dumb that would be, 1325 01:06:27.240 --> 01:06:29.080 it's the exact same thing we're doing with grain 1326 01:06:29.130 --> 01:06:30.750 that we feed to animals. 1327 01:06:30.800 --> 01:06:34.080 - So it turns out we can dramatically increase the 1328 01:06:34.130 --> 01:06:36.520 availability of food in the world, 1329 01:06:36.570 --> 01:06:39.872 by feeding ourselves with the plants directly. 1330 01:06:39.922 --> 01:06:44.392 And this is an important humanitarian issue to consider. 1331 01:06:44.442 --> 01:06:47.430 (dramatic music) 1332 01:06:47.480 --> 01:06:49.822 - As I travel around the world, I see poor countries 1333 01:06:49.872 --> 01:06:53.070 who sell their grain to the West, 1334 01:06:53.120 --> 01:06:56.070 while their own children starve in their arms, 1335 01:06:56.120 --> 01:06:58.940 and the West feeds it to livestock 1336 01:06:58.990 --> 01:07:01.870 ...so we can eat a steak? 1337 01:07:01.920 --> 01:07:05.023 Am I the only one who sees this as a crime? 1338 01:07:06.970 --> 01:07:09.990 Believe me, every morsel of meat we eat 1339 01:07:10.040 --> 01:07:13.813 is slapping the tear-stained face of a hungry child. 1340 01:07:15.204 --> 01:07:17.790 - And of course, eating animal foods also affects 1341 01:07:17.840 --> 01:07:20.593 farm animals, too, in a very direct way. 1342 01:07:23.150 --> 01:07:25.700 A couple of years ago, a slaughterhouse gave me 1343 01:07:25.750 --> 01:07:28.450 permission to film inside their facility, 1344 01:07:28.500 --> 01:07:31.080 with some conditions, but I was essentially allowed to 1345 01:07:31.130 --> 01:07:33.510 go in and film whatever I wanted. 1346 01:07:33.560 --> 01:07:37.480 So I grabbed a very easy to use camera and I flew there. 1347 01:07:37.530 --> 01:07:40.050 The first day, I filmed around the holding areas 1348 01:07:40.100 --> 01:07:41.947 next to the slaughter facility. 1349 01:07:41.997 --> 01:07:45.330 And the second day I filmed inside the actual building 1350 01:07:45.380 --> 01:07:47.710 where the slaughtering occurred. 1351 01:07:47.760 --> 01:07:50.430 And one thing in particular that shocked me 1352 01:07:50.480 --> 01:07:52.950 although it probably shouldn't have shocked me 1353 01:07:53.000 --> 01:07:55.320 because this seems so obvious now, 1354 01:07:55.370 --> 01:07:58.130 was how all the animals fight for their lives 1355 01:07:58.180 --> 01:08:00.070 until the very end. 1356 01:08:00.120 --> 01:08:03.000 Somehow they all seem to know they are in danger, 1357 01:08:03.050 --> 01:08:04.830 even in the holding areas. 1358 01:08:04.880 --> 01:08:08.590 One particular cow I saw the first day in the holding areas 1359 01:08:08.640 --> 01:08:13.540 was a beautiful, huge completely white cow. 1360 01:08:13.590 --> 01:08:16.600 And somehow, I think she knew that something 1361 01:08:16.650 --> 01:08:18.920 really bad was going to happen to her. 1362 01:08:18.970 --> 01:08:20.700 Because she was really frightened. 1363 01:08:20.750 --> 01:08:23.040 I don't know if she was able to smell the blood 1364 01:08:23.090 --> 01:08:26.060 of the animals who went before her, or what. 1365 01:08:26.110 --> 01:08:30.550 But she was really anxious and upset and moving around, 1366 01:08:30.600 --> 01:08:32.990 so since I happened to be there, 1367 01:08:33.040 --> 01:08:37.130 my reaction was to try to console this poor cow, 1368 01:08:37.180 --> 01:08:39.420 so I started talking to her 1369 01:08:39.470 --> 01:08:41.360 trying to soothe her, 1370 01:08:41.410 --> 01:08:43.920 and I spent some time with her, 1371 01:08:43.970 --> 01:08:46.920 and after a few minutes, she was a lot calmer, 1372 01:08:46.970 --> 01:08:50.070 and even her eyes looked more relaxed and 1373 01:08:50.120 --> 01:08:51.453 she was in better shape. 1374 01:08:53.340 --> 01:08:55.780 But then the next morning, when I returned 1375 01:08:55.830 --> 01:08:58.450 to film the actual slaughter facility, 1376 01:08:58.500 --> 01:09:02.070 in addition to all the other cows they were slaughtering 1377 01:09:02.120 --> 01:09:06.010 it came the turn of that beautiful and sweet 1378 01:09:06.060 --> 01:09:08.743 and completely white cow to go through slaughter. 1379 01:09:10.330 --> 01:09:12.680 And unlike the other cows before her, 1380 01:09:12.730 --> 01:09:15.290 who were desperately trying to escape, 1381 01:09:15.340 --> 01:09:16.660 trying to crawl up the wall 1382 01:09:16.710 --> 01:09:19.853 and getting up on the hind legs to avoid getting killed, 1383 01:09:20.960 --> 01:09:24.230 this white cow didn't fight at all. 1384 01:09:24.280 --> 01:09:27.250 Most of the other cows had to be shoved in so they could 1385 01:09:27.300 --> 01:09:29.440 close the metal door behind them, 1386 01:09:29.490 --> 01:09:32.570 but this one, they didn't have to shove her in too much, 1387 01:09:32.620 --> 01:09:35.831 because she just came right in and she kept perfectly 1388 01:09:35.881 --> 01:09:39.930 still and did nothing but stare at me 1389 01:09:39.980 --> 01:09:41.870 because I was right there with my camera 1390 01:09:41.920 --> 01:09:45.340 no more than like a meter away from where her head was. 1391 01:09:45.390 --> 01:09:50.390 So this poor cow, I think recognized me from the day before, 1392 01:09:50.610 --> 01:09:52.203 that I had been nice to her, 1393 01:09:53.560 --> 01:09:56.363 and I think she thought I was going to be able to help her. 1394 01:09:57.280 --> 01:10:00.200 Because she was just keeping perfectly still, 1395 01:10:00.250 --> 01:10:02.800 and she just had her eyes wide open, 1396 01:10:02.850 --> 01:10:05.490 locked on my eyes, like she was imploring 1397 01:10:05.540 --> 01:10:06.673 for me to save her. 1398 01:10:09.660 --> 01:10:12.173 But there was absolutely nothing that I could do. 1399 01:10:17.350 --> 01:10:19.933 (door creaks) 1400 01:10:42.281 --> 01:10:45.410 I remember when I left the slaughterhouse that morning, 1401 01:10:45.460 --> 01:10:48.860 it was still pretty early, and as I stepped outside 1402 01:10:48.910 --> 01:10:52.350 there were lots of trees and the birds were singing, 1403 01:10:52.400 --> 01:10:55.250 and everything seemed so peaceful outside. 1404 01:10:55.300 --> 01:10:58.310 And I thought to myself, how unbelievable 1405 01:10:58.360 --> 01:11:00.150 that this world in which we live, 1406 01:11:00.200 --> 01:11:02.680 seems so peaceful and beautiful 1407 01:11:02.730 --> 01:11:06.720 and at the same time, this very world is also 1408 01:11:06.770 --> 01:11:08.390 an unrelenting hell on Earth 1409 01:11:08.440 --> 01:11:11.050 for the animals we use for food. 1410 01:11:11.100 --> 01:11:13.770 Every single piece of animal food we eat 1411 01:11:13.820 --> 01:11:16.450 comes from an animal who desperately wanted 1412 01:11:16.500 --> 01:11:17.661 to not be killed. 1413 01:11:17.711 --> 01:11:21.141 (dramatic music) 1414 01:11:21.191 --> 01:11:23.949 (chickens vocalizing) 1415 01:11:23.999 --> 01:11:26.260 (thrashing desparately) 1416 01:11:26.310 --> 01:11:29.330 Because no matter how local, humane, organic, 1417 01:11:29.380 --> 01:11:32.820 cage free, grass fed, it may be labeled, 1418 01:11:32.870 --> 01:11:37.870 for the animals, this world is a real life horror story, 1419 01:11:38.000 --> 01:11:41.780 one in which they fight for their lives with futility. 1420 01:11:41.830 --> 01:11:44.963 And then ultimately get killed against their will. 1421 01:11:47.080 --> 01:11:50.450 - So you're slaughtering these remarkable animals 1422 01:11:50.500 --> 01:11:52.300 and it's cruel and it's stupid. 1423 01:11:52.350 --> 01:11:55.250 I mean, maybe that's basically, like when humanity 1424 01:11:55.300 --> 01:11:58.050 disappears and we have to write the epitaph for humanity, 1425 01:11:58.100 --> 01:11:59.710 like we'll have a tombstone, it'll just say 1426 01:11:59.760 --> 01:12:02.810 here lies humanity, we had some good ideas, 1427 01:12:02.860 --> 01:12:06.320 but basically we're just so cruel and stupid. 1428 01:12:06.370 --> 01:12:07.923 - Why did we ignore it all? 1429 01:12:09.270 --> 01:12:11.740 Really, indulge me, no BS. 1430 01:12:11.790 --> 01:12:14.553 - Okay, think about it like this. 1431 01:12:15.470 --> 01:12:19.610 What do you get when you mix a lot of shortsightedness, 1432 01:12:19.660 --> 01:12:23.210 with a little selfishness, and just a dash of apathy, 1433 01:12:23.260 --> 01:12:26.940 and oh, no shortage of scientific illiteracy, 1434 01:12:26.990 --> 01:12:30.003 and don't forget a whole lot of power and technology too. 1435 01:12:30.840 --> 01:12:35.840 In my opinion, we're two hairs short of being chimpanzees, 1436 01:12:35.870 --> 01:12:38.890 we're extremely emotional, powerful, primitive, 1437 01:12:38.940 --> 01:12:41.240 shortsighted, survival drives. 1438 01:12:41.290 --> 01:12:44.380 - The reasons why I wrote those lines for Dr Jerry's 1439 01:12:44.430 --> 01:12:48.520 character is because that is my genuine opinion. 1440 01:12:48.570 --> 01:12:51.530 Dr Potts said he thoughts the name for humans 1441 01:12:51.580 --> 01:12:55.370 should be "Homo horribilus" instead of Homo sapiens, 1442 01:12:55.420 --> 01:12:58.920 because humans have been so violent throughout history. 1443 01:12:58.970 --> 01:13:02.270 Dr Ehrlich said he thought a more appropriate name 1444 01:13:02.320 --> 01:13:05.680 was "Homo moronicus" because we're destroying 1445 01:13:05.730 --> 01:13:08.410 the very ecosystems that support us. 1446 01:13:08.460 --> 01:13:12.440 But I think "Homo oblivious" is my preferred name. 1447 01:13:12.490 --> 01:13:15.350 Because we're all just happily going along 1448 01:13:15.400 --> 01:13:19.150 in our busy lives, day-by-day, year-by-year, 1449 01:13:19.200 --> 01:13:21.850 consuming more and more resources, 1450 01:13:21.900 --> 01:13:25.150 running towards a very real precipice, 1451 01:13:25.200 --> 01:13:27.480 but totally oblivious. 1452 01:13:27.530 --> 01:13:29.650 - If we look at the course of humanity, 1453 01:13:29.700 --> 01:13:32.800 I see that humanity, we do a lot of terrible things, 1454 01:13:32.850 --> 01:13:35.120 but we're capable of doing a lot of great things. 1455 01:13:35.170 --> 01:13:38.580 And we're also capable, over time, of identifying 1456 01:13:38.630 --> 01:13:41.330 the things that we should no longer be doing. 1457 01:13:41.380 --> 01:13:44.560 You know, we ended slavery largely. 1458 01:13:44.610 --> 01:13:47.050 You know, 100 years ago in the United States, 1459 01:13:47.100 --> 01:13:50.790 women couldn't vote and children still worked in factories. 1460 01:13:50.840 --> 01:13:53.020 We all know what the right thing to do, 1461 01:13:53.070 --> 01:13:54.980 or the right things to do are. 1462 01:13:55.030 --> 01:13:57.007 We know what to do and we know how to do it. 1463 01:13:57.057 --> 01:13:59.690 The problem is, we're not doing it. 1464 01:13:59.740 --> 01:14:02.000 And until we do, 1465 01:14:02.050 --> 01:14:03.890 we're just going to hasten our own destruction, 1466 01:14:03.940 --> 01:14:05.080 and the destruction of all the other 1467 01:14:05.130 --> 01:14:06.475 creatures on this planet. 1468 01:14:06.525 --> 01:14:09.275 (upbeat music) 1469 01:14:13.810 --> 01:14:16.640 - So what can you and I actually do as individuals 1470 01:14:16.690 --> 01:14:18.140 that would make a difference? 1471 01:14:18.190 --> 01:14:20.206 Probably more than you think. 1472 01:14:20.256 --> 01:14:23.540 In our personal lives, we can educate ourselves 1473 01:14:23.590 --> 01:14:26.020 and others on the science and the urgency 1474 01:14:26.070 --> 01:14:28.350 of these pressing issues. 1475 01:14:28.400 --> 01:14:33.400 We can procure and advocate for clean, renewable energy. 1476 01:14:33.410 --> 01:14:35.770 We can minimize our plastic use, 1477 01:14:35.820 --> 01:14:38.240 especially single use plastic, 1478 01:14:38.290 --> 01:14:39.990 recycle whatever we can, 1479 01:14:40.040 --> 01:14:42.920 and put pressure on companies and our governments, 1480 01:14:42.970 --> 01:14:46.130 to promote the use of biodegradable materials 1481 01:14:46.180 --> 01:14:47.770 instead of plastic. 1482 01:14:47.820 --> 01:14:52.220 They already exist and many look and feel just like plastic. 1483 01:14:52.270 --> 01:14:55.700 When it comes to helping stabilize our population growth, 1484 01:14:55.750 --> 01:14:58.800 we can all support, in whatever way we can, 1485 01:14:58.850 --> 01:15:01.360 gender equality across the world, 1486 01:15:01.410 --> 01:15:05.350 as well as access to education and family planning. 1487 01:15:05.400 --> 01:15:08.082 Also, consider the planetary benefits of having small 1488 01:15:08.132 --> 01:15:10.940 families instead of large ones, 1489 01:15:10.990 --> 01:15:13.880 and please consider adoption as well. 1490 01:15:13.930 --> 01:15:16.500 Last, but definitely not least, 1491 01:15:16.550 --> 01:15:18.860 when it comes to the impact of our diets, 1492 01:15:18.910 --> 01:15:22.680 we can eat plant foods instead of animal foods. 1493 01:15:22.730 --> 01:15:25.700 Changing our diets is absolutely one of the most 1494 01:15:25.750 --> 01:15:28.030 impactful actions we can take, 1495 01:15:28.080 --> 01:15:30.090 and unlike many other issues, 1496 01:15:30.140 --> 01:15:34.050 this one is completely within our control. 1497 01:15:34.100 --> 01:15:37.730 And we can start immediately with our very next meal. 1498 01:15:37.780 --> 01:15:39.710 - So, I've been vegan for 31 years, 1499 01:15:39.760 --> 01:15:41.430 and when I first went vegan, 1500 01:15:41.480 --> 01:15:43.580 I was making $2,000 a year, 1501 01:15:43.630 --> 01:15:45.830 and I was living in an abandoned factory 1502 01:15:45.880 --> 01:15:47.580 in a crack neighborhood. 1503 01:15:47.630 --> 01:15:49.790 And I ate really well. 1504 01:15:49.840 --> 01:15:54.840 Grains, you know, like rice, oats, beans, vegetables, 1505 01:15:55.480 --> 01:15:58.096 fruits, nuts, seeds. 1506 01:15:58.146 --> 01:16:00.180 - Do you really think they can figure out how to farm 1507 01:16:00.230 --> 01:16:01.873 so much food with so little water? 1508 01:16:01.923 --> 01:16:04.840 - Why are you so mad me, I didn't cause this? 1509 01:16:04.890 --> 01:16:06.620 - You just take what you want, when you want it, 1510 01:16:06.670 --> 01:16:08.291 and you don't care who you hurt. 1511 01:16:08.341 --> 01:16:11.091 (dramatic music) 1512 01:16:16.950 --> 01:16:19.790 - As a physician, I can tell you that a sensible 1513 01:16:19.840 --> 01:16:23.390 balanced vegan diet also happens to be very healthy. 1514 01:16:23.440 --> 01:16:27.000 We can easily get all the protein we need from plants. 1515 01:16:27.050 --> 01:16:30.230 And when we eat plant foods, we also get fiber, 1516 01:16:30.280 --> 01:16:34.750 antioxidants and phytonutrients, which promote health. 1517 01:16:34.800 --> 01:16:37.860 And this is just one of the reasons why so many health 1518 01:16:37.910 --> 01:16:40.060 authorities are promoting vegan diets. 1519 01:16:40.110 --> 01:16:43.010 For example, Harvard's Healthy Eating Pyramid 1520 01:16:43.060 --> 01:16:44.560 says, "go with plants" 1521 01:16:44.610 --> 01:16:47.210 "Eating a plant-based diet is healthiest." 1522 01:16:47.260 --> 01:16:50.470 Kaiser Permanente, one of the largest health organizations 1523 01:16:50.520 --> 01:16:53.463 in the country, is looking for ways to make plant-based 1524 01:16:53.513 --> 01:16:57.172 diets the "new normal" for their patients and employees. 1525 01:16:57.222 --> 01:17:00.130 The recent chair of Harvard's Department of Nutrition, 1526 01:17:00.180 --> 01:17:03.370 Dr Walter Willett, recommends you "Pick the best 1527 01:17:03.420 --> 01:17:07.297 "protein packages by emphasizing plant sources of protein" 1528 01:17:07.347 --> 01:17:09.650 rather than animal sources." 1529 01:17:09.700 --> 01:17:12.530 Dr Kim Williams, recent president of the American 1530 01:17:12.580 --> 01:17:15.217 College of Cardiology, vigorously recommends 1531 01:17:15.267 --> 01:17:18.760 a plant-based vegan diet to both his patients 1532 01:17:18.810 --> 01:17:21.510 and to physicians over all other diets 1533 01:17:21.560 --> 01:17:23.720 for optimum nutrition and health. 1534 01:17:23.770 --> 01:17:25.967 - There probably are some really good 1535 01:17:26.017 --> 01:17:27.310 things about the vegetables and fruits. 1536 01:17:27.360 --> 01:17:29.780 You know, it's antioxidants and 1537 01:17:29.830 --> 01:17:34.380 it's vitamins and it's nutrients and fiber. 1538 01:17:34.430 --> 01:17:35.750 That may be all well and good, 1539 01:17:35.800 --> 01:17:37.780 but it might just be that animals are so bad for you 1540 01:17:37.830 --> 01:17:40.550 that in eating anything else that could nutrify you 1541 01:17:40.600 --> 01:17:41.895 without eating an animal, 1542 01:17:41.945 --> 01:17:43.920 is probably going to show up better. 1543 01:17:43.970 --> 01:17:46.550 - Even the largest organization of food and nutrition 1544 01:17:46.600 --> 01:17:50.100 professionals in the US, the Academy of Nutrition and 1545 01:17:50.150 --> 01:17:53.380 Dietetics, has long held their official position 1546 01:17:53.430 --> 01:17:55.870 that balanced vegan diets are healthy, 1547 01:17:55.920 --> 01:17:59.140 nutritionally adequate and appropriate for individuals 1548 01:17:59.190 --> 01:18:02.240 during all stages of life, including pregnancy, 1549 01:18:02.290 --> 01:18:07.290 lactation, infancy, older adulthood, and for athletes. 1550 01:18:07.470 --> 01:18:10.600 - And only thing you know I always want to emphasize, 1551 01:18:10.650 --> 01:18:14.030 that people just don't survive on a plant-based diet, 1552 01:18:14.080 --> 01:18:15.350 they thrive. 1553 01:18:15.400 --> 01:18:18.870 Actually, the recent Olympics that happened in Rio 1554 01:18:18.920 --> 01:18:23.410 the only US male athlete who qualified for 1555 01:18:23.460 --> 01:18:27.290 weightlifting from the US was vegan. 1556 01:18:27.340 --> 01:18:30.890 Scott Jurek, the runner who broke the record for the 1557 01:18:30.940 --> 01:18:33.073 Appalachian Trail is vegan. 1558 01:18:35.340 --> 01:18:37.580 - My name is Josh LaJuanie. 1559 01:18:37.630 --> 01:18:41.650 I am from south Louisiana, a small town call Thibodaux, 1560 01:18:41.700 --> 01:18:45.140 which is about 50 miles southwest of New Orleans. 1561 01:18:45.190 --> 01:18:47.320 That's where I grew up, huntin' and fishin' 1562 01:18:47.370 --> 01:18:49.833 and doin' all the normal country folk stuff. 1563 01:18:51.220 --> 01:18:54.700 Found myself weighing 420ish pounds 1564 01:18:54.750 --> 01:18:57.110 by the time I was 32 year old. 1565 01:18:57.160 --> 01:19:00.914 Never though veganism would ever be a thing in my life 1566 01:19:00.964 --> 01:19:03.310 as hunter, as a fisherman, as a football player, 1567 01:19:03.360 --> 01:19:08.020 as a stereotypical macho country boy, 1568 01:19:08.070 --> 01:19:11.800 with a four wheel drive pickup truck and a shotgun. 1569 01:19:11.850 --> 01:19:14.332 I would have never imagined being vegan at all-- 1570 01:19:14.382 --> 01:19:16.142 - [Megyn] No meat, whatsoever, you don't eat anything-- 1571 01:19:16.192 --> 01:19:16.975 - No, no, no. - [Megyn] Do any of you guys 1572 01:19:17.025 --> 01:19:17.808 still eat meat? 1573 01:19:17.858 --> 01:19:19.800 - [Megyn] Nothing? - No, zero, or dairy. 1574 01:19:19.850 --> 01:19:22.090 - It has changed my life, 1575 01:19:22.140 --> 01:19:24.240 I've learned a lot in the process, 1576 01:19:24.290 --> 01:19:26.740 and ultimately what wound up happening is, 1577 01:19:26.790 --> 01:19:30.350 I lost 230 pounds and I have become an 1578 01:19:30.400 --> 01:19:32.820 ultra-marathoner myself. 1579 01:19:32.870 --> 01:19:35.880 - So Josh LaJaunie is a tremendous athlete. 1580 01:19:35.930 --> 01:19:39.480 I mean, he doesn't run marathons, which is 26.2 miles, 1581 01:19:39.530 --> 01:19:43.410 he runs races that are 50 miles, 100 miles. 1582 01:19:43.460 --> 01:19:45.695 And all powered by plants. 1583 01:19:45.745 --> 01:19:50.745 - When people ask me where I get my protein, 1584 01:19:53.520 --> 01:19:56.820 my very simple answer is food. 1585 01:19:56.870 --> 01:19:59.120 - We get all the protein we need from plants. 1586 01:19:59.170 --> 01:20:01.870 In fact, plants can actually provide us really 1587 01:20:01.920 --> 01:20:03.750 excessive amounts of protein, 1588 01:20:03.800 --> 01:20:05.760 and this is something a lot of people don't realize. 1589 01:20:05.810 --> 01:20:07.970 They think protein is only from animals. 1590 01:20:08.020 --> 01:20:10.560 Plant-foods is where all the health is. 1591 01:20:10.610 --> 01:20:12.760 - Plants have an abundant protein. 1592 01:20:12.810 --> 01:20:15.480 And not just that, getting protein from plants 1593 01:20:15.530 --> 01:20:17.130 is healthier for us. 1594 01:20:17.180 --> 01:20:18.824 It doesn't come with the saturated fat, 1595 01:20:18.874 --> 01:20:22.230 or cholesterol and oxidants 1596 01:20:22.280 --> 01:20:25.160 and things that give us more inflammation, 1597 01:20:25.210 --> 01:20:28.320 or are otherwise detrimental to the health. 1598 01:20:28.370 --> 01:20:30.850 - [Sofia] I think it's also worth mentioning that physicians 1599 01:20:30.900 --> 01:20:33.620 have also been able to reverse cardiovascular disease 1600 01:20:33.670 --> 01:20:35.210 with a plant-based diet. 1601 01:20:35.260 --> 01:20:38.560 The formation of cholesterol plaques inside our vessels 1602 01:20:38.610 --> 01:20:43.240 is ubiquitous on a western diet, and cardiovascular disease 1603 01:20:43.290 --> 01:20:45.839 is the leading cause of death. 1604 01:20:45.889 --> 01:20:47.913 So, it is the most common reason 1605 01:20:47.963 --> 01:20:50.412 for adult men and women to die. 1606 01:20:50.462 --> 01:20:52.720 And these cholesterol plaques start 1607 01:20:52.770 --> 01:20:55.630 forming very early in our lives, 1608 01:20:55.680 --> 01:20:58.480 even though the actual heart attacks and strokes usually 1609 01:20:58.530 --> 01:21:01.310 don't start happening until we hit middle age. 1610 01:21:01.360 --> 01:21:04.518 - We know, from autopsies 1611 01:21:04.568 --> 01:21:08.285 that kids as young as 10, 11 years old, 1612 01:21:08.335 --> 01:21:10.210 who die of other causes, 1613 01:21:10.260 --> 01:21:13.580 when autopsies are done, they already have plaque 1614 01:21:13.630 --> 01:21:15.830 buildup in their arteries. 1615 01:21:15.880 --> 01:21:17.600 - It's obscenely common. 1616 01:21:17.650 --> 01:21:21.290 There are pathology studies of 12 to 14 1617 01:21:21.340 --> 01:21:25.167 year old kids in the US who died for reasons 1618 01:21:25.217 --> 01:21:27.140 unrelated to heart disease, 1619 01:21:27.190 --> 01:21:31.760 but about 65% of those 12 to 14 1620 01:21:31.810 --> 01:21:34.740 year olds have early signs of cholesterol disease 1621 01:21:34.790 --> 01:21:38.150 in the blood vessels that feed their hearts with blood. 1622 01:21:38.200 --> 01:21:40.280 - [Sofia] This military study, for example, 1623 01:21:40.330 --> 01:21:42.830 looked at the autopsies of American soldiers 1624 01:21:42.880 --> 01:21:45.480 who died in combat in the Korean War 1625 01:21:45.530 --> 01:21:49.970 with an average age of 22, and it found that 77% 1626 01:21:50.020 --> 01:21:52.770 of the soldiers already had plaques 1627 01:21:52.820 --> 01:21:55.090 of cholesterol in their arteries. 1628 01:21:55.140 --> 01:21:58.920 So even if you look amazing and very fit on the outside, 1629 01:21:58.970 --> 01:22:00.920 if you're eating a western diet, 1630 01:22:00.970 --> 01:22:04.250 your vessels still probably have cholesterol plaques 1631 01:22:04.300 --> 01:22:07.220 that will keep accumulating and getting bigger 1632 01:22:07.270 --> 01:22:11.280 and could ultimately result in a heart attack or a stroke. 1633 01:22:11.330 --> 01:22:13.430 - If you're eating a western diet, 1634 01:22:13.480 --> 01:22:15.343 you're going to have heart disease. 1635 01:22:16.410 --> 01:22:19.539 - When you look at randomized controlled trials, 1636 01:22:19.589 --> 01:22:22.330 really the only pattern of eating that's been shown 1637 01:22:22.380 --> 01:22:24.110 to reverse heart disease, for example, 1638 01:22:24.160 --> 01:22:25.460 is a plant-based diet, 1639 01:22:25.510 --> 01:22:27.430 one that doesn't have animal products. 1640 01:22:27.480 --> 01:22:30.050 - [Sofia] That's right, this ubiquitous disease, 1641 01:22:30.100 --> 01:22:34.056 that is our number one killer, has actually been reversed 1642 01:22:34.106 --> 01:22:36.120 with a plant-based diet. 1643 01:22:36.170 --> 01:22:38.930 As an example, here's a published case study from the 1644 01:22:38.980 --> 01:22:41.540 Cleveland Clinic Foundation of a patient 1645 01:22:41.590 --> 01:22:45.184 who had a heart attack and was treated with nothing but 1646 01:22:45.234 --> 01:22:48.530 a plant-based vegan diet, with no stints 1647 01:22:48.580 --> 01:22:50.710 or cholesterol lowering medication, 1648 01:22:50.760 --> 01:22:55.620 and he was able to completely reverse the disease, 1649 01:22:55.670 --> 01:22:59.503 to open up the clogged arteries going to his heart. 1650 01:23:00.800 --> 01:23:04.090 There is also a lot of compelling data in the published 1651 01:23:04.140 --> 01:23:07.140 literature that points to plant-based diets being 1652 01:23:07.190 --> 01:23:09.680 helpful in the prevention of cancer. 1653 01:23:09.730 --> 01:23:13.070 For example, scientists with Memorial Sloan-Kettering 1654 01:23:13.120 --> 01:23:16.690 Cancer Center and others literally took petri dishes 1655 01:23:16.740 --> 01:23:19.910 filled with cancer cells and poured blood from people 1656 01:23:19.960 --> 01:23:23.130 following a plant-based diet into one petri dish 1657 01:23:23.180 --> 01:23:26.250 and blood from people following a regular western diet 1658 01:23:26.300 --> 01:23:29.710 into another petri dish to see who's blood could fight 1659 01:23:29.760 --> 01:23:32.230 off the cancer cells better. 1660 01:23:32.280 --> 01:23:36.090 They found that blood from those eating a plant-based diet 1661 01:23:36.140 --> 01:23:40.090 inhibited cancer cell growth by 70%. 1662 01:23:40.140 --> 01:23:43.540 But the blood of those eating a regular western diet 1663 01:23:43.590 --> 01:23:48.390 only inhibited cancer cell grown by a mere 9%. 1664 01:23:48.440 --> 01:23:51.590 So the blood of those following a plant-based diet 1665 01:23:51.640 --> 01:23:54.480 was almost eight times more powerful 1666 01:23:54.530 --> 01:23:56.756 at inhibiting the growth of cancer cells. 1667 01:23:56.806 --> 01:24:00.240 (knife taps on cutting board) 1668 01:24:00.290 --> 01:24:02.770 - The animal protein itself has been closely linked 1669 01:24:02.820 --> 01:24:06.150 to increased production of IGF-1, 1670 01:24:06.200 --> 01:24:08.090 insulin-like growth factor. 1671 01:24:08.140 --> 01:24:10.920 Which is very closely tied to cancer. 1672 01:24:10.970 --> 01:24:12.810 - [Sofia] Yes, among other things, 1673 01:24:12.860 --> 01:24:14.350 one of the mechanisms by which 1674 01:24:14.400 --> 01:24:17.350 animal protein is thought to increase cancer risk 1675 01:24:17.400 --> 01:24:20.370 is something called IGF-1, 1676 01:24:20.420 --> 01:24:24.293 - IGF-1 is insulin-like growth factor one. 1677 01:24:25.620 --> 01:24:28.720 It's a growth factor, it causes things to grow, 1678 01:24:28.770 --> 01:24:31.871 good and bad, including cancer cells. 1679 01:24:31.921 --> 01:24:35.780 It is something that we do not want too much of, 1680 01:24:35.830 --> 01:24:39.610 in our body. However, animal foods 1681 01:24:39.660 --> 01:24:43.480 increase our levels of IGF-1 by two mechanism. 1682 01:24:43.530 --> 01:24:47.310 One, animal foods have IGF-1 in them, 1683 01:24:47.360 --> 01:24:51.610 so when we ingest animal foods, we ingest IGF-1. 1684 01:24:51.660 --> 01:24:56.570 And two, animals foods cause us to produce 1685 01:24:56.620 --> 01:24:58.820 more IGF-1 though our own liver. 1686 01:24:58.870 --> 01:25:02.090 - Eating these animal foods or animal protein, 1687 01:25:02.140 --> 01:25:05.480 actually revs up the enzymes in our liver, 1688 01:25:05.530 --> 01:25:08.223 that your body produces additional IGF-1. 1689 01:25:09.242 --> 01:25:11.850 So if you have a cancer, and we all have cancers 1690 01:25:11.900 --> 01:25:13.680 floating in our blood stream, 1691 01:25:13.730 --> 01:25:16.870 our immune system is constantly recognizing these 1692 01:25:16.920 --> 01:25:19.750 cancer cells and taking them out. 1693 01:25:19.800 --> 01:25:24.800 What IGF-1 does, it makes these cancer cells grow faster. 1694 01:25:25.300 --> 01:25:27.310 It makes them proliferate. 1695 01:25:27.360 --> 01:25:30.140 It makes them easier to metastasize. 1696 01:25:30.190 --> 01:25:33.020 So it helps in the inception of cancer, 1697 01:25:33.070 --> 01:25:36.670 in the growth of cancer, and in the spread of cancer. 1698 01:25:36.720 --> 01:25:39.430 - [Sofia] There's also a direct relationship between some 1699 01:25:39.480 --> 01:25:42.680 cancers and the problematic hormonal content that is 1700 01:25:42.730 --> 01:25:45.180 found in meat and in dairy. 1701 01:25:45.230 --> 01:25:48.900 - Dairy naturally has hormones. So even if the 1702 01:25:48.950 --> 01:25:51.790 packages say no added hormones, 1703 01:25:51.840 --> 01:25:53.260 they can't say no hormones, 1704 01:25:53.310 --> 01:25:55.770 they can only say no added hormones. 1705 01:25:55.820 --> 01:25:59.453 Milk is produced when a cow has just given birth to a baby. 1706 01:26:00.500 --> 01:26:02.910 A cow is no different than any other mammal. 1707 01:26:02.960 --> 01:26:06.330 There are a lot of hormones when a cow has just given birth. 1708 01:26:06.380 --> 01:26:08.440 - [Sofia] Dairy contains large amounts of 1709 01:26:08.490 --> 01:26:12.270 female sex hormones, like estrogens and progesterone. 1710 01:26:12.320 --> 01:26:15.370 And that includes milk labeled as organic 1711 01:26:15.420 --> 01:26:17.450 or no hormones added. 1712 01:26:17.500 --> 01:26:21.730 Remember, those labels only mean no hormones were added, 1713 01:26:21.780 --> 01:26:24.030 which is kind of misleading because, 1714 01:26:24.080 --> 01:26:27.000 regardless of whether hormones were added or not, 1715 01:26:27.050 --> 01:26:31.370 milk still contains all the hormones that are naturally 1716 01:26:31.420 --> 01:26:33.000 produced by the cows. 1717 01:26:33.050 --> 01:26:36.260 Even pediatricians have expressed concerns 1718 01:26:36.310 --> 01:26:39.260 that "Sexual maturation of prepubertal children" 1719 01:26:39.310 --> 01:26:43.520 "could be affected by the ordinary intake of cow milk." 1720 01:26:43.570 --> 01:26:47.220 This study examined the rate of female hormone related 1721 01:26:47.270 --> 01:26:50.627 cancers in 40 countries and found that 1722 01:26:50.677 --> 01:26:53.610 "milk plus cheese make the greatest contribution to the" 1723 01:26:53.660 --> 01:26:56.460 "incidence of ovarian cancer" and that 1724 01:26:56.510 --> 01:26:59.780 "milk plus cheese make the most significant contribution" 1725 01:26:59.830 --> 01:27:02.620 to the incidence of uterine cancers. 1726 01:27:02.670 --> 01:27:05.710 They said among dietary risk factors, 1727 01:27:05.760 --> 01:27:09.470 "we are most concerned with milk and dairy products" 1728 01:27:09.520 --> 01:27:13.810 because their estrogen and progesterone levels are so high. 1729 01:27:13.860 --> 01:27:16.970 As noted in this review published by Johns Hopkins 1730 01:27:17.020 --> 01:27:19.769 School of Public Health, dairy is actually 1731 01:27:19.819 --> 01:27:24.310 "one of the most consistent dietary predictors" 1732 01:27:24.360 --> 01:27:26.143 "for prostate cancer" 1733 01:27:26.193 --> 01:27:29.642 that exists in the published literature. 1734 01:27:32.920 --> 01:27:36.850 - I do not recommend my patients to eat fish. 1735 01:27:36.900 --> 01:27:40.970 Fish is an animal food, just like eggs and dairy and meat, 1736 01:27:41.020 --> 01:27:43.440 and hence it's high in saturated fat, 1737 01:27:43.490 --> 01:27:45.160 it's high in cholesterol, 1738 01:27:45.210 --> 01:27:48.250 and it also raises our IGF-1 levels. 1739 01:27:48.300 --> 01:27:51.510 - When you're eating fish, you're getting mercury, 1740 01:27:51.560 --> 01:27:54.260 you're getting plastics, you're getting dioxins, 1741 01:27:54.310 --> 01:27:56.310 you're getting so many heavy metals. 1742 01:27:56.360 --> 01:27:58.330 - There are plenty plant-based sources of 1743 01:27:58.380 --> 01:27:59.840 Omega-3 fatty acids. 1744 01:27:59.890 --> 01:28:04.230 Without having to deal with the unhealthy aspects of fish. 1745 01:28:04.280 --> 01:28:07.673 - So there you get the Omega-3s, the healthy fats, 1746 01:28:07.723 --> 01:28:09.690 but you don't get the mercury, 1747 01:28:09.740 --> 01:28:11.180 you don't get the heavy metal, 1748 01:28:11.230 --> 01:28:13.270 you don't get the dioxins. 1749 01:28:13.320 --> 01:28:16.230 And this way, you know you're being healthy, 1750 01:28:16.280 --> 01:28:18.060 you're being kind to the environment, 1751 01:28:18.110 --> 01:28:20.610 kind to the oceans, kind to the fish. 1752 01:28:20.660 --> 01:28:23.270 And you're being also kind to your own body. 1753 01:28:23.320 --> 01:28:27.380 - The bottom line is, for those of us with access to food, 1754 01:28:27.430 --> 01:28:30.070 other than our adopted habits and convenience, 1755 01:28:30.120 --> 01:28:33.240 there's no good reason for consuming animal foods. 1756 01:28:33.290 --> 01:28:36.970 Collectively, we're not only imposing unnecessary suffering 1757 01:28:37.020 --> 01:28:39.280 and death on billions of animals, 1758 01:28:39.330 --> 01:28:41.660 we're also devastating the environment that 1759 01:28:41.710 --> 01:28:43.178 supports us all. 1760 01:28:43.228 --> 01:28:45.978 (dramatic music) 1761 01:28:48.440 --> 01:28:51.790 Our planet is special and it is quite literally 1762 01:28:51.840 --> 01:28:54.530 the only home we have. 1763 01:28:54.580 --> 01:28:57.060 This may sound obvious, but really, 1764 01:28:57.110 --> 01:28:58.673 shouldn't we take care of it? 1765 01:28:59.860 --> 01:29:03.270 Let's do whatever we can to preserve and protect 1766 01:29:03.320 --> 01:29:06.690 the only home and the only other companions 1767 01:29:06.740 --> 01:29:10.033 in the universe we have ever know. 1768 01:29:10.083 --> 01:29:12.833 (dramatic music) 1769 01:29:44.361 --> 01:29:49.361 ♪ Now that you're gone ♪ 1770 01:29:49.618 --> 01:29:54.243 ♪ The dawn comes ♪ 1771 01:29:54.293 --> 01:29:58.164 ♪ Now that you're gone ♪ 1772 01:29:58.214 --> 01:30:01.195 ♪ The sun ♪ 1773 01:30:01.245 --> 01:30:04.014 ♪ Will be ♪ 1774 01:30:04.064 --> 01:30:07.930 ♪ No more ♪ 1775 01:30:07.980 --> 01:30:11.237 ♪ The sun ♪ 1776 01:30:11.287 --> 01:30:14.090 ♪ Will be ♪ 1777 01:30:14.140 --> 01:30:19.140 ♪ No more ♪ 1778 01:30:21.538 --> 01:30:24.154 ♪ Will be ♪ 1779 01:30:24.204 --> 01:30:26.371 ♪ No more ♪ 1780 01:30:54.988 --> 01:30:59.988 ♪ Now that you're gone ♪ 1781 01:31:00.331 --> 01:31:05.071 ♪ The dawn comes ♪ 1782 01:31:05.121 --> 01:31:08.757 ♪ Now that you're gone ♪ 1783 01:31:08.807 --> 01:31:12.093 ♪ The sun ♪ 1784 01:31:12.143 --> 01:31:14.840 ♪ Will be ♪ 1785 01:31:14.890 --> 01:31:19.890 ♪ No more ♪ 1786 01:31:21.251 --> 01:31:23.999 ♪ The sun ♪ 1787 01:31:24.049 --> 01:31:26.808 ♪ Will be ♪ 1788 01:31:26.858 --> 01:31:30.693 ♪ No more ♪ 1789 01:31:30.743 --> 01:31:34.127 ♪ The sun ♪ 1790 01:31:34.177 --> 01:31:36.921 ♪ Will be ♪ 1791 01:31:36.971 --> 01:31:41.971 ♪ No more ♪ 1792 01:31:44.360 --> 01:31:46.680 ♪ Will be ♪ 1793 01:31:46.730 --> 01:31:51.730 ♪ No more ♪ 1794 01:31:54.466 --> 01:31:56.747 ♪ Will be ♪ 1795 01:31:56.797 --> 01:32:01.797 ♪ No more ♪ 1796 01:32:03.844 --> 01:32:08.517 ♪ No more ♪ 1797 01:32:08.567 --> 01:32:10.734 ♪ No more ♪ 1798 01:32:18.613 --> 01:32:23.613 ♪ The sun ♪ 1799 01:32:24.750 --> 01:32:28.360 ♪ Will be ♪ 1800 01:32:28.410 --> 01:32:33.410 ♪ No more ♪ 1801 01:32:33.769 --> 01:32:37.206 ♪ Will be ♪ 1802 01:32:37.256 --> 01:32:39.423 ♪ No more ♪