1 00:00:00,022 --> 00:00:01,940 (train passing on tracks) 2 00:00:01,990 --> 00:00:04,220 - When people look at the environment, 3 00:00:02,000 --> 00:00:07,000 Downloaded from YTS.MX 4 00:00:04,270 --> 00:00:07,390 look at the world and say, oh everything's fine, 5 00:00:07,440 --> 00:00:10,340 it makes me think of a friend of mine. 6 00:00:08,000 --> 00:00:13,000 Official YIFY movies site: YTS.MX 7 00:00:10,390 --> 00:00:14,440 And he was a heroin addict and an alcoholic. 8 00:00:14,490 --> 00:00:17,850 And he was a pretty happy heroin addict and alcoholic. 9 00:00:17,900 --> 00:00:19,570 And one day he got into his car, 10 00:00:19,620 --> 00:00:21,220 he'd been shooting up and he'd been drinking. 11 00:00:21,270 --> 00:00:24,070 He got into his car and had some friends in the car 12 00:00:24,120 --> 00:00:25,360 and he was driving, 13 00:00:25,410 --> 00:00:27,140 no one was wearing their seatbelt, 14 00:00:27,190 --> 00:00:28,760 I think you see where this is going. 15 00:00:28,810 --> 00:00:30,840 And if you had asked him and his friends, 16 00:00:30,890 --> 00:00:33,160 as they're in their car, listening to music, 17 00:00:33,210 --> 00:00:35,680 going 100 miles an hour on the freeway, 18 00:00:35,730 --> 00:00:37,000 how they felt, they'd be like, 19 00:00:37,050 --> 00:00:39,610 we feel great, everything's fine! 20 00:00:39,660 --> 00:00:41,550 Ask them three seconds later 21 00:00:41,600 --> 00:00:42,960 when they were in a huge accident, 22 00:00:43,010 --> 00:00:45,770 he lost his legs and two of his friends died. 23 00:00:45,820 --> 00:00:49,200 And how do I convince you that you are that 24 00:00:49,250 --> 00:00:51,380 heroin addict alcoholic in the car 25 00:00:51,430 --> 00:00:53,210 driving without a seatbelt? 26 00:00:53,260 --> 00:00:55,610 'Cause right now, you think things are fine. 27 00:00:55,660 --> 00:00:57,290 I think things are fine. 28 00:00:57,340 --> 00:00:59,970 And I can guarantee you, they are not. 29 00:01:00,020 --> 00:01:05,020 (train passing on tracks) (solemn music) 30 00:02:00,490 --> 00:02:02,080 - Whether we know it or not, 31 00:02:02,130 --> 00:02:04,080 whether we like it or not, 32 00:02:04,130 --> 00:02:08,320 humanity is currently facing existential challenges. 33 00:02:08,370 --> 00:02:11,420 Experts warn that life on Earth is likely to change 34 00:02:11,470 --> 00:02:14,580 drastically in just our generation's lifetime 35 00:02:14,630 --> 00:02:17,415 if we continue business as usual. 36 00:02:17,465 --> 00:02:20,180 So, what does our future have in store for us 37 00:02:20,230 --> 00:02:22,600 just in the next few decades? 38 00:02:22,650 --> 00:02:25,040 To explore this compelling question, 39 00:02:25,090 --> 00:02:28,060 we're first going to watch a short 15 minute story 40 00:02:28,110 --> 00:02:32,700 we created that takes place in the year 2050. 41 00:02:32,750 --> 00:02:35,830 After that, we'll come back and hear what scientists 42 00:02:35,880 --> 00:02:40,418 have to say today about the challenges humanity is facing. 43 00:02:40,468 --> 00:02:43,218 (dramatic music) 44 00:02:45,320 --> 00:02:47,960 - A dramatic day in northern Alaska, 45 00:02:48,010 --> 00:02:51,030 as a 300 foot section of the Dalton Highway 46 00:02:51,080 --> 00:02:55,690 near Sagwan was obliterated by a methane gas explosion. 47 00:02:55,740 --> 00:02:58,390 Leaving behind a large crater. 48 00:02:58,440 --> 00:03:00,310 You are seeing live footage from our 49 00:03:00,360 --> 00:03:03,110 Consolidated News Service Worldeye Drone, 50 00:03:03,160 --> 00:03:08,160 operating 431 miles north of Fairbanks Alaska. 51 00:03:08,280 --> 00:03:10,370 No casualties have been reported, 52 00:03:10,420 --> 00:03:12,690 but the loss of this critical roadway 53 00:03:12,740 --> 00:03:15,650 is expected to cause serious disruptions 54 00:03:15,700 --> 00:03:17,813 for communities throughout the region. 55 00:03:20,870 --> 00:03:23,580 The volatile nature of methane events in this 56 00:03:23,630 --> 00:03:27,900 and other regions if of utmost concern for scientists 57 00:03:27,950 --> 00:03:29,270 monitoring the problem. 58 00:03:29,320 --> 00:03:32,430 For more, we're joined by Dr Marcus Cohen, 59 00:03:32,480 --> 00:03:34,990 who's an advisor to the National Weather Service's 60 00:03:35,040 --> 00:03:37,650 Event Mitigation Unit. 61 00:03:37,700 --> 00:03:39,000 Hello, Dr Cohen. 62 00:03:39,050 --> 00:03:41,020 - Good morning, Megan, glad to be here. 63 00:03:41,070 --> 00:03:43,130 - Dr Cohen, you were telling me over the break 64 00:03:43,180 --> 00:03:46,520 that these methane explosions are nothing new 65 00:03:46,570 --> 00:03:49,370 and you didn't seem to be entirely surprised 66 00:03:49,420 --> 00:03:51,030 by this event either. 67 00:03:51,080 --> 00:03:53,300 - Well, we've been monitoring this phenomenon for decades 68 00:03:53,350 --> 00:03:54,590 and while it's nothing new, 69 00:03:54,640 --> 00:03:57,460 we have seen an increase in the frequency 70 00:03:57,510 --> 00:04:00,310 of these methane bubbles, which is very concerning. 71 00:04:00,360 --> 00:04:03,570 Basically, as the ice melts, underground methane bubbles 72 00:04:03,620 --> 00:04:06,890 rise and eventually leak into the atmosphere. 73 00:04:06,940 --> 00:04:09,220 And sometimes it does so in the form of these 74 00:04:09,270 --> 00:04:11,340 dramatic explosions like we saw today. 75 00:04:11,390 --> 00:04:13,820 - So why is this happening now? 76 00:04:13,870 --> 00:04:16,410 - Well, in short, because the planet is warming, 77 00:04:16,460 --> 00:04:18,320 which is melting the ice and permafrost 78 00:04:18,370 --> 00:04:20,460 that covers the methane. 79 00:04:20,510 --> 00:04:23,150 Methane in the atmosphere heats the planet 80 00:04:23,200 --> 00:04:26,000 and when more of it leaks out from under the ice, 81 00:04:26,050 --> 00:04:28,150 it causes even more warming, 82 00:04:28,200 --> 00:04:30,100 which in turn causes the ice to melt, 83 00:04:30,150 --> 00:04:33,160 which then allows even more methane to reach the surface 84 00:04:33,210 --> 00:04:34,410 and so on and so on. 85 00:04:34,460 --> 00:04:38,370 And this vicious cycle is what we refer to as a 86 00:04:38,420 --> 00:04:40,760 positive feedback loop. 87 00:04:40,810 --> 00:04:44,100 Which, once it gets going, it sustains itself. 88 00:04:44,150 --> 00:04:47,030 - Now that the new International Carbon Mandates 89 00:04:47,080 --> 00:04:49,400 are in place, do you think there's any chance 90 00:04:49,450 --> 00:04:52,622 we can lessen or reverse the situation? 91 00:04:52,672 --> 00:04:54,000 - Well, we started very late, 92 00:04:54,050 --> 00:04:56,280 on meaningful greenhouse gas reforms. 93 00:04:56,330 --> 00:04:59,290 The problem is manmade emissions aren't the only 94 00:04:59,340 --> 00:05:01,130 problem we're facing now. 95 00:05:01,180 --> 00:05:03,110 Even if we completely stop all industrial, 96 00:05:03,160 --> 00:05:05,450 agricultural, and transportation emissions, 97 00:05:05,500 --> 00:05:07,570 bring them down to zero immediately, 98 00:05:07,620 --> 00:05:08,880 the methane and other gasses 99 00:05:08,930 --> 00:05:11,190 that are now being released from under the permafrost 100 00:05:11,240 --> 00:05:13,940 may still push recovery out of reach. 101 00:05:13,990 --> 00:05:16,380 - That is sobering but we have to leave it there 102 00:05:16,430 --> 00:05:18,170 Dr Cohen, on that note, 103 00:05:18,220 --> 00:05:20,160 thank you for being with us today 104 00:05:20,210 --> 00:05:22,635 and helping us understand the situation. 105 00:05:22,685 --> 00:05:24,250 - Thank you, Megan. 106 00:05:24,300 --> 00:05:27,680 - In other news, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric 107 00:05:27,730 --> 00:05:31,090 Authority, or NOAA, issued new warnings. 108 00:05:31,140 --> 00:05:35,300 They are reporting that the ocean's pH is still decreasing, 109 00:05:35,350 --> 00:05:37,890 meaning it's further acidifying. 110 00:05:37,940 --> 00:05:40,940 This, despite concerted attempts to regulate carbon 111 00:05:40,990 --> 00:05:44,940 emissions and industrial and agricultural runoff. 112 00:05:44,990 --> 00:05:47,120 NOAA reports that as a result, 113 00:05:47,170 --> 00:05:49,660 phytoplankton populations in the ocean 114 00:05:49,710 --> 00:05:51,890 are still on the decline. 115 00:05:51,940 --> 00:05:54,500 And last night in an emergency session, 116 00:05:54,550 --> 00:05:58,590 the United Nations extended the ICM Operational Window 117 00:05:58,640 --> 00:06:01,400 through June of 2052. 118 00:06:01,450 --> 00:06:04,220 Prolonging what were intended to be short term 119 00:06:04,270 --> 00:06:06,850 food and water rationing measures. 120 00:06:06,900 --> 00:06:10,410 We are just receiving some breaking news. 121 00:06:10,460 --> 00:06:13,120 An anti-government group in Seattle 122 00:06:13,170 --> 00:06:16,900 has reportedly taken hostages and barricaded themselves 123 00:06:16,950 --> 00:06:19,650 in Pike Place Market. 124 00:06:19,700 --> 00:06:22,800 We're going to try to Consolidated News reporter 125 00:06:22,850 --> 00:06:25,782 Jasmine Patel, live in Seattle. 126 00:06:25,832 --> 00:06:29,220 Hello, Jasmine, are you there. 127 00:06:29,270 --> 00:06:30,710 - Yes, thank you Megan. 128 00:06:30,760 --> 00:06:33,270 We're outside the old Pike Place Fish Market, 129 00:06:33,320 --> 00:06:35,950 once a Mecca for tourists and shoppers looking 130 00:06:36,000 --> 00:06:38,180 to buy fresh Pacific seafood. 131 00:06:38,230 --> 00:06:40,330 It is here that a group calling themselves 132 00:06:40,380 --> 00:06:44,840 Free American Patriots have staged their symbolic stand. 133 00:06:44,890 --> 00:06:47,410 Last night, 30 members of the group took an estimated 134 00:06:47,460 --> 00:06:50,780 25 people hostage from a nearby rail station. 135 00:06:50,830 --> 00:06:53,020 They are armed and barricaded themselves 136 00:06:53,070 --> 00:06:55,000 inside the old fish market. 137 00:06:55,050 --> 00:06:58,394 - What do we know about the group? 138 00:06:58,444 --> 00:07:01,110 - They are another group of what is being referred to 139 00:07:01,160 --> 00:07:03,200 as the Fish Truth Movement. 140 00:07:03,250 --> 00:07:05,860 They believe fishless oceans are a fabrication 141 00:07:05,910 --> 00:07:08,450 of a government conspiracy trying to force 142 00:07:08,500 --> 00:07:12,090 a vegan agenda on an unknowing American public. 143 00:07:12,140 --> 00:07:14,323 - Have they made any demands? 144 00:07:15,410 --> 00:07:17,330 - They say they will release the hostages 145 00:07:17,380 --> 00:07:20,400 once the government reopens and restocks the fish market. 146 00:07:20,450 --> 00:07:22,390 Something that experts have reiterated 147 00:07:22,440 --> 00:07:24,780 is literally impossible. 148 00:07:24,830 --> 00:07:26,853 - Nurse, nurse! 149 00:07:27,930 --> 00:07:30,330 - [News Anchor] Thank you, Jasmine, for that report. 150 00:07:30,380 --> 00:07:31,163 - Nurse! 151 00:07:31,213 --> 00:07:33,930 - What is it Mr. Baker? - It's time for my water. 152 00:07:33,980 --> 00:07:35,620 - [News Anchor] I'm looking at a recent US poll-- 153 00:07:35,670 --> 00:07:38,192 - Okay, yeah, I'll go get it. 154 00:07:38,242 --> 00:07:40,460 - [News Anchor] That shows at least 23% of viewers actually 155 00:07:40,510 --> 00:07:44,870 agree with these groups and believe that fishless oceans 156 00:07:44,920 --> 00:07:46,063 are not real. 157 00:07:47,120 --> 00:07:49,880 I don't think any serious person doubts the UN 158 00:07:49,930 --> 00:07:53,000 when they say fisheries are empty, but 159 00:07:53,050 --> 00:07:54,793 who wouldn't wish it weren't so. 160 00:07:56,192 --> 00:07:58,765 For historical context, fishless oceans 161 00:07:58,815 --> 00:08:03,170 were actually predicted at least 40 years ago. 162 00:08:03,220 --> 00:08:06,480 At a time when about a third of all seafood species 163 00:08:06,530 --> 00:08:08,540 had already crashed. 164 00:08:08,590 --> 00:08:11,180 Some experts predicted back then that we would 165 00:08:11,230 --> 00:08:14,140 have fishless oceans by 2048. 166 00:08:14,190 --> 00:08:15,520 - Here you go. - [News Anchor] As we now 167 00:08:15,570 --> 00:08:18,322 know, that was very close to the mark. 168 00:08:18,372 --> 00:08:21,114 - The ICM mandate specifically allows each 169 00:08:21,164 --> 00:08:24,550 citizen eight eight ounce glasses of water a day. 170 00:08:24,600 --> 00:08:26,630 Eight times eight, remember? 171 00:08:26,680 --> 00:08:28,810 My right, as a human being, 172 00:08:28,860 --> 00:08:31,500 even if I am locked up in this nuthouse. 173 00:08:31,550 --> 00:08:34,070 - Yes, Mr Baker, you do have rights. 174 00:08:34,120 --> 00:08:37,370 And I just gave you exactly eight ounces of water. 175 00:08:37,420 --> 00:08:41,200 The dispenser measures it exactly every time. 176 00:08:41,250 --> 00:08:42,680 (laughs) 177 00:08:42,730 --> 00:08:44,680 - That's what they want you to believe. 178 00:08:46,090 --> 00:08:48,767 - Mr Baker, come back here, Mr Baker! 179 00:08:51,891 --> 00:08:52,674 Mr Baker. 180 00:08:52,724 --> 00:08:53,693 - Hey, hey, hey! 181 00:08:53,743 --> 00:08:56,382 - Hey, calm down, back back. 182 00:08:56,432 --> 00:08:58,096 - No, I need water! 183 00:08:58,146 --> 00:08:59,354 - [Karen] Get him in the bed. 184 00:08:59,404 --> 00:09:03,790 - No, no, I need water! - Okay, okay. 185 00:09:03,840 --> 00:09:05,961 - No, not fair! - You'll get water, 186 00:09:06,011 --> 00:09:07,390 - I need water. - Calm down. 187 00:09:07,440 --> 00:09:09,370 Mr Baker, calm down. - Water. 188 00:09:09,420 --> 00:09:11,223 - [Karen] It's gonna be okay. - I need water. 189 00:09:11,273 --> 00:09:14,200 Need water. - Shh, okay, okay. 190 00:09:14,250 --> 00:09:15,723 We'll get you some water. 191 00:09:18,175 --> 00:09:20,925 (dramatic music) 192 00:09:29,620 --> 00:09:30,960 - What's goin' on, who called the page? 193 00:09:31,010 --> 00:09:34,370 - I did, a patient was acting very aggressively, 194 00:09:34,420 --> 00:09:35,560 but he's calmed down now. 195 00:09:35,610 --> 00:09:37,143 - So, what happened? 196 00:09:38,100 --> 00:09:40,193 Oh, Mr Baker again. 197 00:09:41,840 --> 00:09:43,790 - He was complaining I didn't give him his ration 198 00:09:43,840 --> 00:09:45,970 of water and it blew up from there. 199 00:09:46,020 --> 00:09:47,630 - Well, did ya? 200 00:09:47,680 --> 00:09:49,310 - [Karen] Did I what? 201 00:09:49,360 --> 00:09:50,579 - Give him the right amount. 202 00:09:50,629 --> 00:09:52,210 - What? 203 00:09:52,260 --> 00:09:53,280 What do you think? 204 00:09:53,330 --> 00:09:56,480 I've been hoarding the patients' water for myself? 205 00:09:56,530 --> 00:09:58,770 Of course, I gave it to him and everyone else. 206 00:09:58,820 --> 00:10:00,590 A full eight ounce glass. 207 00:10:00,640 --> 00:10:02,070 What are implying? 208 00:10:02,120 --> 00:10:04,420 - Nothing, sorry, it's just that some of the facilities 209 00:10:04,470 --> 00:10:06,330 had to reduce their rations, so I just wanted 210 00:10:06,380 --> 00:10:08,340 to be sure of our supply and make sure you were 211 00:10:08,390 --> 00:10:10,470 distributing the right amount. 212 00:10:10,520 --> 00:10:12,088 Come on, let's go take a look. 213 00:10:12,138 --> 00:10:14,888 (dramatic music) 214 00:10:18,160 --> 00:10:21,560 - I'm telling you, she did not give me eight ounces. 215 00:10:21,610 --> 00:10:22,640 - Did you get a glass, sir? 216 00:10:22,690 --> 00:10:25,340 - Yeah, with like maybe five ounces, 217 00:10:25,390 --> 00:10:26,780 but not the full eight. 218 00:10:26,830 --> 00:10:30,470 See, they think you can't tell, but I can, 219 00:10:30,520 --> 00:10:33,000 so I said something, it's my right. 220 00:10:33,050 --> 00:10:35,560 And the orderlies went crazy! 221 00:10:35,610 --> 00:10:37,240 They went crazy, but not me. 222 00:10:37,290 --> 00:10:38,200 I was calm. 223 00:10:38,250 --> 00:10:40,943 - It says here you tried to break the water machine. 224 00:10:42,670 --> 00:10:46,060 I thought you said this morning you were ready to go home. 225 00:10:46,110 --> 00:10:49,660 Really, Mr Baker, I want to discharge you, 226 00:10:49,710 --> 00:10:51,610 but you're making it very difficult to do so. 227 00:10:51,660 --> 00:10:54,250 - Oh come on, I'm ready to go. 228 00:10:54,300 --> 00:10:56,310 Look how calm I am. 229 00:10:56,360 --> 00:11:00,350 And I'm not, I'm not suicidal either, 230 00:11:00,400 --> 00:11:02,000 and you know that. 231 00:11:02,050 --> 00:11:03,240 I just wanna go home. 232 00:11:03,290 --> 00:11:05,320 I can have more water there anyway. 233 00:11:05,370 --> 00:11:06,153 - Mr Baker-- 234 00:11:06,203 --> 00:11:08,850 - Oh, you think a hospital, of all places, 235 00:11:08,900 --> 00:11:10,650 wouldn't hold water from its patients. 236 00:11:10,700 --> 00:11:13,660 - Mr Baker, we're just following the ICM mandates. 237 00:11:13,710 --> 00:11:16,380 You're not seriously suggesting that we don't. 238 00:11:16,430 --> 00:11:19,620 And besides, we all need to ration water 239 00:11:19,670 --> 00:11:21,245 while there's a shortage, 240 00:11:21,295 --> 00:11:22,810 and once you're discharged, 241 00:11:22,860 --> 00:11:24,800 you should be doing the exact same thing at home. 242 00:11:24,850 --> 00:11:26,253 - Okay, whatever. 243 00:11:27,930 --> 00:11:30,070 - What's this I hear about fish? 244 00:11:30,120 --> 00:11:32,740 The staff say you're asking for fish at every meal. 245 00:11:32,790 --> 00:11:33,765 You know we don't have any 246 00:11:33,815 --> 00:11:35,052 and you don't have any at home either. 247 00:11:35,102 --> 00:11:36,666 (laughs) 248 00:11:36,716 --> 00:11:39,110 - So, I'm not gonna get a fish sandwich 249 00:11:39,160 --> 00:11:40,724 at my going away party? 250 00:11:40,774 --> 00:11:42,857 (laughs) 251 00:11:43,848 --> 00:11:46,055 ♪ Where have all the fishies gone? ♪ 252 00:11:46,105 --> 00:11:48,320 (laughs) 253 00:11:48,370 --> 00:11:52,629 It's fishy, I mean, who's hiding all those fish? 254 00:11:52,679 --> 00:11:56,270 You, the government, the Japanese? 255 00:11:56,320 --> 00:11:58,710 - Mr Baker, I need to know whether or not 256 00:11:58,760 --> 00:12:00,730 you think there are any fish to eat. 257 00:12:00,780 --> 00:12:02,540 It's for cognitive purposes, 258 00:12:02,590 --> 00:12:04,110 it's very important that I know this. 259 00:12:04,160 --> 00:12:05,539 Please answer the question. 260 00:12:05,589 --> 00:12:06,372 (laughs) 261 00:12:06,422 --> 00:12:08,640 - A smart doctor like you doesn't know? 262 00:12:08,690 --> 00:12:09,990 - I'd like you to tell me. 263 00:12:11,330 --> 00:12:14,030 - If this was a game show, I could win a bunch of money. 264 00:12:14,080 --> 00:12:15,269 - You don't know, do you? 265 00:12:15,319 --> 00:12:17,970 (laughs) 266 00:12:18,020 --> 00:12:20,930 - Oh no, sorry to report to the world, 267 00:12:20,980 --> 00:12:24,380 but as predicted by many fishy scientists, 268 00:12:24,430 --> 00:12:26,500 we have fished all the fishies. 269 00:12:26,550 --> 00:12:27,840 Well, almost all the fishies. 270 00:12:27,890 --> 00:12:29,980 Any that are left are kinda hard to find, 271 00:12:30,030 --> 00:12:31,710 unless you have enough money. 272 00:12:31,760 --> 00:12:32,800 Then you can treat yourself 273 00:12:32,850 --> 00:12:34,633 to some of the old frozen stocks. 274 00:12:36,380 --> 00:12:39,805 And great news folks, we still have plenty of jellyfishies. 275 00:12:39,855 --> 00:12:43,790 Oh, get ready, 'cause we're about to learn to cook 276 00:12:43,840 --> 00:12:47,880 and eat jellyfish, and in other related news, 277 00:12:47,930 --> 00:12:51,780 those tiny little ocean phytoplankton thingies, 278 00:12:51,830 --> 00:12:53,730 well they're dyin' off too, 279 00:12:53,780 --> 00:12:55,799 but no big deal, I mean, 280 00:12:55,849 --> 00:12:58,450 they just make half of our oxygen. 281 00:12:58,500 --> 00:13:00,400 We still have the other half, right? 282 00:13:00,450 --> 00:13:03,780 No problemo, just skip every other breath, folks. 283 00:13:03,830 --> 00:13:05,378 You'll be sound as a pound. 284 00:13:05,428 --> 00:13:07,720 (cries) 285 00:13:07,770 --> 00:13:09,380 - Thank you, thank you, Mr Baker, 286 00:13:09,430 --> 00:13:11,130 that was an excellent explanation. 287 00:13:14,310 --> 00:13:15,960 I remember when I was just a kid, 288 00:13:16,890 --> 00:13:18,390 they warned us about the fish. 289 00:13:20,480 --> 00:13:22,180 Really screwed that up, didn't we? 290 00:13:23,233 --> 00:13:24,726 Couldn't be bothered, I guess. 291 00:13:24,776 --> 00:13:26,820 - It wasn't just the fish. 292 00:13:26,870 --> 00:13:29,200 They warned us about everything, really. 293 00:13:29,250 --> 00:13:31,680 I mean, you're the psychiatrist, you tell me. 294 00:13:31,730 --> 00:13:34,038 Why did we ignore it all? 295 00:13:34,088 --> 00:13:37,130 Really, indulge me, no BS. 296 00:13:37,180 --> 00:13:39,883 - Okay, think about it like this. 297 00:13:40,884 --> 00:13:45,220 What do you get when you mix a lot of shortsightedness 298 00:13:45,270 --> 00:13:48,570 with a little selfishness and just a dash of apathy, 299 00:13:48,620 --> 00:13:52,550 and oh, no shortage of scientific illiteracy, 300 00:13:52,600 --> 00:13:56,160 and don't forget, a whole lot of power and technology, too. 301 00:13:56,210 --> 00:14:01,210 In my opinion, we're two hairs short of being chimpanzees. 302 00:14:01,230 --> 00:14:04,260 We're extremely emotional, with powerful, primitive, 303 00:14:04,310 --> 00:14:06,840 shortsighted survival drives, 304 00:14:06,890 --> 00:14:08,650 and in the blink of an evolutionary eye, 305 00:14:08,700 --> 00:14:10,570 we developed this powerful technology 306 00:14:10,620 --> 00:14:13,263 that completely changed the shape of the planet. 307 00:14:16,160 --> 00:14:19,300 Anyway, let's get back to business. 308 00:14:19,350 --> 00:14:22,800 Probably do need to discharge Mr Baker 309 00:14:22,850 --> 00:14:25,350 and some of the other patients, too. 310 00:14:25,400 --> 00:14:28,430 Beds are full and the waiting list 311 00:14:28,480 --> 00:14:29,950 isn't getting any shorter. 312 00:14:30,000 --> 00:14:34,160 We have what, 21 patients now? 313 00:14:34,210 --> 00:14:35,860 Yeah, 21 patients. 314 00:14:35,910 --> 00:14:37,290 - All suicide attempts? 315 00:14:37,340 --> 00:14:38,123 - Looks like it. 316 00:14:38,173 --> 00:14:41,360 Suicide attempts, suicidal ideation, suicidal gestures. 317 00:14:41,410 --> 00:14:42,460 - I don't blame them. 318 00:14:43,600 --> 00:14:45,610 - Are you all right, why would you say that? 319 00:14:45,660 --> 00:14:47,890 - No, actually, I'm not all right. 320 00:14:47,940 --> 00:14:49,410 Why would I be? 321 00:14:49,460 --> 00:14:53,540 One meal a day, just one measly meal? 322 00:14:53,590 --> 00:14:56,313 Rationing food and water doesn't get you down, too? 323 00:14:57,260 --> 00:15:00,250 And I can't remember the last time we could eat three meals, 324 00:15:00,300 --> 00:15:01,180 just like normal-- 325 00:15:01,230 --> 00:15:04,790 - Look, I know it's hard, but it's just temporary. 326 00:15:04,840 --> 00:15:06,893 - Yeah, that's what they said a year ago. 327 00:15:09,550 --> 00:15:12,180 I feel hungry and weak all the time, 328 00:15:12,230 --> 00:15:14,750 and then the methane bubbles that keep resurfacing. 329 00:15:14,800 --> 00:15:16,390 That doesn't worry you too? 330 00:15:16,440 --> 00:15:17,960 And the plankton thing, 331 00:15:18,010 --> 00:15:20,460 everything just seems to be crashing down all around us-- 332 00:15:20,510 --> 00:15:21,670 - Look, Karen. 333 00:15:21,720 --> 00:15:24,573 The plankton thing's going okay for now, right? 334 00:15:25,500 --> 00:15:27,710 Yes, some types have died off, 335 00:15:27,760 --> 00:15:29,683 but others are supposedly doing okay. 336 00:15:30,580 --> 00:15:33,196 Everything's going to be fine. 337 00:15:33,246 --> 00:15:35,196 (laughs) - Everything's gonna be fine. 338 00:15:36,680 --> 00:15:39,193 Really, just like us? 339 00:15:49,120 --> 00:15:51,780 - Really, Karen, this is about us now? 340 00:15:51,830 --> 00:15:55,020 - No, actually, this is not about us, 341 00:15:55,070 --> 00:15:58,320 but the Department of Agriculture doesn't exactly 342 00:15:58,370 --> 00:16:00,620 share your optimistic views. 343 00:16:00,670 --> 00:16:04,690 I think you're trying to tell me what I wanna hear, again. 344 00:16:04,740 --> 00:16:06,790 Do you really think they can figure out how to farm 345 00:16:06,840 --> 00:16:08,483 so much food with so little water? 346 00:16:08,533 --> 00:16:10,050 - Why are you so mad at me? 347 00:16:10,100 --> 00:16:11,440 I didn't cause this. 348 00:16:11,490 --> 00:16:13,250 - You just take what you want, when you want it, 349 00:16:13,300 --> 00:16:14,950 and you don't care who you hurt? 350 00:16:15,000 --> 00:16:18,230 - Are you talkin' about us or the Earth? 351 00:16:18,280 --> 00:16:19,950 - Both. 352 00:16:20,000 --> 00:16:21,230 We've been down this road before. 353 00:16:21,280 --> 00:16:22,980 You make all kinds of promises-- 354 00:16:23,030 --> 00:16:24,427 - Hey, Karen. 355 00:16:24,477 --> 00:16:27,100 Let's not rehash this again, okay? 356 00:16:27,150 --> 00:16:30,880 It happened, it was good for a time, 357 00:16:30,930 --> 00:16:33,440 but we both knew it wasn't gonna last. 358 00:16:33,490 --> 00:16:35,710 - Sort of like our food and water? 359 00:16:35,760 --> 00:16:37,280 - That's not fair. 360 00:16:37,330 --> 00:16:38,630 I never meant to hurt you. 361 00:16:40,700 --> 00:16:42,660 We've got more important things to focus on, 362 00:16:42,710 --> 00:16:44,250 don't you think? 363 00:16:44,300 --> 00:16:48,653 - I know, I'm sorry, I'm just frustrated. 364 00:16:49,540 --> 00:16:52,263 I don't understand how we let everything get so bad. 365 00:16:53,613 --> 00:16:56,190 - You're back to talking about the Earth again, right? 366 00:16:56,240 --> 00:16:58,633 - Yes, yes, the Earth. 367 00:17:00,010 --> 00:17:03,320 You know, my parents were educated people, 368 00:17:03,370 --> 00:17:06,250 just totally oblivious. 369 00:17:06,300 --> 00:17:08,070 We grew up with so much water and food 370 00:17:08,120 --> 00:17:09,230 we didn't know what to do, 371 00:17:09,280 --> 00:17:13,960 and all the while this whole little mess was brewing. 372 00:17:14,010 --> 00:17:16,290 We ended up turning our one little planet 373 00:17:16,340 --> 00:17:18,780 completely upside down. 374 00:17:18,830 --> 00:17:20,510 - When I was growing up, my folks used to tell me 375 00:17:20,560 --> 00:17:22,180 oh, these are problems in third world countries, 376 00:17:22,230 --> 00:17:23,430 it'll never happen here. 377 00:17:26,030 --> 00:17:28,810 It's the elephant in the room and we all just ignored it. 378 00:17:28,860 --> 00:17:31,323 - Jesus, elephants. 379 00:17:32,600 --> 00:17:35,650 I mean I think there's one left in a zoo somewhere. 380 00:17:35,700 --> 00:17:36,630 Call it what you want, 381 00:17:36,680 --> 00:17:38,680 but we created this mess on our own, 382 00:17:38,730 --> 00:17:40,700 with a mass extinction to boot. 383 00:17:40,750 --> 00:17:43,650 You know, my folks had eight frickin' kids, eight! 384 00:17:43,700 --> 00:17:45,890 Don't get me wrong, I love my parents 385 00:17:45,940 --> 00:17:47,560 and my brothers and my sisters, 386 00:17:47,610 --> 00:17:48,410 but what the hell, right? 387 00:17:48,460 --> 00:17:49,600 It's like we're a plague! 388 00:17:49,650 --> 00:17:52,079 - Karen, calm down, right now. 389 00:17:52,129 --> 00:17:53,643 This isn't helping anything. 390 00:17:56,200 --> 00:17:58,543 The experts, they're getting on top of this. 391 00:17:59,790 --> 00:18:01,507 Let's stick to the facts, 392 00:18:01,557 --> 00:18:04,548 you know, take it a day at a time. 393 00:18:04,598 --> 00:18:09,240 You know what, why don't you take tomorrow off and relax? 394 00:18:09,290 --> 00:18:10,503 - I was planning on it. 395 00:18:16,300 --> 00:18:18,510 - You've got a lot of frozen food. 396 00:18:18,560 --> 00:18:19,860 Why don't you sit down to a big meal 397 00:18:19,910 --> 00:18:22,540 and forget any of this is even happening? 398 00:18:22,590 --> 00:18:24,730 We'll get you back in shape, okay? 399 00:18:24,780 --> 00:18:26,420 - Yeah, sure. 400 00:18:26,470 --> 00:18:30,100 - Karen, I still care about you, I always have-- 401 00:18:30,150 --> 00:18:32,073 - Don't, please don't. 402 00:18:33,010 --> 00:18:34,873 I'm sorry I even brought it up. 403 00:18:37,070 --> 00:18:37,903 - Karen-- 404 00:18:39,610 --> 00:18:41,833 - Thank you for everything, really. 405 00:18:44,150 --> 00:18:45,143 Goodbye, Jerry. 406 00:18:52,241 --> 00:18:54,991 (dramatic music) 407 00:19:05,500 --> 00:19:07,050 - Morning Susan, what's on my plate today? 408 00:19:07,100 --> 00:19:10,820 - Well, we are understaffed and completely full. 409 00:19:10,870 --> 00:19:14,633 It's gonna be a crazy day today, no pun intended. 410 00:19:15,900 --> 00:19:17,430 - Well, when it rains, it pours. 411 00:19:17,480 --> 00:19:20,110 When you see Karen, just send her to my office? 412 00:19:20,160 --> 00:19:21,733 - Jerry, Karen's not, 413 00:19:23,460 --> 00:19:24,363 didn't you hear? 414 00:19:27,530 --> 00:19:28,910 - Hear what? 415 00:19:28,960 --> 00:19:31,340 - Her sister found her yesterday morning. 416 00:19:31,390 --> 00:19:33,563 She's, she's dead. 417 00:19:38,920 --> 00:19:40,823 She was a good kid, sorry. 418 00:19:46,684 --> 00:19:47,517 - Yeah. 419 00:19:49,441 --> 00:19:52,191 (dramatic music) 420 00:19:54,490 --> 00:19:57,430 - Well, that was very shocking and sad. 421 00:19:57,480 --> 00:20:00,040 But in fact, scientists today are warning 422 00:20:00,090 --> 00:20:02,700 that many of the problems in our future scene 423 00:20:02,750 --> 00:20:06,211 could be upon us, and surprisingly soon. 424 00:20:06,261 --> 00:20:09,011 (dramatic music) 425 00:20:10,450 --> 00:20:14,170 Our characters from the future mentioned a mass extinction. 426 00:20:14,220 --> 00:20:16,770 - It's the elephant in the room and we all just ignored it. 427 00:20:16,820 --> 00:20:17,740 - Call it what you want, 428 00:20:17,790 --> 00:20:19,780 but we created this mess on our own, 429 00:20:19,830 --> 00:20:21,950 with a mass extinction to boot. 430 00:20:22,000 --> 00:20:24,620 - [Sofia] Unfortunately, a rapid and widespread 431 00:20:24,670 --> 00:20:26,880 loss of species is something that's 432 00:20:26,930 --> 00:20:29,610 already happening right now. 433 00:20:29,660 --> 00:20:32,400 In fact, biologists have classified our time 434 00:20:32,450 --> 00:20:36,270 as the sixth mass extinction in Earth's history. 435 00:20:36,320 --> 00:20:38,506 - First, let me start by saying that 436 00:20:38,556 --> 00:20:42,310 we have millions of species on the planet 437 00:20:42,360 --> 00:20:46,260 and they have evolved over hundreds of millions 438 00:20:46,310 --> 00:20:49,520 of years into a fantastic array of different 439 00:20:49,570 --> 00:20:52,610 types of plants and animals and microbes. 440 00:20:52,660 --> 00:20:54,530 And it's really fascinating. 441 00:20:54,580 --> 00:20:57,800 At the same time, right now we're undergoing 442 00:20:57,850 --> 00:20:59,990 what's called a mass extinction. 443 00:21:00,040 --> 00:21:03,280 And that means that the rates of extinction 444 00:21:03,330 --> 00:21:07,600 are much faster, much higher than they normally would be. 445 00:21:07,650 --> 00:21:10,380 - In the past, there have been five episodes 446 00:21:10,430 --> 00:21:14,090 of mass extinctions in which the majority of the 447 00:21:14,140 --> 00:21:17,630 plants and animals of the planet were wiped out. 448 00:21:17,680 --> 00:21:21,080 The last one was 65 million years ago 449 00:21:21,130 --> 00:21:23,990 when we lost the dinosaurs and a lot of other things. 450 00:21:24,040 --> 00:21:27,920 Since then we've built up a huge amount of biodiversity, 451 00:21:27,970 --> 00:21:29,650 and then in the last 200 years, 452 00:21:29,700 --> 00:21:31,940 we've started destroying it. 453 00:21:31,990 --> 00:21:34,700 - To recap, the Earth has been around for about 454 00:21:34,750 --> 00:21:37,160 4.5 billion years, 455 00:21:37,210 --> 00:21:39,780 and in those years, there have been a total of 456 00:21:39,830 --> 00:21:42,590 five mass extinctions so far. 457 00:21:42,640 --> 00:21:46,070 The Permian mass extinction was the third and largest one 458 00:21:46,120 --> 00:21:48,570 around 252 million years ago. 459 00:21:48,620 --> 00:21:51,560 The the fifth, and most recent one, 460 00:21:51,610 --> 00:21:53,680 was when the dinosaurs went extinct 461 00:21:53,730 --> 00:21:56,690 about 65 million years ago. 462 00:21:56,740 --> 00:22:00,340 But now we're in the sixth mass extinction. 463 00:22:00,390 --> 00:22:02,620 And unlike the previous five, 464 00:22:02,670 --> 00:22:05,760 this one is the first one that is not caused 465 00:22:05,810 --> 00:22:07,380 by natural phenomena, 466 00:22:07,430 --> 00:22:09,530 like meteors hitting the Earth, 467 00:22:09,580 --> 00:22:11,950 or major volcanic eruptions. 468 00:22:12,000 --> 00:22:13,580 This one is different. 469 00:22:13,630 --> 00:22:17,470 It's being caused by humans and our activities. 470 00:22:17,520 --> 00:22:20,680 It's the first time a single species 471 00:22:20,730 --> 00:22:23,560 is causing a mass extinction. 472 00:22:23,610 --> 00:22:27,560 So, we're truly navigating through uncharted waters. 473 00:22:27,610 --> 00:22:29,660 - We have a catastrophic situation 474 00:22:29,710 --> 00:22:32,860 that's basically unrecognized. 475 00:22:32,910 --> 00:22:34,860 In about the last 40 years, 476 00:22:34,910 --> 00:22:38,293 we've lost more than half the wildlife on the planet. 477 00:22:39,254 --> 00:22:41,100 - That bears repeating. 478 00:22:41,150 --> 00:22:44,520 Over one half of all wild animals on our planet 479 00:22:44,570 --> 00:22:48,310 have disappeared in just the last 40 years. 480 00:22:48,360 --> 00:22:50,620 - I'm sure many people think 481 00:22:50,670 --> 00:22:52,690 what has biodiversity ever done for me 482 00:22:52,740 --> 00:22:54,470 and why should I worry about it? 483 00:22:54,520 --> 00:22:59,280 Well, if you don't have a functioning 484 00:22:59,330 --> 00:23:01,820 ecological system that produces oxygen, 485 00:23:01,870 --> 00:23:03,594 that produces food, 486 00:23:03,644 --> 00:23:06,080 people will not survive. 487 00:23:06,130 --> 00:23:08,510 - Many of our crops, many of the ones that are 488 00:23:08,560 --> 00:23:11,660 the most important really for our own health, 489 00:23:11,710 --> 00:23:14,360 are dependent on an animal pollinator, 490 00:23:14,410 --> 00:23:16,480 like a bee, to pollinate it. 491 00:23:16,530 --> 00:23:18,650 And so, without these pollinators, 492 00:23:18,700 --> 00:23:22,330 we wouldn't have important components of our food supply. 493 00:23:22,380 --> 00:23:25,560 Pollinators help to produce 75% 494 00:23:25,610 --> 00:23:27,820 of our different crop species. 495 00:23:27,870 --> 00:23:30,340 That's how important they are to our diet. 496 00:23:30,390 --> 00:23:32,860 As well as things we really like, like chocolate. 497 00:23:32,910 --> 00:23:35,250 Many people don't know that cacao, 498 00:23:35,300 --> 00:23:36,810 which chocolate comes from, 499 00:23:36,860 --> 00:23:38,770 is pollinated by a tiny fly. 500 00:23:38,820 --> 00:23:42,000 Without that tiny fly, we wouldn't have chocolate. 501 00:23:42,050 --> 00:23:44,714 Personally, I think that would be a catastrophe. 502 00:23:44,764 --> 00:23:47,250 (dramatic music) 503 00:23:47,300 --> 00:23:50,530 - Even if we were to take a more selfish view 504 00:23:50,580 --> 00:23:54,410 of not caring about other species or the natural world, 505 00:23:54,460 --> 00:23:57,490 we should still literally be doing everything 506 00:23:57,540 --> 00:24:00,870 in our power to protect and preserve biodiversity 507 00:24:00,920 --> 00:24:03,480 for our own survival. 508 00:24:03,530 --> 00:24:06,870 - If you had visited the planet three billion years ago, 509 00:24:06,920 --> 00:24:08,640 you would not have survived a minute 510 00:24:08,690 --> 00:24:11,550 because there was no oxygen to breathe, 511 00:24:11,600 --> 00:24:12,920 the water was toxic, 512 00:24:12,970 --> 00:24:15,340 there was no food to eat, 513 00:24:15,390 --> 00:24:17,380 so you wouldn't have survived. 514 00:24:17,430 --> 00:24:20,410 And three billions years of evolution, 515 00:24:20,460 --> 00:24:23,960 of the web of life that makes the planet habitable 516 00:24:24,010 --> 00:24:27,960 is what we are rapidly destroying. 517 00:24:28,010 --> 00:24:33,010 - So why is this tragic loss of biodiversity happening? 518 00:24:33,040 --> 00:24:38,040 - The biggest cause of extinctions is habitat destruction. 519 00:24:38,870 --> 00:24:43,360 We know that all organisms need appropriate habitats 520 00:24:43,410 --> 00:24:45,430 and when you destroy the habitats, 521 00:24:45,480 --> 00:24:48,480 you are wiping out populations. 522 00:24:48,530 --> 00:24:51,850 The basic cause of the extinction episode 523 00:24:51,900 --> 00:24:55,670 of the sixth mass extinction is the much too large 524 00:24:55,720 --> 00:24:58,440 a size of the human enterprise. 525 00:24:58,490 --> 00:25:00,290 - Habitat loss is the number one driver 526 00:25:00,340 --> 00:25:02,590 of biodiversity loss. 527 00:25:02,640 --> 00:25:07,130 And what's behind that is really our population growth, 528 00:25:07,180 --> 00:25:10,583 and also how we consume resources. 529 00:25:11,590 --> 00:25:14,270 - [Sofia] There are several causes for the dramatic loss 530 00:25:14,320 --> 00:25:16,860 of biodiversity we are experiencing. 531 00:25:16,910 --> 00:25:21,550 For example, poaching is a serious threat to many species. 532 00:25:21,600 --> 00:25:25,310 However the biggest driver of species extinctions 533 00:25:25,360 --> 00:25:30,240 is actually the destruction of natural habitats by humans. 534 00:25:30,290 --> 00:25:33,580 According to the United Nations, the livestock sector 535 00:25:33,630 --> 00:25:37,860 is by far the single largest user of land on the planet. 536 00:25:37,910 --> 00:25:41,320 And it is the major driver of deforestation. 537 00:25:41,370 --> 00:25:45,600 Livestock systems occupy a staggering 45% 538 00:25:45,650 --> 00:25:47,573 of the global surface area. 539 00:25:48,890 --> 00:25:51,450 I don't think annual agriculture comes to mind 540 00:25:51,500 --> 00:25:54,270 immediately for most people as the largest 541 00:25:54,320 --> 00:25:56,200 land user on the planet. 542 00:25:56,250 --> 00:25:57,790 But it is. 543 00:25:57,840 --> 00:25:59,990 - [Dr Kremen] So then, as we're eating more meats, 544 00:26:00,040 --> 00:26:02,100 we're eating more of a product that really 545 00:26:02,150 --> 00:26:03,760 just takes a lot to produce. 546 00:26:03,810 --> 00:26:05,200 It takes a lot of land, 547 00:26:05,250 --> 00:26:06,360 it takes a lot of energy, 548 00:26:06,410 --> 00:26:08,190 it takes a lot of water. 549 00:26:08,240 --> 00:26:12,480 And as we use these more expensive products, 550 00:26:12,530 --> 00:26:14,720 as we consume more expensive products, 551 00:26:14,770 --> 00:26:17,960 it means that we basically are co-opting 552 00:26:18,010 --> 00:26:21,180 more of the Earth's resources for ourselves, 553 00:26:21,230 --> 00:26:23,660 and that's competing with biodiversity. 554 00:26:23,710 --> 00:26:26,230 It's meaning that we need to take up 555 00:26:26,280 --> 00:26:27,880 a lot of their habitats. 556 00:26:27,930 --> 00:26:30,680 (dramatic music) 557 00:26:34,920 --> 00:26:39,920 - The fact that we, you know, this weird primate species, 558 00:26:40,710 --> 00:26:45,710 of like relatively hairless, defenseless apes, 559 00:26:45,890 --> 00:26:50,820 are destroying the only home that we know of in the universe 560 00:26:50,870 --> 00:26:52,103 that will support life. 561 00:26:53,591 --> 00:26:58,591 It's horrifying on a scale that we can't even conceive of. 562 00:27:00,750 --> 00:27:03,430 Which is why, like, I feel badly for humans, 563 00:27:03,480 --> 00:27:06,050 but there is a part of me that just thinks, that like, 564 00:27:06,100 --> 00:27:08,620 if we can't change ourselves, 565 00:27:08,670 --> 00:27:12,060 if we can't learn how to live in sort of 566 00:27:12,110 --> 00:27:15,280 sustainable harmony with the only world 567 00:27:15,330 --> 00:27:17,100 that will support us, 568 00:27:17,150 --> 00:27:18,193 we need to go away. 569 00:27:19,200 --> 00:27:21,313 And the other thing is, we will go away. 570 00:27:22,280 --> 00:27:25,680 - In other news, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric 571 00:27:25,730 --> 00:27:29,140 Authority, or NOAA, issued new warnings. 572 00:27:29,190 --> 00:27:33,400 They are reporting that the oceans' pH is still decreasing, 573 00:27:33,450 --> 00:27:36,000 meaning it's further acidifying. 574 00:27:36,050 --> 00:27:39,020 This despite concerted attempts to regulate carbon 575 00:27:39,070 --> 00:27:42,497 emissions and industrial and agricultural runoff. 576 00:27:42,547 --> 00:27:45,297 (dramatic music) 577 00:27:48,250 --> 00:27:50,020 - [Sofia] The newscast in the future reported 578 00:27:50,070 --> 00:27:52,650 that the ocean was acidifying. 579 00:27:52,700 --> 00:27:56,070 Yet again, this is another problem that we don't really 580 00:27:56,120 --> 00:27:58,500 need to go to the future to see, 581 00:27:58,550 --> 00:28:01,580 because it's already happening today. 582 00:28:01,630 --> 00:28:04,410 So, what does ocean acidification mean? 583 00:28:04,460 --> 00:28:07,890 It means the pH of the oceans' water is decreasing. 584 00:28:07,940 --> 00:28:10,910 pH simply measures how acidic or alkaline 585 00:28:10,960 --> 00:28:12,740 a given substance is. 586 00:28:12,790 --> 00:28:15,990 But why is the ocean acidifying? 587 00:28:16,040 --> 00:28:20,610 Well, because a third of all the carbon dioxide, or CO2, 588 00:28:20,660 --> 00:28:23,350 that we are releasing into the atmosphere, 589 00:28:23,400 --> 00:28:25,580 gets absorbed by the ocean, 590 00:28:25,630 --> 00:28:28,210 where it turns into carbonic acid. 591 00:28:28,260 --> 00:28:30,250 And it happens to be the case 592 00:28:30,300 --> 00:28:34,680 that we've put huge amounts of CO2 in the atmosphere 593 00:28:34,730 --> 00:28:37,413 in a very short period of time. 594 00:28:38,260 --> 00:28:41,860 - As we are emitting CO2, a constant fraction of it 595 00:28:41,910 --> 00:28:44,640 goes into the ocean and turns it into an acid. 596 00:28:44,690 --> 00:28:47,580 For every pound of CO2 we emit into the atmosphere, 597 00:28:47,630 --> 00:28:50,600 about 30% of it ends up in the ocean. 598 00:28:50,650 --> 00:28:53,050 So, acidification is a very linear, 599 00:28:53,100 --> 00:28:55,520 very predictable affair. 600 00:28:55,570 --> 00:28:58,730 - The oceans' average pH already dropped from 601 00:28:58,780 --> 00:29:00,810 8.2 to 8.1 602 00:29:00,860 --> 00:29:03,000 since pre-industrial times. 603 00:29:03,050 --> 00:29:05,410 And scientists estimate that it will drop further 604 00:29:05,460 --> 00:29:07,220 by the end of this century, 605 00:29:07,270 --> 00:29:10,770 to an average pH of 7.8 606 00:29:10,820 --> 00:29:15,170 So after being relatively stable for thousands of years, 607 00:29:15,220 --> 00:29:17,810 now we're looking at a total pH drop 608 00:29:17,860 --> 00:29:20,150 of zero point four units 609 00:29:20,200 --> 00:29:22,780 in only about 300 years. 610 00:29:22,830 --> 00:29:27,830 And while point four pH units may not sound like a lot, 611 00:29:27,860 --> 00:29:31,010 for the plants and animals who live in the ocean, 612 00:29:31,060 --> 00:29:33,190 it's a huge change. 613 00:29:33,240 --> 00:29:36,390 - Life, as we know it, has evolved to depend on those 614 00:29:36,440 --> 00:29:40,120 very constant, very well buffered conditions in the ocean. 615 00:29:40,170 --> 00:29:41,920 If the ocean turns more acidic, 616 00:29:41,970 --> 00:29:45,700 it's a chemical environment that a lot of species 617 00:29:45,750 --> 00:29:48,100 are not accustomed to because they've never seen this 618 00:29:48,150 --> 00:29:49,800 in their species lifetime, 619 00:29:49,850 --> 00:29:51,305 millions of years. 620 00:29:51,355 --> 00:29:53,155 And, as such, this can really present 621 00:29:53,205 --> 00:29:55,850 a large challenge to ocean life. 622 00:29:55,900 --> 00:29:58,460 For example, the western United States, 623 00:29:58,510 --> 00:30:00,840 there's a big oyster industry, 624 00:30:00,890 --> 00:30:02,600 and some of the oyster hatcheries, 625 00:30:02,650 --> 00:30:05,560 where the very fragile larvae of the oysters form, 626 00:30:05,610 --> 00:30:08,380 had to be moved to Hawaii because the water 627 00:30:08,430 --> 00:30:10,930 was turning too acidic for them to survive. 628 00:30:10,980 --> 00:30:13,310 And what a lot of people don't realize is that 629 00:30:13,360 --> 00:30:16,350 ocean acidification is already outside the bounds 630 00:30:16,400 --> 00:30:17,603 of natural variability. 631 00:30:20,686 --> 00:30:23,086 - [Sofia] Another creature that has attracted a lot of 632 00:30:23,136 --> 00:30:26,200 concern for its sensitivity to ocean acidification 633 00:30:26,250 --> 00:30:29,160 and warming is phytoplankton. 634 00:30:29,210 --> 00:30:30,460 Why is that? 635 00:30:30,510 --> 00:30:32,160 Well, for a number of reasons. 636 00:30:32,210 --> 00:30:35,000 One of which is that ocean phytoplankton 637 00:30:35,050 --> 00:30:37,310 are responsible for one half 638 00:30:37,360 --> 00:30:40,760 of the world's oxygen production. 639 00:30:40,810 --> 00:30:41,900 Half of it. 640 00:30:41,950 --> 00:30:44,710 - So, half of all plant production happens in the ocean, 641 00:30:44,760 --> 00:30:47,320 and that also means half of our oxygen that is produced 642 00:30:47,370 --> 00:30:49,800 annually on the globe, happens in the ocean. 643 00:30:49,850 --> 00:30:52,410 It's produced by tiny algae called phytoplankton, 644 00:30:52,460 --> 00:30:54,620 which produce the same amount of oxygen 645 00:30:54,670 --> 00:30:56,820 as all other plants in the world combined. 646 00:30:56,870 --> 00:30:58,690 In some sense, every second breath we take 647 00:30:58,740 --> 00:31:00,240 comes from the ocean. 648 00:31:00,290 --> 00:31:03,650 - The further changes in phytoplankton that are projected 649 00:31:03,700 --> 00:31:07,340 if ocean acidification and warming continue, 650 00:31:07,390 --> 00:31:09,860 are completely unprecedented. 651 00:31:09,910 --> 00:31:11,440 So we really don't know how 652 00:31:11,490 --> 00:31:13,483 exactly it's all going to play out. 653 00:31:14,430 --> 00:31:18,650 - In 2018 my one wish for Christmas 654 00:31:18,700 --> 00:31:20,890 was some device that will suck CO2 655 00:31:20,940 --> 00:31:22,970 out of the atmosphere. 656 00:31:23,020 --> 00:31:25,263 But in a way, 657 00:31:27,230 --> 00:31:30,220 I wonder if that would actually be the best thing, 658 00:31:30,270 --> 00:31:33,200 'cause of course, we're on a sorta like, 659 00:31:33,250 --> 00:31:37,490 collision course with disaster and tragedy. 660 00:31:37,540 --> 00:31:40,630 I hate to say this, but we kind of deserve it. 661 00:31:40,680 --> 00:31:43,550 Like, we're the cause of the problem. 662 00:31:43,600 --> 00:31:44,750 You're the cause of the problem. 663 00:31:44,800 --> 00:31:46,330 I'm the cause of the problem. 664 00:31:46,380 --> 00:31:49,670 And sure, it would be nice to magically push a button 665 00:31:49,720 --> 00:31:51,380 and suck all, well, not all of it, 666 00:31:51,430 --> 00:31:54,280 a lot of the CO2 out of the atmosphere, 667 00:31:54,330 --> 00:31:56,690 but what would we have learned? 668 00:31:56,740 --> 00:32:01,020 I don't want a magic fix that will reduce CO2, 669 00:32:01,070 --> 00:32:03,640 I want us to stop treating this planet 670 00:32:03,690 --> 00:32:04,750 like a garbage dump, 671 00:32:04,800 --> 00:32:07,090 and I want us to stop pretending that there 672 00:32:07,140 --> 00:32:10,620 is some, like, plan B, some other planet we can move to. 673 00:32:10,670 --> 00:32:14,310 Like, I'm sorry Elon Musk, Mars is not a viable solution. 674 00:32:14,360 --> 00:32:17,960 You can't move eight billion people to Mars, 675 00:32:18,010 --> 00:32:19,440 which does not support life. 676 00:32:19,490 --> 00:32:22,210 - Sorry to report to the world, but 677 00:32:22,260 --> 00:32:24,810 as predicted by many fishy scientists, 678 00:32:24,860 --> 00:32:26,910 we have fished all the fishies, 679 00:32:26,960 --> 00:32:28,260 well almost all the fishies. 680 00:32:28,310 --> 00:32:30,410 Any that are left are kinda hard to find. 681 00:32:30,460 --> 00:32:32,150 Unless you have enough money. 682 00:32:32,200 --> 00:32:33,240 Then you can treat yourself 683 00:32:33,290 --> 00:32:34,899 to some of the old frozen stocks. 684 00:32:34,949 --> 00:32:37,699 (dramatic music) 685 00:32:39,460 --> 00:32:41,390 - We saw in our future world, 686 00:32:41,440 --> 00:32:43,960 that fish were very hard to come by. 687 00:32:44,010 --> 00:32:46,310 This is based on a simple reality. 688 00:32:46,360 --> 00:32:49,310 We're taking too much life out of the ocean, 689 00:32:49,360 --> 00:32:53,110 while dumping too many harmful things into it. 690 00:32:53,160 --> 00:32:56,120 The World Economic Forum recently issued 691 00:32:56,170 --> 00:32:57,903 a sobering prediction. 692 00:32:57,953 --> 00:33:00,353 With a business as usual scenario, 693 00:33:00,403 --> 00:33:05,380 by 2050 there will be more plastic in the ocean than fish. 694 00:33:06,400 --> 00:33:09,090 The pervasiveness of plastic seems to have really 695 00:33:09,140 --> 00:33:10,700 snuck up on us. 696 00:33:10,750 --> 00:33:14,380 It's a manmade substance, first created in 1907, 697 00:33:14,430 --> 00:33:16,610 but now, barely a century later, 698 00:33:16,660 --> 00:33:19,170 it's literally everywhere. 699 00:33:19,220 --> 00:33:22,650 Most plastic is never recycled either. 700 00:33:22,700 --> 00:33:25,040 In fact, a lot of it can't be recycled, 701 00:33:25,090 --> 00:33:26,670 even if we wanted to, 702 00:33:26,720 --> 00:33:30,420 because of certain components that are used in its making. 703 00:33:30,470 --> 00:33:34,040 According to the United Nations, more than eight million 704 00:33:34,090 --> 00:33:37,060 metric tons of plastic find their way 705 00:33:37,110 --> 00:33:39,880 to the ocean every year. 706 00:33:39,930 --> 00:33:41,946 That's the equivalent of dumping 707 00:33:41,996 --> 00:33:46,677 1,440 garbage trucks of plastic 708 00:33:46,727 --> 00:33:51,727 into the sea every single day. 709 00:33:53,230 --> 00:33:54,180 - Plastic doesn't break down. 710 00:33:54,230 --> 00:33:56,800 It stays in the environment and accumulates. 711 00:33:56,850 --> 00:33:58,770 The more we dump in, the more there is. 712 00:33:58,820 --> 00:33:59,910 It doesn't go away. 713 00:33:59,960 --> 00:34:01,790 It breaks into smaller and smaller pieces, 714 00:34:01,840 --> 00:34:05,880 but those micro-plastics remain and they have toxic effects 715 00:34:05,930 --> 00:34:07,580 that we don't even really understand, 716 00:34:07,630 --> 00:34:09,670 we are only beginning to study now. 717 00:34:09,720 --> 00:34:11,640 Including their effects on humans. 718 00:34:11,690 --> 00:34:15,070 For example, if you eat a muscle, or any shellfish 719 00:34:15,120 --> 00:34:17,980 or any product from the sea is almost guaranteed now 720 00:34:18,030 --> 00:34:20,580 to have little plastic filaments in them. 721 00:34:20,630 --> 00:34:22,890 Because the plastic is everywhere 722 00:34:22,940 --> 00:34:25,410 and is being fed upon by these animals. 723 00:34:25,460 --> 00:34:28,280 - Scientists have even measured the proportion of plastic 724 00:34:28,330 --> 00:34:32,120 mass to the proportion of plankton mass in the ocean 725 00:34:32,170 --> 00:34:35,950 and in some places, like the North Pacific Gyre, 726 00:34:36,000 --> 00:34:40,123 they found there was six times more plastic than plankton. 727 00:34:41,050 --> 00:34:44,980 So we're really turning the oceans into a plastic soup. 728 00:34:45,030 --> 00:34:48,130 - You find plastic in almost all seafood now. 729 00:34:48,180 --> 00:34:51,390 So, when you take a muscle from Halifax Harbor, 730 00:34:51,440 --> 00:34:54,420 it has about 100 plastic filaments in it. 731 00:34:54,470 --> 00:34:56,850 When you take a muscle from an aquaculture farm, 732 00:34:56,900 --> 00:34:58,670 it has about 200 plastic filaments, 733 00:34:58,720 --> 00:35:00,290 because they grow it on plastic ropes 734 00:35:00,340 --> 00:35:02,400 that shed the micro-fibers that then 735 00:35:02,450 --> 00:35:03,990 are eaten up by the muscle. 736 00:35:04,040 --> 00:35:07,380 - So, if you're eating seafood, you're probably also 737 00:35:07,430 --> 00:35:09,980 eating quite a bit of plastic, too. 738 00:35:10,030 --> 00:35:12,130 Embedded in the animal's tissue, 739 00:35:12,180 --> 00:35:15,530 even if you don't see the plastic or taste it. 740 00:35:15,580 --> 00:35:18,180 A recent study from the University of Belgium 741 00:35:18,230 --> 00:35:22,830 actually examined how much plastic seafood-loving 742 00:35:22,880 --> 00:35:26,390 Europeans were eating and estimated it could be 743 00:35:26,440 --> 00:35:31,440 around 11,000 tiny pieces of plastic per person, per year. 744 00:35:31,710 --> 00:35:34,240 We don't know how eating all this plastic 745 00:35:34,290 --> 00:35:36,300 will affect human health. 746 00:35:36,350 --> 00:35:39,010 We've only just started to study this, 747 00:35:39,060 --> 00:35:41,530 so it's still largely an unknown, 748 00:35:41,580 --> 00:35:43,740 which is not reassuring at all. 749 00:35:43,790 --> 00:35:47,500 On top of that, we've also seen that the nano-plastics 750 00:35:47,550 --> 00:35:50,870 which are the very small plastic particles, 751 00:35:50,920 --> 00:35:55,250 can actually cross cell membranes in some fish. 752 00:35:55,300 --> 00:35:58,690 We've seen that they can accumulate in organs, 753 00:35:58,740 --> 00:36:01,940 like the brain, testicles, and liver 754 00:36:01,990 --> 00:36:04,619 and cause problems with the reproduction, 755 00:36:04,669 --> 00:36:06,830 immune system, and behavior. 756 00:36:06,880 --> 00:36:10,980 And this ability of plastic to cross cell membranes 757 00:36:11,030 --> 00:36:14,620 is, in my opinion, one of the most concerning. 758 00:36:14,670 --> 00:36:16,860 Because, if it's affecting wildlife, 759 00:36:16,910 --> 00:36:18,710 I don't know how we can be certain that 760 00:36:18,760 --> 00:36:21,165 it's somehow not going to affect us, too. 761 00:36:21,215 --> 00:36:26,215 (dramatic music) (ocean waves crashing) 762 00:36:29,089 --> 00:36:31,672 (solemn music) 763 00:36:41,610 --> 00:36:44,250 We've known about the problem of fatal encounters 764 00:36:44,300 --> 00:36:46,560 between marine wildlife and debris 765 00:36:46,610 --> 00:36:47,980 for a long time. 766 00:36:48,030 --> 00:36:51,010 Since at least the 1960s. 767 00:36:51,060 --> 00:36:54,640 But today, of course, the magnitude is many times 768 00:36:54,690 --> 00:36:56,610 greater than it was then. 769 00:36:56,660 --> 00:36:58,910 And now we also have more technology, 770 00:36:58,960 --> 00:37:02,020 like cellphones with cameras and YouTube, 771 00:37:02,070 --> 00:37:05,570 so it's easier to witness the plight of these poor animals. 772 00:37:05,620 --> 00:37:07,590 With just a quick Google search, 773 00:37:07,640 --> 00:37:09,920 you'll see clips and pictures uploaded 774 00:37:09,970 --> 00:37:14,523 from all over the world of animals tangled in plastic, 775 00:37:18,370 --> 00:37:19,683 eating plastic, 776 00:37:23,290 --> 00:37:26,003 with plastic forks in their nostrils, 777 00:37:28,500 --> 00:37:31,593 with plastic straws stuck in their noses, 778 00:37:37,210 --> 00:37:40,523 birds dying with plastic-filled stomachs, 779 00:37:43,900 --> 00:37:47,180 baby birds being fed plastics by their mothers, 780 00:37:47,230 --> 00:37:49,480 who mistake it for food, 781 00:37:49,530 --> 00:37:51,690 and even whales, stranded ashore, 782 00:37:51,740 --> 00:37:54,970 starving and dying, unable to eat anything 783 00:37:55,020 --> 00:37:58,190 because their stomachs are filled with plastic, 784 00:37:58,240 --> 00:38:00,030 like this one in severe distress 785 00:38:00,080 --> 00:38:01,680 in the last moments of her life. 786 00:38:04,950 --> 00:38:09,050 I just can't imagine the level of despair and helplessness 787 00:38:09,100 --> 00:38:11,730 whales and all the other animals must feel 788 00:38:11,780 --> 00:38:15,120 as their stomachs fill with plastic to the point 789 00:38:15,170 --> 00:38:18,403 that they cannot eat food anymore and die. 790 00:38:23,770 --> 00:38:26,870 Remember this problem is all because of us. 791 00:38:26,920 --> 00:38:31,070 100 years ago, there was virtually no plastic anywhere, 792 00:38:31,120 --> 00:38:33,341 so it's a tragedy of our own making. 793 00:38:33,391 --> 00:38:36,141 (dramatic music) 794 00:39:44,623 --> 00:39:47,373 (dramatic music) 795 00:39:49,211 --> 00:39:52,350 With a human population of 7.5 billion 796 00:39:52,400 --> 00:39:55,520 and growing, if we all want to eat fish, 797 00:39:55,570 --> 00:39:58,090 then over-fishing seems to be the result. 798 00:39:58,140 --> 00:40:01,410 - Most fishing, prior to 1950, was coastal. 799 00:40:01,460 --> 00:40:05,370 Few fisheries happened way outside in the open oceans. 800 00:40:05,420 --> 00:40:07,470 That changed after World War II because of new 801 00:40:07,520 --> 00:40:09,980 technology, more power diesel engines. 802 00:40:10,030 --> 00:40:12,010 New materials for nets, and so on, 803 00:40:12,060 --> 00:40:14,460 that made it feasible to fish way offshore 804 00:40:14,510 --> 00:40:17,220 in fish populations that had never been fished before. 805 00:40:17,270 --> 00:40:20,220 And what we documented is that within 20 to 30 years, 806 00:40:20,270 --> 00:40:22,340 a lot of those populations became depleted, 807 00:40:22,390 --> 00:40:24,900 particularly for the very large fish. 808 00:40:24,950 --> 00:40:28,360 So the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization 809 00:40:28,410 --> 00:40:30,290 comes out with a report every two years 810 00:40:30,340 --> 00:40:31,990 and what they've shown is that the larger 811 00:40:32,040 --> 00:40:34,680 and larger fraction of those fish populations 812 00:40:34,730 --> 00:40:36,640 is being depleted and right now, 813 00:40:36,690 --> 00:40:40,391 about 80% or more are fully fished, 814 00:40:40,441 --> 00:40:42,300 meaning their fished to capacity 815 00:40:42,350 --> 00:40:44,750 or they're over-fished and being depleted. 816 00:40:44,800 --> 00:40:48,106 - Using data from the UNFAO, scientists from 817 00:40:48,156 --> 00:40:52,380 Dalhousie University projected that by the year 2048 818 00:40:52,430 --> 00:40:55,850 all fisheries would be practically empty. 819 00:40:55,900 --> 00:40:59,480 In other words, if we continue business as usual, 820 00:40:59,530 --> 00:41:03,420 they're warning we could have virtually fishless oceans 821 00:41:03,470 --> 00:41:05,673 in just a few short decades. 822 00:41:06,900 --> 00:41:09,110 - Many studies have concluded that if we keep 823 00:41:09,160 --> 00:41:11,260 fishing the way we've been fishing in the past 824 00:41:11,310 --> 00:41:13,280 we will collapse many or most 825 00:41:13,330 --> 00:41:15,940 fish populations by the middle of the century. 826 00:41:15,990 --> 00:41:18,890 There was just a new paper last year that showed this again 827 00:41:18,940 --> 00:41:22,950 using new data for fisheries management worldwide. 828 00:41:23,000 --> 00:41:25,750 - When people are confronted with this reality 829 00:41:25,800 --> 00:41:27,550 they sometimes think, well, 830 00:41:27,600 --> 00:41:30,260 we can just have farmed fish instead, right? 831 00:41:30,310 --> 00:41:33,170 Although farm fish, or aquaculture, is sometimes 832 00:41:33,220 --> 00:41:36,370 touted as an alternative approach to commercial fishing, 833 00:41:36,420 --> 00:41:40,250 in reality, it has its own set of very serious problems 834 00:41:40,300 --> 00:41:42,270 and can still be detrimental to both 835 00:41:42,320 --> 00:41:44,370 wild fish and ecosystems. 836 00:41:44,420 --> 00:41:48,240 From destruction and contamination of natural habitats, 837 00:41:48,290 --> 00:41:52,143 to genetic problems from the inbreeding of farm fish 838 00:41:52,193 --> 00:41:55,780 that sometimes escape and pass on their problems 839 00:41:55,830 --> 00:41:57,610 to the wild populations, 840 00:41:57,660 --> 00:42:00,350 making them less likely to survive. 841 00:42:00,400 --> 00:42:03,220 In addition, the crowded farming conditions 842 00:42:03,270 --> 00:42:06,950 are a breeding ground for diseases and parasites. 843 00:42:07,000 --> 00:42:10,020 One good example is parasitic sea lice, 844 00:42:10,070 --> 00:42:13,370 which feed on the skin and blood of salmon 845 00:42:13,420 --> 00:42:16,250 and can ultimately kill the fish. 846 00:42:16,300 --> 00:42:19,440 Wild salmon populations have been severely affected 847 00:42:19,490 --> 00:42:22,130 by lice spread from fish farms. 848 00:42:22,180 --> 00:42:26,030 On top of all that, many farmed fish are also carnivorous. 849 00:42:26,080 --> 00:42:29,053 Meaning they need to be fed wild caught fish. 850 00:42:32,710 --> 00:42:35,100 I don't think farming fish is the most effective 851 00:42:35,150 --> 00:42:37,480 or realistic solution to the problem. 852 00:42:37,530 --> 00:42:39,440 A more elegant and simple approach 853 00:42:39,490 --> 00:42:42,730 for all of us who have access to basic food options, 854 00:42:42,780 --> 00:42:44,723 is to simply stop eating fish. 855 00:42:44,773 --> 00:42:47,523 (dramatic music) 856 00:42:59,034 --> 00:43:01,461 - I have some friends who think that like 857 00:43:01,511 --> 00:43:03,540 by being environmentally responsible, 858 00:43:03,590 --> 00:43:05,900 they're going to stop eating land animals and only eat 859 00:43:05,950 --> 00:43:10,403 sea animals, fish and crustaceans and things. 860 00:43:10,453 --> 00:43:11,630 Like, if you care about the ocean, 861 00:43:11,680 --> 00:43:15,280 you have to stop eating animals that live in the ocean. 862 00:43:15,330 --> 00:43:17,240 It's so self-evident, 863 00:43:17,290 --> 00:43:21,260 I don't know how destroying fish 864 00:43:21,310 --> 00:43:23,840 and destroying the ecosystem of the ocean 865 00:43:23,890 --> 00:43:27,270 is somehow environmentally responsible, 866 00:43:27,320 --> 00:43:30,050 but we're a messed up species, 867 00:43:30,100 --> 00:43:31,440 so I'm not surprise that like, 868 00:43:31,490 --> 00:43:33,880 someone came up with that terrible idea. 869 00:43:33,930 --> 00:43:38,150 - My parents were educated people, just totally oblivious. 870 00:43:38,200 --> 00:43:42,860 And all the while, this whole little mess was brewing. 871 00:43:42,910 --> 00:43:45,180 We ended up turning our one little planet 872 00:43:45,230 --> 00:43:46,937 completely upside down. 873 00:43:46,987 --> 00:43:49,737 (dramatic music) 874 00:43:52,420 --> 00:43:55,892 - Our rapidly growing population is a multiplier that 875 00:43:55,942 --> 00:43:59,980 affects every global environmental issue we face. 876 00:44:00,030 --> 00:44:03,580 The fact is, we've had an unprecedented spike 877 00:44:03,630 --> 00:44:07,180 in our population over the last two centuries. 878 00:44:07,230 --> 00:44:10,110 That, coupled with our consumption patterns, 879 00:44:10,160 --> 00:44:13,480 is placing serious strain on our planet's finite 880 00:44:13,530 --> 00:44:16,260 natural resources and ecosystems 881 00:44:17,100 --> 00:44:19,950 - The number of people on the planet would not matter 882 00:44:20,000 --> 00:44:22,520 if we were ethereal beings. 883 00:44:22,570 --> 00:44:25,790 What matters is the combination of the number of people 884 00:44:25,840 --> 00:44:28,920 and their economic activity, namely consumption 885 00:44:28,970 --> 00:44:30,450 and waste products. 886 00:44:30,500 --> 00:44:33,750 - Our species, modern humans, has been around 887 00:44:33,800 --> 00:44:36,417 for about 200,000 years. 888 00:44:36,467 --> 00:44:40,674 And it took us all that time to reach a population of 889 00:44:40,724 --> 00:44:45,640 one billion, which we finally did relatively recently, 890 00:44:45,690 --> 00:44:47,900 in the early 1800s. 891 00:44:47,950 --> 00:44:52,450 But today, only about 200 years after that, 892 00:44:52,500 --> 00:44:55,940 we've multiplied seven times over. 893 00:44:55,990 --> 00:44:59,500 We're not more than 7.5 billion humans 894 00:44:59,550 --> 00:45:04,550 and on track to hit close to ten billion by the year 2050. 895 00:45:04,690 --> 00:45:05,970 - I'm concerned about population, 896 00:45:06,020 --> 00:45:08,670 because if you look over all of human history, 897 00:45:08,720 --> 00:45:11,050 it took up until the 1800s to reach 898 00:45:11,100 --> 00:45:13,140 the first one billion people on Earth. 899 00:45:13,190 --> 00:45:15,480 And the last one billion people, 900 00:45:15,530 --> 00:45:17,590 to go from six to seven billion people on Earth, 901 00:45:17,640 --> 00:45:19,483 took only about 12 years. 902 00:45:21,150 --> 00:45:24,280 - Why did our population grow so quickly in just 903 00:45:24,330 --> 00:45:25,853 the last two centuries? 904 00:45:26,710 --> 00:45:30,060 Well, simply put, we've had the very good fortune 905 00:45:30,110 --> 00:45:33,050 of being able to decrease child mortality 906 00:45:33,100 --> 00:45:35,810 and increase our life expectancies 907 00:45:35,860 --> 00:45:38,528 as a result of the agricultural revolution 908 00:45:38,578 --> 00:45:42,170 and technological advances in modern medicine. 909 00:45:42,220 --> 00:45:45,160 So more children now grow up, 910 00:45:45,210 --> 00:45:48,412 live longer and have children of their own. 911 00:45:48,462 --> 00:45:51,710 And this in the aggregate dramatically increased 912 00:45:51,760 --> 00:45:54,900 the world population in a short period of time. 913 00:45:54,950 --> 00:45:57,750 - Every year we're adding about 80 million 914 00:45:57,800 --> 00:45:58,950 extra people to the planet, 915 00:45:59,000 --> 00:46:01,250 and that is about the population of Germany. 916 00:46:01,300 --> 00:46:04,210 So, if you think about the need to find a good 917 00:46:04,260 --> 00:46:05,630 home for those people, 918 00:46:05,680 --> 00:46:07,530 to ensure that they have access to food, 919 00:46:07,580 --> 00:46:09,630 that they have access to clean water, 920 00:46:09,680 --> 00:46:12,210 that they have healthcare and education. 921 00:46:12,260 --> 00:46:14,310 It really puts things into perspective. 922 00:46:14,360 --> 00:46:18,410 - When I was born, in 1932, 923 00:46:18,460 --> 00:46:20,920 there were two billion people on the planet, 924 00:46:20,970 --> 00:46:24,630 now there are 7.5 billion people. 925 00:46:24,680 --> 00:46:28,580 The size of the human population has more than tripled 926 00:46:28,630 --> 00:46:30,373 in my one lifetime. 927 00:46:32,870 --> 00:46:34,670 One of the really critical things, 928 00:46:34,720 --> 00:46:39,280 the resource that we'll never run out of, is morons. 929 00:46:39,330 --> 00:46:41,240 Morons, for instance, say, 930 00:46:41,290 --> 00:46:43,160 it's only consumption, it's not the 931 00:46:43,210 --> 00:46:45,310 number of people that counts. 932 00:46:45,360 --> 00:46:48,310 That's like saying the area of a rectangle 933 00:46:48,360 --> 00:46:51,720 is determined only by its width, not by its length. 934 00:46:51,770 --> 00:46:54,710 Certainly, consumption is a big problem, 935 00:46:54,760 --> 00:46:56,840 so is population size. 936 00:46:56,890 --> 00:47:00,185 The two multiply together to give you your impact 937 00:47:00,235 --> 00:47:02,247 on your life support systems. 938 00:47:02,297 --> 00:47:03,370 (dramatic music) 939 00:47:03,420 --> 00:47:07,220 - Never in human history, have we asked so much 940 00:47:07,270 --> 00:47:11,650 of our environment, our infrastructure, and our society 941 00:47:11,700 --> 00:47:15,180 to accommodate such large increases in our population 942 00:47:15,230 --> 00:47:17,990 over such a short period of time. 943 00:47:18,040 --> 00:47:21,100 Just as one example, at the pace we are currently 944 00:47:21,150 --> 00:47:23,950 growing our population, we need to be building 945 00:47:24,000 --> 00:47:28,030 63 thousand new classrooms every single week, 946 00:47:28,080 --> 00:47:30,420 repeatedly, week after week, 947 00:47:30,470 --> 00:47:34,070 if we want every child to have access to education. 948 00:47:34,120 --> 00:47:38,100 Funding, building, and staffing 63 thousand new 949 00:47:38,150 --> 00:47:41,770 classrooms every single week, over and over. 950 00:47:41,820 --> 00:47:43,530 So are we building them? 951 00:47:43,580 --> 00:47:45,990 And are we prepared to keep building at that pace 952 00:47:46,040 --> 00:47:47,700 every single week? 953 00:47:47,750 --> 00:47:51,620 The answer is no, unfortunately we are not building them. 954 00:47:51,670 --> 00:47:53,580 And I don't think it's realistic 955 00:47:53,630 --> 00:47:56,540 to think that we could at that pace. 956 00:47:56,590 --> 00:47:59,808 - The impact of human beings on the planet 957 00:47:59,858 --> 00:48:01,798 doubles every 17 years. 958 00:48:01,848 --> 00:48:04,588 That is, if you take the rate of population growth, 959 00:48:04,638 --> 00:48:06,420 and add to it the rate of economic growth, 960 00:48:06,470 --> 00:48:08,260 and put those two things together, 961 00:48:08,310 --> 00:48:11,850 we make twice the impact on the planet every 17 years 962 00:48:11,900 --> 00:48:13,947 and you can't do that for many doublings before 963 00:48:13,997 --> 00:48:15,343 you destroy the planet. 964 00:48:17,350 --> 00:48:19,710 - A lot of people think the population problem 965 00:48:19,760 --> 00:48:23,420 is too many Indians, or too many people in Africa and so on. 966 00:48:23,470 --> 00:48:25,870 Actually, it's too many people in the United States 967 00:48:25,920 --> 00:48:27,180 to start out with. 968 00:48:27,230 --> 00:48:30,640 You and I consume much more than the average person 969 00:48:30,690 --> 00:48:33,350 in Africa or the average person in India. 970 00:48:33,400 --> 00:48:35,180 And that's part of the problem. 971 00:48:35,230 --> 00:48:38,250 To support the people we have today, 972 00:48:38,300 --> 00:48:39,960 the current estimate is you'd need 973 00:48:40,010 --> 00:48:41,950 one and a half Earths to do it. 974 00:48:42,000 --> 00:48:44,080 To support the people we have today 975 00:48:44,130 --> 00:48:46,510 at the style of the average American, 976 00:48:46,560 --> 00:48:49,370 you would need four or five more Earths. 977 00:48:49,420 --> 00:48:53,080 We're living on our capital, not on our interest. 978 00:48:53,130 --> 00:48:56,070 It's as if we were an idiot child that inherited 979 00:48:56,120 --> 00:48:59,650 a million dollars and kept writing bigger checks 980 00:48:59,700 --> 00:49:01,750 on the bank account every year, 981 00:49:01,800 --> 00:49:03,930 and never looking at the balance. 982 00:49:03,980 --> 00:49:06,150 We're using up our precious soils, 983 00:49:06,200 --> 00:49:09,190 we're using up our easily accessible resources. 984 00:49:09,240 --> 00:49:11,890 Basically, we're behaving like idiots, 985 00:49:11,940 --> 00:49:15,270 because we're the only species we know of 986 00:49:15,320 --> 00:49:17,943 that is determinedly set out to destroy itself. 987 00:49:23,950 --> 00:49:27,280 - Supposing the moon had water and an atmosphere, 988 00:49:27,330 --> 00:49:29,360 and we had a cheap way of getting there. 989 00:49:29,410 --> 00:49:31,040 At the present rate of population growth, 990 00:49:31,090 --> 00:49:32,390 we'd fill it up in 10 years. 991 00:49:32,440 --> 00:49:34,270 It wouldn't help us. 992 00:49:34,320 --> 00:49:37,370 - Given the fundamental importance that our population 993 00:49:37,420 --> 00:49:41,090 plays in so many converging environmental issues, 994 00:49:41,140 --> 00:49:43,300 you would think that environmental organizations 995 00:49:43,350 --> 00:49:46,470 would be having a robust conversation about it, 996 00:49:46,520 --> 00:49:49,980 yet most don't talk about population growth that much, 997 00:49:50,030 --> 00:49:51,240 if at all. 998 00:49:51,290 --> 00:49:54,530 - If you think about any controversial topic, 999 00:49:54,580 --> 00:49:59,580 people are always aware of difficult subjects 1000 00:49:59,671 --> 00:50:02,730 and if they bring those difficult subjects up, 1001 00:50:02,780 --> 00:50:03,990 it may get them into trouble. 1002 00:50:04,040 --> 00:50:07,070 So, if you go to a dinner party and you bring up 1003 00:50:07,120 --> 00:50:09,580 population and people jump all over you, 1004 00:50:09,630 --> 00:50:11,360 you'll say, okay I won't touch that again. 1005 00:50:11,410 --> 00:50:13,050 - There are a few reasons why people are afraid 1006 00:50:13,100 --> 00:50:16,370 to talk about population, but I thing at the heart of it 1007 00:50:16,420 --> 00:50:21,000 because there have been some coercive population programs 1008 00:50:21,050 --> 00:50:23,984 and policies, people are afraid that if they 1009 00:50:24,034 --> 00:50:27,410 make these links between population and the environment, 1010 00:50:27,460 --> 00:50:31,020 that it's suggesting that we have to control the population, 1011 00:50:31,070 --> 00:50:33,400 that there has to be some external force. 1012 00:50:33,450 --> 00:50:36,690 But, good population policies and programs respect what 1013 00:50:36,740 --> 00:50:40,900 couples want and they're about giving women and men 1014 00:50:40,950 --> 00:50:43,610 what they want and not telling people what to do. 1015 00:50:43,660 --> 00:50:46,190 - In talking about the very real problem of 1016 00:50:46,240 --> 00:50:49,230 unsustainable population growth, I believe 1017 00:50:49,280 --> 00:50:53,229 the focus needs to be on raising the awareness of the issue, 1018 00:50:53,279 --> 00:50:56,490 promoting gender equality and women's rights 1019 00:50:56,540 --> 00:51:00,400 around the world, supporting things like family planning, 1020 00:51:00,450 --> 00:51:03,360 so that all women have the means to determine 1021 00:51:03,410 --> 00:51:06,240 the number and spacing of their children, 1022 00:51:06,290 --> 00:51:11,100 encouraging small family norms, supporting adoption efforts, 1023 00:51:11,150 --> 00:51:15,270 increasing education, eradicating poverty, 1024 00:51:15,320 --> 00:51:19,533 and abolishing horrid practices like child marriages. 1025 00:51:20,580 --> 00:51:23,670 These human rights efforts are critically important 1026 00:51:23,720 --> 00:51:26,760 in their own right, but they also happen to be 1027 00:51:26,810 --> 00:51:29,590 some of the most effective actions we can take 1028 00:51:29,640 --> 00:51:32,643 to help slow our population growth rate. 1029 00:51:33,540 --> 00:51:36,840 Also, in our culture, there are still sometimes 1030 00:51:36,890 --> 00:51:39,840 some religious or social pressures that can make 1031 00:51:39,890 --> 00:51:43,030 people feel like they have to have children, 1032 00:51:43,080 --> 00:51:45,970 or they have to have a certain number of children, 1033 00:51:46,020 --> 00:51:48,290 even if they don't really want to. 1034 00:51:48,340 --> 00:51:51,000 Even if you are capable of having and supporting 1035 00:51:51,050 --> 00:51:54,560 children, no one should feel like they must have children 1036 00:51:54,610 --> 00:51:56,810 if that's not what they want to do. 1037 00:51:56,860 --> 00:52:00,860 As a personal example, I actually underwent tubal ligation, 1038 00:52:00,910 --> 00:52:04,660 or permanent sterilization surgery, several years ago 1039 00:52:04,710 --> 00:52:06,820 while single and childless. 1040 00:52:06,870 --> 00:52:10,360 Even though I love kids, I just don't have the inclination 1041 00:52:10,410 --> 00:52:14,100 to have any children of my own, and that's okay. 1042 00:52:14,150 --> 00:52:17,897 But no woman or man should feel like they have to have 1043 00:52:17,947 --> 00:52:21,580 children simply in response to social pressures. 1044 00:52:21,630 --> 00:52:23,782 And for the benefit of all humans, 1045 00:52:23,832 --> 00:52:27,740 including today's children and future generations to come, 1046 00:52:27,790 --> 00:52:31,120 I think we have a moral obligation to raise awareness 1047 00:52:31,170 --> 00:52:35,040 about the unsubstantiality of our current population growth 1048 00:52:35,090 --> 00:52:39,420 rate and the importance of slowing that rate down, 1049 00:52:39,470 --> 00:52:42,420 as well as changing our consumption patterns 1050 00:52:42,470 --> 00:52:46,070 so that we avoid irreparably depleting and destroying 1051 00:52:46,120 --> 00:52:49,780 the very environmental systems on which we humans 1052 00:52:49,830 --> 00:52:52,170 and all other species depend. 1053 00:52:52,220 --> 00:52:55,820 - So, I think that the silence around population 1054 00:52:55,870 --> 00:52:59,710 has to be broken, and people have to speak out 1055 00:52:59,760 --> 00:53:02,860 about the relationship between population and environment, 1056 00:53:02,910 --> 00:53:05,600 that there is something we can do to slow population growth 1057 00:53:05,650 --> 00:53:09,720 and it will have drastic benefits for access to resources, 1058 00:53:09,770 --> 00:53:13,570 access to land, access to water, food security, 1059 00:53:13,620 --> 00:53:17,320 and clean air, stable climate. 1060 00:53:17,370 --> 00:53:19,190 All of that's affected by population. 1061 00:53:19,240 --> 00:53:22,260 It will be much easier to manage these challenges 1062 00:53:22,310 --> 00:53:25,250 if we can slow and stabilize population growth. 1063 00:53:25,300 --> 00:53:28,230 Than if we continue on a business as usual path. 1064 00:53:28,280 --> 00:53:31,893 - A lot of us, myself included, everyone watching, 1065 00:53:31,943 --> 00:53:36,040 most of us self-identify as good people. 1066 00:53:36,090 --> 00:53:38,770 Of the 7.7 billion people on the planet, 1067 00:53:38,820 --> 00:53:40,607 I guarantee you almost all of them think 1068 00:53:40,657 --> 00:53:43,218 they're a good person, and they're leading a good life, 1069 00:53:43,268 --> 00:53:45,590 they're like, lookin' after their family. 1070 00:53:45,640 --> 00:53:49,757 But we are not judged 1071 00:53:49,807 --> 00:53:52,273 on how we self-identify. 1072 00:53:52,323 --> 00:53:55,420 We're judged on our actions, you know, 1073 00:53:55,470 --> 00:53:59,110 and if our actions cause misery and destruction 1074 00:53:59,160 --> 00:54:01,977 and suffering, we're not good people. 1075 00:54:02,027 --> 00:54:05,260 And you know, I'm not God, it's not my place to judge, 1076 00:54:05,310 --> 00:54:07,880 but like, where do we get the idea that we're living good, 1077 00:54:07,930 --> 00:54:10,300 benign lives if the product of our lives 1078 00:54:10,350 --> 00:54:12,840 is nothing but suffering and destruction? 1079 00:54:12,890 --> 00:54:15,640 (dramatic music) 1080 00:54:26,240 --> 00:54:28,320 - Dr Cohen, you were telling me over the break 1081 00:54:28,370 --> 00:54:31,760 that these methane explosions are nothing new, 1082 00:54:31,810 --> 00:54:34,540 and you didn't seem to be entirely surprised 1083 00:54:34,590 --> 00:54:36,220 by this event either. 1084 00:54:36,270 --> 00:54:38,440 - Well, we've been monitoring this phenomenon for decades 1085 00:54:38,490 --> 00:54:41,800 and while it's nothing new, we have seen an increase 1086 00:54:41,850 --> 00:54:43,610 in the frequency of these methane bubbles 1087 00:54:43,660 --> 00:54:45,288 which is very concerning. 1088 00:54:45,338 --> 00:54:48,088 (dramatic music) 1089 00:54:50,090 --> 00:54:52,830 - Our fictional characters in the future were worried 1090 00:54:52,880 --> 00:54:56,510 about methane bubbles escaping from under the Arctic. 1091 00:54:56,560 --> 00:54:59,820 But we actually don't have to go to the future to see this, 1092 00:54:59,870 --> 00:55:03,510 because it's something that's already happening today. 1093 00:55:03,560 --> 00:55:07,090 In fact, the image we used for the fictional newscast 1094 00:55:07,140 --> 00:55:11,190 is from a real life crater in Siberia, thought to have been 1095 00:55:11,240 --> 00:55:15,500 formed by a recent methane pocket explosion in an area 1096 00:55:15,550 --> 00:55:18,590 that used to be covered by frozen permafrost. 1097 00:55:18,640 --> 00:55:21,340 Some places in the Arctic are starting to look like 1098 00:55:21,390 --> 00:55:24,773 bubbling jacuzzis, not because the water is boiling, 1099 00:55:24,823 --> 00:55:28,740 but because methane that was previously trapped in ice 1100 00:55:28,790 --> 00:55:31,253 is now bubbling up to the surface. 1101 00:55:32,210 --> 00:55:34,330 Some daring scientists, like this one from the 1102 00:55:34,380 --> 00:55:37,770 University of Alaska, can even dig just a little bit 1103 00:55:37,820 --> 00:55:42,210 into the ice and light escaping methane right on fire. 1104 00:55:42,260 --> 00:55:44,450 But why does it matter if frozen methane 1105 00:55:44,500 --> 00:55:47,180 is now being released into the atmosphere? 1106 00:55:47,230 --> 00:55:50,330 Well, it's a concern for two main reasons. 1107 00:55:50,380 --> 00:55:53,345 First, because the total amount of methane trapped in frozen 1108 00:55:53,395 --> 00:55:57,350 parts of our planet is truly enormous. 1109 00:55:57,400 --> 00:56:00,940 There's several tons more methane trapped by ice 1110 00:56:00,990 --> 00:56:04,020 than there is in the entire atmosphere. 1111 00:56:04,070 --> 00:56:06,240 The second reason why methane matters, 1112 00:56:06,290 --> 00:56:10,200 is it happens to be an extremely powerful greenhouse gas. 1113 00:56:10,250 --> 00:56:14,610 It's at least 20 times more powerful than carbon dioxide 1114 00:56:14,660 --> 00:56:17,490 in trapping heat from the sun. 1115 00:56:17,540 --> 00:56:21,349 If this enormous store of frozen methane or a big 1116 00:56:21,399 --> 00:56:25,570 part of it is released into our atmosphere, 1117 00:56:25,620 --> 00:56:30,380 it could amplify the degree and speed of climate change. 1118 00:56:30,430 --> 00:56:31,970 - It's a very unusual kind of ice 1119 00:56:32,020 --> 00:56:33,380 that you can actually burn. 1120 00:56:33,430 --> 00:56:36,880 Also, of course, like regular ice, it can melt. 1121 00:56:36,930 --> 00:56:39,260 - It's actually methane trapped in water molecules, 1122 00:56:39,310 --> 00:56:41,740 but frozen and it's under pressure and at cold 1123 00:56:41,790 --> 00:56:43,960 temperatures under the oceans. 1124 00:56:44,010 --> 00:56:45,870 There's a lot of it, but it's deep in the ocean, 1125 00:56:45,920 --> 00:56:47,650 it's hard to get at, it's very unstable, 1126 00:56:47,700 --> 00:56:49,750 so people just generally leave it alone, 1127 00:56:49,800 --> 00:56:51,200 and that's a good thing. 1128 00:56:51,250 --> 00:56:54,020 But in the Arctic Ocean, it's more shallow, 1129 00:56:54,070 --> 00:56:55,650 and so we're already starting to see, 1130 00:56:55,700 --> 00:56:57,277 due to warming, the melting of ice, 1131 00:56:57,327 --> 00:56:58,630 the warming of the Arctic Sea, 1132 00:56:58,680 --> 00:57:00,490 we're starting to see methane bubbles 1133 00:57:00,540 --> 00:57:02,530 coming out of the Arctic Ocean. 1134 00:57:02,580 --> 00:57:06,520 And it's hard to say how much that is so far, 1135 00:57:06,570 --> 00:57:08,940 but we know that with further warming, 1136 00:57:08,990 --> 00:57:10,873 it's going to get worse. 1137 00:57:15,370 --> 00:57:18,660 - The good news is, when methane is locked under 1138 00:57:18,710 --> 00:57:20,400 or within a frozen surface, 1139 00:57:20,450 --> 00:57:24,110 it's harmless because it doesn't enter the atmosphere. 1140 00:57:24,160 --> 00:57:27,360 The bad news is, over the past century, 1141 00:57:27,410 --> 00:57:30,150 we've been putting a lot of carbon dioxide into our 1142 00:57:30,200 --> 00:57:33,350 atmosphere, which traps heat from the sun 1143 00:57:33,400 --> 00:57:36,730 and has been causing the average global temperature 1144 00:57:36,780 --> 00:57:39,450 to warm up, and as a result, 1145 00:57:39,500 --> 00:57:42,450 places that were once permanently frozen, 1146 00:57:42,500 --> 00:57:46,510 are now thawing, or thawing for part of the year. 1147 00:57:46,560 --> 00:57:48,645 - I think the danger of the methane is even though 1148 00:57:48,695 --> 00:57:51,630 we're starting to see the melting of the permafrost, 1149 00:57:51,680 --> 00:57:54,000 we're starting to see bubbling out of the Arctic, 1150 00:57:54,050 --> 00:57:55,860 it's not that it's a lot now, 1151 00:57:55,910 --> 00:57:59,228 but it's a sign of something that could happen in much 1152 00:57:59,278 --> 00:58:00,690 greater amounts in the future, 1153 00:58:00,740 --> 00:58:02,390 and therefore we want to stop it 1154 00:58:02,440 --> 00:58:04,610 before it gets out of control. 1155 00:58:04,660 --> 00:58:08,910 Right now, the biggest contributor to climate change 1156 00:58:08,960 --> 00:58:10,393 and global warming is CO2. 1157 00:58:11,866 --> 00:58:14,335 - So we refer to these gasses, like CO2 1158 00:58:14,385 --> 00:58:18,410 as greenhouse gasses because of this metaphor 1159 00:58:18,460 --> 00:58:20,110 with an actual greenhouse. 1160 00:58:20,160 --> 00:58:23,090 A greenhouse is a glass building that lets sunlight 1161 00:58:23,140 --> 00:58:26,610 come in and then it traps some of the heat in there 1162 00:58:26,660 --> 00:58:29,470 so it's warmer inside the greenhouse 1163 00:58:29,520 --> 00:58:31,420 than outside the greenhouse. 1164 00:58:31,470 --> 00:58:33,540 And I have firsthand experience with a greenhouse, 1165 00:58:33,590 --> 00:58:37,360 having had my wedding reception in a greenhouse, 1166 00:58:37,410 --> 00:58:40,800 in July, in Massachusetts, with no air conditioning. 1167 00:58:40,850 --> 00:58:42,260 So, they work. 1168 00:58:42,310 --> 00:58:46,710 In fact, on our planet, if we didn't have CO2 and those 1169 00:58:46,760 --> 00:58:50,850 greenhouse gasses, the planet would freeze over. 1170 00:58:50,900 --> 00:58:53,920 It would freeze over, from the pole down to the equator. 1171 00:58:53,970 --> 00:58:57,700 - The problem is that in a very short period of time 1172 00:58:57,750 --> 00:59:01,280 we have rapidly increased the amount of these 1173 00:59:01,330 --> 00:59:03,920 heat-trapping substances in our atmosphere, 1174 00:59:03,970 --> 00:59:07,080 not over thousand or millions of years 1175 00:59:07,130 --> 00:59:09,520 like has happened naturally in the past, 1176 00:59:09,570 --> 00:59:14,000 we're literally doing it in the blink of a geological eye. 1177 00:59:14,050 --> 00:59:17,340 The amount of CO2 in the atmosphere used to be around 1178 00:59:17,390 --> 00:59:21,460 280 parts per million for thousands of years, 1179 00:59:21,510 --> 00:59:24,330 until we had the Industrial Revolution. 1180 00:59:24,380 --> 00:59:27,250 And then, in a very short period of time, 1181 00:59:27,300 --> 00:59:32,300 less than 300 years, we increased the concentration 1182 00:59:32,350 --> 00:59:36,483 to over 400 parts per million today. 1183 00:59:37,510 --> 00:59:39,340 Ending our use of fossil fuels, 1184 00:59:39,390 --> 00:59:42,410 by transitioning to clean renewable energy 1185 00:59:42,460 --> 00:59:45,959 is urgently needed to stop this dangerous increase 1186 00:59:46,009 --> 00:59:50,330 in the amount of heat-trapping CO2 in our atmosphere. 1187 00:59:50,380 --> 00:59:53,560 And while we need to absolutely remain diligent 1188 00:59:53,610 --> 00:59:56,700 in the crucial task of transitioning to clean, 1189 00:59:56,750 --> 01:00:00,580 renewable energy, there is also another critical action 1190 01:00:00,630 --> 01:00:03,160 that is available to us as individuals 1191 01:00:03,210 --> 01:00:05,110 that we can all take right now, 1192 01:00:05,160 --> 01:00:08,800 that would have a significant and almost immediate impact, 1193 01:00:08,850 --> 01:00:13,040 and that does not require any new laws or technology. 1194 01:00:13,090 --> 01:00:15,300 According to the United Nations, 1195 01:00:15,350 --> 01:00:19,320 animal agriculture is responsible for more human-caused 1196 01:00:19,370 --> 01:00:22,910 greenhouse gas emissions than the entire global 1197 01:00:22,960 --> 01:00:26,240 transportation sector combined. 1198 01:00:26,290 --> 01:00:28,610 This means that livestock sector, 1199 01:00:28,660 --> 01:00:30,430 the sector that raises animals, 1200 01:00:30,480 --> 01:00:33,070 like cows, pigs, chickens, and goats, 1201 01:00:33,120 --> 01:00:37,463 produces more heat-trapping greenhouse gas emissions 1202 01:00:37,513 --> 01:00:40,620 than all of the cars, buses, trains, 1203 01:00:40,670 --> 01:00:43,210 ships, and airplanes combined. 1204 01:00:43,260 --> 01:00:45,531 In addition, the United Nations reports 1205 01:00:45,581 --> 01:00:50,320 the livestock sector is also the major driver 1206 01:00:50,370 --> 01:00:53,527 of deforestation in the world. 1207 01:00:53,577 --> 01:00:57,490 And trees are an important carbon dioxide sink, 1208 01:00:57,540 --> 01:01:01,683 meaning they absorb and sequester it out of our atmosphere. 1209 01:01:03,730 --> 01:01:07,270 In addition to continued development and implementation 1210 01:01:07,320 --> 01:01:11,210 of clean energy technologies, a mass global shift 1211 01:01:11,260 --> 01:01:15,130 away from animal foods is urgently needed 1212 01:01:15,180 --> 01:01:17,920 and would have significant and almost immediate 1213 01:01:17,970 --> 01:01:20,980 impact in addressing our climate crisis. 1214 01:01:21,030 --> 01:01:23,370 - It's funny, when I became a vegan in 1987, 1215 01:01:23,420 --> 01:01:24,560 my reason was simple. 1216 01:01:24,610 --> 01:01:26,900 I loved animals and I didn't want to do anything 1217 01:01:26,950 --> 01:01:29,570 that contributed or caused animal suffering. 1218 01:01:29,620 --> 01:01:31,850 But as time passed, I began to find out more about 1219 01:01:31,900 --> 01:01:34,440 the role of animal agriculture in human health 1220 01:01:34,490 --> 01:01:36,750 and in the environment, but especially 1221 01:01:36,800 --> 01:01:38,520 what has reinforced my veganism, 1222 01:01:38,570 --> 01:01:42,190 is the role that animal agriculture in climate change. 1223 01:01:42,240 --> 01:01:43,610 - Why are you a vegetarian? 1224 01:01:43,660 --> 01:01:45,780 I asked him and it wasn't even because meat's bad for you, 1225 01:01:45,830 --> 01:01:48,500 he said that raising cattle was bad for the planet 1226 01:01:48,550 --> 01:01:51,900 with cow flatulence in the ozone and the clearing 1227 01:01:51,950 --> 01:01:54,160 of land for the raising of cattle. 1228 01:01:54,210 --> 01:01:56,743 What are you doing to help the environment? 1229 01:01:57,760 --> 01:01:59,202 I'm eatin' the cow. 1230 01:01:59,252 --> 01:02:00,800 (audience laughs) 1231 01:02:00,850 --> 01:02:01,930 - It's your choice, 1232 01:02:01,980 --> 01:02:05,040 comedians and everyone else, you can continue to make jokes 1233 01:02:05,090 --> 01:02:08,490 about cow farts, or you can address the fact 1234 01:02:08,540 --> 01:02:10,680 that animal agriculture and the way it contributes 1235 01:02:10,730 --> 01:02:13,290 to climate change is going to make this planet 1236 01:02:13,340 --> 01:02:15,470 uninhabitable for us. 1237 01:02:15,520 --> 01:02:17,180 - One meal a day? 1238 01:02:17,230 --> 01:02:18,803 Just one measly meal? 1239 01:02:19,650 --> 01:02:22,831 Rationing food and water doesn't get you down, too? 1240 01:02:22,881 --> 01:02:25,770 And I can't remember the last time we could eat 1241 01:02:25,820 --> 01:02:27,270 three meals just like normal. 1242 01:02:28,870 --> 01:02:31,280 - Civilization has only flourished 1243 01:02:31,330 --> 01:02:34,240 when there is food availability. 1244 01:02:34,290 --> 01:02:38,030 Well, unfortunately, severe food and water shortages 1245 01:02:38,080 --> 01:02:41,350 are anticipated in the not-so-distant future 1246 01:02:41,400 --> 01:02:44,170 if we continue business as usual. 1247 01:02:44,220 --> 01:02:48,020 Global resource depletion, our own consumption patterns, 1248 01:02:48,070 --> 01:02:50,987 and population growth all play a part. 1249 01:02:51,037 --> 01:02:53,787 (dramatic music) 1250 01:02:56,530 --> 01:02:59,810 - There are three projections for the year 2050 1251 01:02:59,860 --> 01:03:01,810 made by the UN Population Division. 1252 01:03:01,860 --> 01:03:03,880 High, medium, and low. 1253 01:03:03,930 --> 01:03:07,365 If we're at the high or even the medium projection, 1254 01:03:07,415 --> 01:03:12,415 so somewhere between 9.5 and 10.5 billion people by 2050, 1255 01:03:12,610 --> 01:03:16,200 we will clearly face a food crisis. 1256 01:03:16,250 --> 01:03:19,080 - Right now enough calories certainly are produced 1257 01:03:19,130 --> 01:03:22,010 to feed everyone, so right now enough food is produced, 1258 01:03:22,060 --> 01:03:24,740 but there are these issues that lead to food insecurity 1259 01:03:24,790 --> 01:03:26,670 due to distribution. 1260 01:03:26,720 --> 01:03:28,780 Projecting forward into the future, 1261 01:03:28,830 --> 01:03:31,000 it's easy to imagine that it's less of a distribution 1262 01:03:31,050 --> 01:03:34,110 issue and becomes more of a issue that it's very very 1263 01:03:34,160 --> 01:03:36,850 difficult to actually produce all the calories 1264 01:03:36,900 --> 01:03:38,550 that will be demanded. 1265 01:03:38,600 --> 01:03:40,480 - According to the United Nations, 1266 01:03:40,530 --> 01:03:42,820 with our current population growth 1267 01:03:42,870 --> 01:03:45,590 and the current trends of a growing middle class 1268 01:03:45,640 --> 01:03:47,760 who are consuming more animal foods, 1269 01:03:47,810 --> 01:03:50,610 we'll need to double our crop production 1270 01:03:50,660 --> 01:03:54,690 by the year 2050, just to keep up. 1271 01:03:54,740 --> 01:03:57,280 The problem is our planet doesn't really 1272 01:03:57,330 --> 01:03:59,640 have the land to do this. 1273 01:03:59,690 --> 01:04:02,600 - We're currently using pretty much all of the good 1274 01:04:02,650 --> 01:04:05,515 arable land for agriculture. 1275 01:04:05,565 --> 01:04:07,100 If it's good land for growing crops, 1276 01:04:07,150 --> 01:04:09,300 we're probably already growing crops there. 1277 01:04:09,350 --> 01:04:11,800 There is some other land that could be turned into 1278 01:04:11,850 --> 01:04:14,750 cropland, but generally that's a bad idea, 1279 01:04:14,800 --> 01:04:17,960 because other lands are either sensitive forests, 1280 01:04:18,010 --> 01:04:20,720 or simply not suitable for agriculture. 1281 01:04:20,770 --> 01:04:23,360 - It turns out that feeding the human population 1282 01:04:23,410 --> 01:04:26,850 with animal foods is tremendously inefficient. 1283 01:04:26,900 --> 01:04:29,130 Animal foods require a lot more land, 1284 01:04:29,180 --> 01:04:31,750 a lot more water, and a lot more energy, 1285 01:04:31,800 --> 01:04:34,270 as compared to producing plant foods. 1286 01:04:34,320 --> 01:04:36,360 Keep in mind that we're not just talking about the 1287 01:04:36,410 --> 01:04:39,890 animals themselves, we're also talking about all the food 1288 01:04:39,940 --> 01:04:42,800 that has to be grown to feed all those animals. 1289 01:04:42,850 --> 01:04:45,580 And all the land and water that goes into growing 1290 01:04:45,630 --> 01:04:47,150 all those feed crops. 1291 01:04:47,200 --> 01:04:50,750 Animals are extremely inefficient converters of food, 1292 01:04:50,800 --> 01:04:54,290 meaning they eat much more food than they produce. 1293 01:04:54,340 --> 01:04:57,690 - Globally, about 36% of 1294 01:04:57,740 --> 01:04:59,956 plant-based crop production 1295 01:05:00,006 --> 01:05:01,620 goes to feed animals. 1296 01:05:01,670 --> 01:05:05,160 But only about four percent of that is actually 1297 01:05:05,210 --> 01:05:08,520 returned to our food system in meat that we eat. 1298 01:05:08,570 --> 01:05:12,890 In other words, there's this huge conversion inefficiency. 1299 01:05:12,940 --> 01:05:16,390 We're losing about 90% of the calories 1300 01:05:16,440 --> 01:05:18,730 as we go from grains to meat. 1301 01:05:18,780 --> 01:05:22,070 - You have to feed about 30 calories to a cow to get 1302 01:05:22,120 --> 01:05:26,000 one calorie of edible meat out. 1303 01:05:26,050 --> 01:05:28,250 So it takes-- the cow uses a lot 1304 01:05:28,300 --> 01:05:30,550 of that energy just to live. 1305 01:05:30,600 --> 01:05:34,120 So eating meat is a very inefficient use, 1306 01:05:34,170 --> 01:05:37,800 in energetic terms, of calories. 1307 01:05:37,850 --> 01:05:40,670 - According to scientists from the University of Minnesota 1308 01:05:40,720 --> 01:05:42,550 Institute on the Environment, 1309 01:05:42,600 --> 01:05:45,730 of all the calories we invest in raising animals 1310 01:05:45,780 --> 01:05:48,550 for food, we only recover a fraction, 1311 01:05:48,600 --> 01:05:51,940 on average about 12% in the form of meat, 1312 01:05:51,990 --> 01:05:53,750 dairy, and other animal products. 1313 01:05:53,800 --> 01:05:56,580 - To state the obvious, it takes a lot of energy 1314 01:05:56,630 --> 01:05:59,580 and a lot of resources, to produce food. 1315 01:05:59,630 --> 01:06:03,170 There's seven and a half billion of us on this planet. 1316 01:06:03,220 --> 01:06:08,090 But what doesn't make sense is to produce all this food 1317 01:06:08,140 --> 01:06:10,670 and then feed it to animals. 1318 01:06:10,720 --> 01:06:13,202 You know, I mean, the only analogy I can think of 1319 01:06:13,252 --> 01:06:15,476 is like, imagine taking 1320 01:06:15,526 --> 01:06:19,137 1,000 pounds of corn 1321 01:06:19,187 --> 01:06:20,640 that you could eat yourself, 1322 01:06:20,690 --> 01:06:22,840 and instead turning it into tequila 1323 01:06:22,890 --> 01:06:25,590 and trying to feed yourself off of that. 1324 01:06:25,640 --> 01:06:27,190 Like we see how dumb that would be, 1325 01:06:27,240 --> 01:06:29,080 it's the exact same thing we're doing with grain 1326 01:06:29,130 --> 01:06:30,750 that we feed to animals. 1327 01:06:30,800 --> 01:06:34,080 - So it turns out we can dramatically increase the 1328 01:06:34,130 --> 01:06:36,520 availability of food in the world, 1329 01:06:36,570 --> 01:06:39,872 by feeding ourselves with the plants directly. 1330 01:06:39,922 --> 01:06:44,392 And this is an important humanitarian issue to consider. 1331 01:06:44,442 --> 01:06:47,430 (dramatic music) 1332 01:06:47,480 --> 01:06:49,822 - As I travel around the world, I see poor countries 1333 01:06:49,872 --> 01:06:53,070 who sell their grain to the West, 1334 01:06:53,120 --> 01:06:56,070 while their own children starve in their arms, 1335 01:06:56,120 --> 01:06:58,940 and the West feeds it to livestock 1336 01:06:58,990 --> 01:07:01,870 ...so we can eat a steak? 1337 01:07:01,920 --> 01:07:05,023 Am I the only one who sees this as a crime? 1338 01:07:06,970 --> 01:07:09,990 Believe me, every morsel of meat we eat 1339 01:07:10,040 --> 01:07:13,813 is slapping the tear-stained face of a hungry child. 1340 01:07:15,204 --> 01:07:17,790 - And of course, eating animal foods also affects 1341 01:07:17,840 --> 01:07:20,593 farm animals, too, in a very direct way. 1342 01:07:23,150 --> 01:07:25,700 A couple of years ago, a slaughterhouse gave me 1343 01:07:25,750 --> 01:07:28,450 permission to film inside their facility, 1344 01:07:28,500 --> 01:07:31,080 with some conditions, but I was essentially allowed to 1345 01:07:31,130 --> 01:07:33,510 go in and film whatever I wanted. 1346 01:07:33,560 --> 01:07:37,480 So I grabbed a very easy to use camera and I flew there. 1347 01:07:37,530 --> 01:07:40,050 The first day, I filmed around the holding areas 1348 01:07:40,100 --> 01:07:41,947 next to the slaughter facility. 1349 01:07:41,997 --> 01:07:45,330 And the second day I filmed inside the actual building 1350 01:07:45,380 --> 01:07:47,710 where the slaughtering occurred. 1351 01:07:47,760 --> 01:07:50,430 And one thing in particular that shocked me 1352 01:07:50,480 --> 01:07:52,950 although it probably shouldn't have shocked me 1353 01:07:53,000 --> 01:07:55,320 because this seems so obvious now, 1354 01:07:55,370 --> 01:07:58,130 was how all the animals fight for their lives 1355 01:07:58,180 --> 01:08:00,070 until the very end. 1356 01:08:00,120 --> 01:08:03,000 Somehow they all seem to know they are in danger, 1357 01:08:03,050 --> 01:08:04,830 even in the holding areas. 1358 01:08:04,880 --> 01:08:08,590 One particular cow I saw the first day in the holding areas 1359 01:08:08,640 --> 01:08:13,540 was a beautiful, huge completely white cow. 1360 01:08:13,590 --> 01:08:16,600 And somehow, I think she knew that something 1361 01:08:16,650 --> 01:08:18,920 really bad was going to happen to her. 1362 01:08:18,970 --> 01:08:20,700 Because she was really frightened. 1363 01:08:20,750 --> 01:08:23,040 I don't know if she was able to smell the blood 1364 01:08:23,090 --> 01:08:26,060 of the animals who went before her, or what. 1365 01:08:26,110 --> 01:08:30,550 But she was really anxious and upset and moving around, 1366 01:08:30,600 --> 01:08:32,990 so since I happened to be there, 1367 01:08:33,040 --> 01:08:37,130 my reaction was to try to console this poor cow, 1368 01:08:37,180 --> 01:08:39,420 so I started talking to her 1369 01:08:39,470 --> 01:08:41,360 trying to soothe her, 1370 01:08:41,410 --> 01:08:43,920 and I spent some time with her, 1371 01:08:43,970 --> 01:08:46,920 and after a few minutes, she was a lot calmer, 1372 01:08:46,970 --> 01:08:50,070 and even her eyes looked more relaxed and 1373 01:08:50,120 --> 01:08:51,453 she was in better shape. 1374 01:08:53,340 --> 01:08:55,780 But then the next morning, when I returned 1375 01:08:55,830 --> 01:08:58,450 to film the actual slaughter facility, 1376 01:08:58,500 --> 01:09:02,070 in addition to all the other cows they were slaughtering 1377 01:09:02,120 --> 01:09:06,010 it came the turn of that beautiful and sweet 1378 01:09:06,060 --> 01:09:08,743 and completely white cow to go through slaughter. 1379 01:09:10,330 --> 01:09:12,680 And unlike the other cows before her, 1380 01:09:12,730 --> 01:09:15,290 who were desperately trying to escape, 1381 01:09:15,340 --> 01:09:16,660 trying to crawl up the wall 1382 01:09:16,710 --> 01:09:19,853 and getting up on the hind legs to avoid getting killed, 1383 01:09:20,960 --> 01:09:24,230 this white cow didn't fight at all. 1384 01:09:24,280 --> 01:09:27,250 Most of the other cows had to be shoved in so they could 1385 01:09:27,300 --> 01:09:29,440 close the metal door behind them, 1386 01:09:29,490 --> 01:09:32,570 but this one, they didn't have to shove her in too much, 1387 01:09:32,620 --> 01:09:35,831 because she just came right in and she kept perfectly 1388 01:09:35,881 --> 01:09:39,930 still and did nothing but stare at me 1389 01:09:39,980 --> 01:09:41,870 because I was right there with my camera 1390 01:09:41,920 --> 01:09:45,340 no more than like a meter away from where her head was. 1391 01:09:45,390 --> 01:09:50,390 So this poor cow, I think recognized me from the day before, 1392 01:09:50,610 --> 01:09:52,203 that I had been nice to her, 1393 01:09:53,560 --> 01:09:56,363 and I think she thought I was going to be able to help her. 1394 01:09:57,280 --> 01:10:00,200 Because she was just keeping perfectly still, 1395 01:10:00,250 --> 01:10:02,800 and she just had her eyes wide open, 1396 01:10:02,850 --> 01:10:05,490 locked on my eyes, like she was imploring 1397 01:10:05,540 --> 01:10:06,673 for me to save her. 1398 01:10:09,660 --> 01:10:12,173 But there was absolutely nothing that I could do. 1399 01:10:17,350 --> 01:10:19,933 (door creaks) 1400 01:10:42,281 --> 01:10:45,410 I remember when I left the slaughterhouse that morning, 1401 01:10:45,460 --> 01:10:48,860 it was still pretty early, and as I stepped outside 1402 01:10:48,910 --> 01:10:52,350 there were lots of trees and the birds were singing, 1403 01:10:52,400 --> 01:10:55,250 and everything seemed so peaceful outside. 1404 01:10:55,300 --> 01:10:58,310 And I thought to myself, how unbelievable 1405 01:10:58,360 --> 01:11:00,150 that this world in which we live, 1406 01:11:00,200 --> 01:11:02,680 seems so peaceful and beautiful 1407 01:11:02,730 --> 01:11:06,720 and at the same time, this very world is also 1408 01:11:06,770 --> 01:11:08,390 an unrelenting hell on Earth 1409 01:11:08,440 --> 01:11:11,050 for the animals we use for food. 1410 01:11:11,100 --> 01:11:13,770 Every single piece of animal food we eat 1411 01:11:13,820 --> 01:11:16,450 comes from an animal who desperately wanted 1412 01:11:16,500 --> 01:11:17,661 to not be killed. 1413 01:11:17,711 --> 01:11:21,141 (dramatic music) 1414 01:11:21,191 --> 01:11:23,949 (chickens vocalizing) 1415 01:11:23,999 --> 01:11:26,260 (thrashing desparately) 1416 01:11:26,310 --> 01:11:29,330 Because no matter how local, humane, organic, 1417 01:11:29,380 --> 01:11:32,820 cage free, grass fed, it may be labeled, 1418 01:11:32,870 --> 01:11:37,870 for the animals, this world is a real life horror story, 1419 01:11:38,000 --> 01:11:41,780 one in which they fight for their lives with futility. 1420 01:11:41,830 --> 01:11:44,963 And then ultimately get killed against their will. 1421 01:11:47,080 --> 01:11:50,450 - So you're slaughtering these remarkable animals 1422 01:11:50,500 --> 01:11:52,300 and it's cruel and it's stupid. 1423 01:11:52,350 --> 01:11:55,250 I mean, maybe that's basically, like when humanity 1424 01:11:55,300 --> 01:11:58,050 disappears and we have to write the epitaph for humanity, 1425 01:11:58,100 --> 01:11:59,710 like we'll have a tombstone, it'll just say 1426 01:11:59,760 --> 01:12:02,810 here lies humanity, we had some good ideas, 1427 01:12:02,860 --> 01:12:06,320 but basically we're just so cruel and stupid. 1428 01:12:06,370 --> 01:12:07,923 - Why did we ignore it all? 1429 01:12:09,270 --> 01:12:11,740 Really, indulge me, no BS. 1430 01:12:11,790 --> 01:12:14,553 - Okay, think about it like this. 1431 01:12:15,470 --> 01:12:19,610 What do you get when you mix a lot of shortsightedness, 1432 01:12:19,660 --> 01:12:23,210 with a little selfishness, and just a dash of apathy, 1433 01:12:23,260 --> 01:12:26,940 and oh, no shortage of scientific illiteracy, 1434 01:12:26,990 --> 01:12:30,003 and don't forget a whole lot of power and technology too. 1435 01:12:30,840 --> 01:12:35,840 In my opinion, we're two hairs short of being chimpanzees, 1436 01:12:35,870 --> 01:12:38,890 we're extremely emotional, powerful, primitive, 1437 01:12:38,940 --> 01:12:41,240 shortsighted, survival drives. 1438 01:12:41,290 --> 01:12:44,380 - The reasons why I wrote those lines for Dr Jerry's 1439 01:12:44,430 --> 01:12:48,520 character is because that is my genuine opinion. 1440 01:12:48,570 --> 01:12:51,530 Dr Potts said he thoughts the name for humans 1441 01:12:51,580 --> 01:12:55,370 should be "Homo horribilus" instead of Homo sapiens, 1442 01:12:55,420 --> 01:12:58,920 because humans have been so violent throughout history. 1443 01:12:58,970 --> 01:13:02,270 Dr Ehrlich said he thought a more appropriate name 1444 01:13:02,320 --> 01:13:05,680 was "Homo moronicus" because we're destroying 1445 01:13:05,730 --> 01:13:08,410 the very ecosystems that support us. 1446 01:13:08,460 --> 01:13:12,440 But I think "Homo oblivious" is my preferred name. 1447 01:13:12,490 --> 01:13:15,350 Because we're all just happily going along 1448 01:13:15,400 --> 01:13:19,150 in our busy lives, day-by-day, year-by-year, 1449 01:13:19,200 --> 01:13:21,850 consuming more and more resources, 1450 01:13:21,900 --> 01:13:25,150 running towards a very real precipice, 1451 01:13:25,200 --> 01:13:27,480 but totally oblivious. 1452 01:13:27,530 --> 01:13:29,650 - If we look at the course of humanity, 1453 01:13:29,700 --> 01:13:32,800 I see that humanity, we do a lot of terrible things, 1454 01:13:32,850 --> 01:13:35,120 but we're capable of doing a lot of great things. 1455 01:13:35,170 --> 01:13:38,580 And we're also capable, over time, of identifying 1456 01:13:38,630 --> 01:13:41,330 the things that we should no longer be doing. 1457 01:13:41,380 --> 01:13:44,560 You know, we ended slavery largely. 1458 01:13:44,610 --> 01:13:47,050 You know, 100 years ago in the United States, 1459 01:13:47,100 --> 01:13:50,790 women couldn't vote and children still worked in factories. 1460 01:13:50,840 --> 01:13:53,020 We all know what the right thing to do, 1461 01:13:53,070 --> 01:13:54,980 or the right things to do are. 1462 01:13:55,030 --> 01:13:57,007 We know what to do and we know how to do it. 1463 01:13:57,057 --> 01:13:59,690 The problem is, we're not doing it. 1464 01:13:59,740 --> 01:14:02,000 And until we do, 1465 01:14:02,050 --> 01:14:03,890 we're just going to hasten our own destruction, 1466 01:14:03,940 --> 01:14:05,080 and the destruction of all the other 1467 01:14:05,130 --> 01:14:06,475 creatures on this planet. 1468 01:14:06,525 --> 01:14:09,275 (upbeat music) 1469 01:14:13,810 --> 01:14:16,640 - So what can you and I actually do as individuals 1470 01:14:16,690 --> 01:14:18,140 that would make a difference? 1471 01:14:18,190 --> 01:14:20,206 Probably more than you think. 1472 01:14:20,256 --> 01:14:23,540 In our personal lives, we can educate ourselves 1473 01:14:23,590 --> 01:14:26,020 and others on the science and the urgency 1474 01:14:26,070 --> 01:14:28,350 of these pressing issues. 1475 01:14:28,400 --> 01:14:33,400 We can procure and advocate for clean, renewable energy. 1476 01:14:33,410 --> 01:14:35,770 We can minimize our plastic use, 1477 01:14:35,820 --> 01:14:38,240 especially single use plastic, 1478 01:14:38,290 --> 01:14:39,990 recycle whatever we can, 1479 01:14:40,040 --> 01:14:42,920 and put pressure on companies and our governments, 1480 01:14:42,970 --> 01:14:46,130 to promote the use of biodegradable materials 1481 01:14:46,180 --> 01:14:47,770 instead of plastic. 1482 01:14:47,820 --> 01:14:52,220 They already exist and many look and feel just like plastic. 1483 01:14:52,270 --> 01:14:55,700 When it comes to helping stabilize our population growth, 1484 01:14:55,750 --> 01:14:58,800 we can all support, in whatever way we can, 1485 01:14:58,850 --> 01:15:01,360 gender equality across the world, 1486 01:15:01,410 --> 01:15:05,350 as well as access to education and family planning. 1487 01:15:05,400 --> 01:15:08,082 Also, consider the planetary benefits of having small 1488 01:15:08,132 --> 01:15:10,940 families instead of large ones, 1489 01:15:10,990 --> 01:15:13,880 and please consider adoption as well. 1490 01:15:13,930 --> 01:15:16,500 Last, but definitely not least, 1491 01:15:16,550 --> 01:15:18,860 when it comes to the impact of our diets, 1492 01:15:18,910 --> 01:15:22,680 we can eat plant foods instead of animal foods. 1493 01:15:22,730 --> 01:15:25,700 Changing our diets is absolutely one of the most 1494 01:15:25,750 --> 01:15:28,030 impactful actions we can take, 1495 01:15:28,080 --> 01:15:30,090 and unlike many other issues, 1496 01:15:30,140 --> 01:15:34,050 this one is completely within our control. 1497 01:15:34,100 --> 01:15:37,730 And we can start immediately with our very next meal. 1498 01:15:37,780 --> 01:15:39,710 - So, I've been vegan for 31 years, 1499 01:15:39,760 --> 01:15:41,430 and when I first went vegan, 1500 01:15:41,480 --> 01:15:43,580 I was making $2,000 a year, 1501 01:15:43,630 --> 01:15:45,830 and I was living in an abandoned factory 1502 01:15:45,880 --> 01:15:47,580 in a crack neighborhood. 1503 01:15:47,630 --> 01:15:49,790 And I ate really well. 1504 01:15:49,840 --> 01:15:54,840 Grains, you know, like rice, oats, beans, vegetables, 1505 01:15:55,480 --> 01:15:58,096 fruits, nuts, seeds. 1506 01:15:58,146 --> 01:16:00,180 - Do you really think they can figure out how to farm 1507 01:16:00,230 --> 01:16:01,873 so much food with so little water? 1508 01:16:01,923 --> 01:16:04,840 - Why are you so mad me, I didn't cause this? 1509 01:16:04,890 --> 01:16:06,620 - You just take what you want, when you want it, 1510 01:16:06,670 --> 01:16:08,291 and you don't care who you hurt. 1511 01:16:08,341 --> 01:16:11,091 (dramatic music) 1512 01:16:16,950 --> 01:16:19,790 - As a physician, I can tell you that a sensible 1513 01:16:19,840 --> 01:16:23,390 balanced vegan diet also happens to be very healthy. 1514 01:16:23,440 --> 01:16:27,000 We can easily get all the protein we need from plants. 1515 01:16:27,050 --> 01:16:30,230 And when we eat plant foods, we also get fiber, 1516 01:16:30,280 --> 01:16:34,750 antioxidants and phytonutrients, which promote health. 1517 01:16:34,800 --> 01:16:37,860 And this is just one of the reasons why so many health 1518 01:16:37,910 --> 01:16:40,060 authorities are promoting vegan diets. 1519 01:16:40,110 --> 01:16:43,010 For example, Harvard's Healthy Eating Pyramid 1520 01:16:43,060 --> 01:16:44,560 says, "go with plants" 1521 01:16:44,610 --> 01:16:47,210 "Eating a plant-based diet is healthiest." 1522 01:16:47,260 --> 01:16:50,470 Kaiser Permanente, one of the largest health organizations 1523 01:16:50,520 --> 01:16:53,463 in the country, is looking for ways to make plant-based 1524 01:16:53,513 --> 01:16:57,172 diets the "new normal" for their patients and employees. 1525 01:16:57,222 --> 01:17:00,130 The recent chair of Harvard's Department of Nutrition, 1526 01:17:00,180 --> 01:17:03,370 Dr Walter Willett, recommends you "Pick the best 1527 01:17:03,420 --> 01:17:07,297 "protein packages by emphasizing plant sources of protein" 1528 01:17:07,347 --> 01:17:09,650 rather than animal sources." 1529 01:17:09,700 --> 01:17:12,530 Dr Kim Williams, recent president of the American 1530 01:17:12,580 --> 01:17:15,217 College of Cardiology, vigorously recommends 1531 01:17:15,267 --> 01:17:18,760 a plant-based vegan diet to both his patients 1532 01:17:18,810 --> 01:17:21,510 and to physicians over all other diets 1533 01:17:21,560 --> 01:17:23,720 for optimum nutrition and health. 1534 01:17:23,770 --> 01:17:25,967 - There probably are some really good 1535 01:17:26,017 --> 01:17:27,310 things about the vegetables and fruits. 1536 01:17:27,360 --> 01:17:29,780 You know, it's antioxidants and 1537 01:17:29,830 --> 01:17:34,380 it's vitamins and it's nutrients and fiber. 1538 01:17:34,430 --> 01:17:35,750 That may be all well and good, 1539 01:17:35,800 --> 01:17:37,780 but it might just be that animals are so bad for you 1540 01:17:37,830 --> 01:17:40,550 that in eating anything else that could nutrify you 1541 01:17:40,600 --> 01:17:41,895 without eating an animal, 1542 01:17:41,945 --> 01:17:43,920 is probably going to show up better. 1543 01:17:43,970 --> 01:17:46,550 - Even the largest organization of food and nutrition 1544 01:17:46,600 --> 01:17:50,100 professionals in the US, the Academy of Nutrition and 1545 01:17:50,150 --> 01:17:53,380 Dietetics, has long held their official position 1546 01:17:53,430 --> 01:17:55,870 that balanced vegan diets are healthy, 1547 01:17:55,920 --> 01:17:59,140 nutritionally adequate and appropriate for individuals 1548 01:17:59,190 --> 01:18:02,240 during all stages of life, including pregnancy, 1549 01:18:02,290 --> 01:18:07,290 lactation, infancy, older adulthood, and for athletes. 1550 01:18:07,470 --> 01:18:10,600 - And only thing you know I always want to emphasize, 1551 01:18:10,650 --> 01:18:14,030 that people just don't survive on a plant-based diet, 1552 01:18:14,080 --> 01:18:15,350 they thrive. 1553 01:18:15,400 --> 01:18:18,870 Actually, the recent Olympics that happened in Rio 1554 01:18:18,920 --> 01:18:23,410 the only US male athlete who qualified for 1555 01:18:23,460 --> 01:18:27,290 weightlifting from the US was vegan. 1556 01:18:27,340 --> 01:18:30,890 Scott Jurek, the runner who broke the record for the 1557 01:18:30,940 --> 01:18:33,073 Appalachian Trail is vegan. 1558 01:18:35,340 --> 01:18:37,580 - My name is Josh LaJuanie. 1559 01:18:37,630 --> 01:18:41,650 I am from south Louisiana, a small town call Thibodaux, 1560 01:18:41,700 --> 01:18:45,140 which is about 50 miles southwest of New Orleans. 1561 01:18:45,190 --> 01:18:47,320 That's where I grew up, huntin' and fishin' 1562 01:18:47,370 --> 01:18:49,833 and doin' all the normal country folk stuff. 1563 01:18:51,220 --> 01:18:54,700 Found myself weighing 420ish pounds 1564 01:18:54,750 --> 01:18:57,110 by the time I was 32 year old. 1565 01:18:57,160 --> 01:19:00,914 Never though veganism would ever be a thing in my life 1566 01:19:00,964 --> 01:19:03,310 as hunter, as a fisherman, as a football player, 1567 01:19:03,360 --> 01:19:08,020 as a stereotypical macho country boy, 1568 01:19:08,070 --> 01:19:11,800 with a four wheel drive pickup truck and a shotgun. 1569 01:19:11,850 --> 01:19:14,332 I would have never imagined being vegan at all-- 1570 01:19:14,382 --> 01:19:16,142 - [Megyn] No meat, whatsoever, you don't eat anything-- 1571 01:19:16,192 --> 01:19:16,975 - No, no, no. - [Megyn] Do any of you guys 1572 01:19:17,025 --> 01:19:17,808 still eat meat? 1573 01:19:17,858 --> 01:19:19,800 - [Megyn] Nothing? - No, zero, or dairy. 1574 01:19:19,850 --> 01:19:22,090 - It has changed my life, 1575 01:19:22,140 --> 01:19:24,240 I've learned a lot in the process, 1576 01:19:24,290 --> 01:19:26,740 and ultimately what wound up happening is, 1577 01:19:26,790 --> 01:19:30,350 I lost 230 pounds and I have become an 1578 01:19:30,400 --> 01:19:32,820 ultra-marathoner myself. 1579 01:19:32,870 --> 01:19:35,880 - So Josh LaJaunie is a tremendous athlete. 1580 01:19:35,930 --> 01:19:39,480 I mean, he doesn't run marathons, which is 26.2 miles, 1581 01:19:39,530 --> 01:19:43,410 he runs races that are 50 miles, 100 miles. 1582 01:19:43,460 --> 01:19:45,695 And all powered by plants. 1583 01:19:45,745 --> 01:19:50,745 - When people ask me where I get my protein, 1584 01:19:53,520 --> 01:19:56,820 my very simple answer is food. 1585 01:19:56,870 --> 01:19:59,120 - We get all the protein we need from plants. 1586 01:19:59,170 --> 01:20:01,870 In fact, plants can actually provide us really 1587 01:20:01,920 --> 01:20:03,750 excessive amounts of protein, 1588 01:20:03,800 --> 01:20:05,760 and this is something a lot of people don't realize. 1589 01:20:05,810 --> 01:20:07,970 They think protein is only from animals. 1590 01:20:08,020 --> 01:20:10,560 Plant-foods is where all the health is. 1591 01:20:10,610 --> 01:20:12,760 - Plants have an abundant protein. 1592 01:20:12,810 --> 01:20:15,480 And not just that, getting protein from plants 1593 01:20:15,530 --> 01:20:17,130 is healthier for us. 1594 01:20:17,180 --> 01:20:18,824 It doesn't come with the saturated fat, 1595 01:20:18,874 --> 01:20:22,230 or cholesterol and oxidants 1596 01:20:22,280 --> 01:20:25,160 and things that give us more inflammation, 1597 01:20:25,210 --> 01:20:28,320 or are otherwise detrimental to the health. 1598 01:20:28,370 --> 01:20:30,850 - [Sofia] I think it's also worth mentioning that physicians 1599 01:20:30,900 --> 01:20:33,620 have also been able to reverse cardiovascular disease 1600 01:20:33,670 --> 01:20:35,210 with a plant-based diet. 1601 01:20:35,260 --> 01:20:38,560 The formation of cholesterol plaques inside our vessels 1602 01:20:38,610 --> 01:20:43,240 is ubiquitous on a western diet, and cardiovascular disease 1603 01:20:43,290 --> 01:20:45,839 is the leading cause of death. 1604 01:20:45,889 --> 01:20:47,913 So, it is the most common reason 1605 01:20:47,963 --> 01:20:50,412 for adult men and women to die. 1606 01:20:50,462 --> 01:20:52,720 And these cholesterol plaques start 1607 01:20:52,770 --> 01:20:55,630 forming very early in our lives, 1608 01:20:55,680 --> 01:20:58,480 even though the actual heart attacks and strokes usually 1609 01:20:58,530 --> 01:21:01,310 don't start happening until we hit middle age. 1610 01:21:01,360 --> 01:21:04,518 - We know, from autopsies 1611 01:21:04,568 --> 01:21:08,285 that kids as young as 10, 11 years old, 1612 01:21:08,335 --> 01:21:10,210 who die of other causes, 1613 01:21:10,260 --> 01:21:13,580 when autopsies are done, they already have plaque 1614 01:21:13,630 --> 01:21:15,830 buildup in their arteries. 1615 01:21:15,880 --> 01:21:17,600 - It's obscenely common. 1616 01:21:17,650 --> 01:21:21,290 There are pathology studies of 12 to 14 1617 01:21:21,340 --> 01:21:25,167 year old kids in the US who died for reasons 1618 01:21:25,217 --> 01:21:27,140 unrelated to heart disease, 1619 01:21:27,190 --> 01:21:31,760 but about 65% of those 12 to 14 1620 01:21:31,810 --> 01:21:34,740 year olds have early signs of cholesterol disease 1621 01:21:34,790 --> 01:21:38,150 in the blood vessels that feed their hearts with blood. 1622 01:21:38,200 --> 01:21:40,280 - [Sofia] This military study, for example, 1623 01:21:40,330 --> 01:21:42,830 looked at the autopsies of American soldiers 1624 01:21:42,880 --> 01:21:45,480 who died in combat in the Korean War 1625 01:21:45,530 --> 01:21:49,970 with an average age of 22, and it found that 77% 1626 01:21:50,020 --> 01:21:52,770 of the soldiers already had plaques 1627 01:21:52,820 --> 01:21:55,090 of cholesterol in their arteries. 1628 01:21:55,140 --> 01:21:58,920 So even if you look amazing and very fit on the outside, 1629 01:21:58,970 --> 01:22:00,920 if you're eating a western diet, 1630 01:22:00,970 --> 01:22:04,250 your vessels still probably have cholesterol plaques 1631 01:22:04,300 --> 01:22:07,220 that will keep accumulating and getting bigger 1632 01:22:07,270 --> 01:22:11,280 and could ultimately result in a heart attack or a stroke. 1633 01:22:11,330 --> 01:22:13,430 - If you're eating a western diet, 1634 01:22:13,480 --> 01:22:15,343 you're going to have heart disease. 1635 01:22:16,410 --> 01:22:19,539 - When you look at randomized controlled trials, 1636 01:22:19,589 --> 01:22:22,330 really the only pattern of eating that's been shown 1637 01:22:22,380 --> 01:22:24,110 to reverse heart disease, for example, 1638 01:22:24,160 --> 01:22:25,460 is a plant-based diet, 1639 01:22:25,510 --> 01:22:27,430 one that doesn't have animal products. 1640 01:22:27,480 --> 01:22:30,050 - [Sofia] That's right, this ubiquitous disease, 1641 01:22:30,100 --> 01:22:34,056 that is our number one killer, has actually been reversed 1642 01:22:34,106 --> 01:22:36,120 with a plant-based diet. 1643 01:22:36,170 --> 01:22:38,930 As an example, here's a published case study from the 1644 01:22:38,980 --> 01:22:41,540 Cleveland Clinic Foundation of a patient 1645 01:22:41,590 --> 01:22:45,184 who had a heart attack and was treated with nothing but 1646 01:22:45,234 --> 01:22:48,530 a plant-based vegan diet, with no stints 1647 01:22:48,580 --> 01:22:50,710 or cholesterol lowering medication, 1648 01:22:50,760 --> 01:22:55,620 and he was able to completely reverse the disease, 1649 01:22:55,670 --> 01:22:59,503 to open up the clogged arteries going to his heart. 1650 01:23:00,800 --> 01:23:04,090 There is also a lot of compelling data in the published 1651 01:23:04,140 --> 01:23:07,140 literature that points to plant-based diets being 1652 01:23:07,190 --> 01:23:09,680 helpful in the prevention of cancer. 1653 01:23:09,730 --> 01:23:13,070 For example, scientists with Memorial Sloan-Kettering 1654 01:23:13,120 --> 01:23:16,690 Cancer Center and others literally took petri dishes 1655 01:23:16,740 --> 01:23:19,910 filled with cancer cells and poured blood from people 1656 01:23:19,960 --> 01:23:23,130 following a plant-based diet into one petri dish 1657 01:23:23,180 --> 01:23:26,250 and blood from people following a regular western diet 1658 01:23:26,300 --> 01:23:29,710 into another petri dish to see who's blood could fight 1659 01:23:29,760 --> 01:23:32,230 off the cancer cells better. 1660 01:23:32,280 --> 01:23:36,090 They found that blood from those eating a plant-based diet 1661 01:23:36,140 --> 01:23:40,090 inhibited cancer cell growth by 70%. 1662 01:23:40,140 --> 01:23:43,540 But the blood of those eating a regular western diet 1663 01:23:43,590 --> 01:23:48,390 only inhibited cancer cell grown by a mere 9%. 1664 01:23:48,440 --> 01:23:51,590 So the blood of those following a plant-based diet 1665 01:23:51,640 --> 01:23:54,480 was almost eight times more powerful 1666 01:23:54,530 --> 01:23:56,756 at inhibiting the growth of cancer cells. 1667 01:23:56,806 --> 01:24:00,240 (knife taps on cutting board) 1668 01:24:00,290 --> 01:24:02,770 - The animal protein itself has been closely linked 1669 01:24:02,820 --> 01:24:06,150 to increased production of IGF-1, 1670 01:24:06,200 --> 01:24:08,090 insulin-like growth factor. 1671 01:24:08,140 --> 01:24:10,920 Which is very closely tied to cancer. 1672 01:24:10,970 --> 01:24:12,810 - [Sofia] Yes, among other things, 1673 01:24:12,860 --> 01:24:14,350 one of the mechanisms by which 1674 01:24:14,400 --> 01:24:17,350 animal protein is thought to increase cancer risk 1675 01:24:17,400 --> 01:24:20,370 is something called IGF-1, 1676 01:24:20,420 --> 01:24:24,293 - IGF-1 is insulin-like growth factor one. 1677 01:24:25,620 --> 01:24:28,720 It's a growth factor, it causes things to grow, 1678 01:24:28,770 --> 01:24:31,871 good and bad, including cancer cells. 1679 01:24:31,921 --> 01:24:35,780 It is something that we do not want too much of, 1680 01:24:35,830 --> 01:24:39,610 in our body. However, animal foods 1681 01:24:39,660 --> 01:24:43,480 increase our levels of IGF-1 by two mechanism. 1682 01:24:43,530 --> 01:24:47,310 One, animal foods have IGF-1 in them, 1683 01:24:47,360 --> 01:24:51,610 so when we ingest animal foods, we ingest IGF-1. 1684 01:24:51,660 --> 01:24:56,570 And two, animals foods cause us to produce 1685 01:24:56,620 --> 01:24:58,820 more IGF-1 though our own liver. 1686 01:24:58,870 --> 01:25:02,090 - Eating these animal foods or animal protein, 1687 01:25:02,140 --> 01:25:05,480 actually revs up the enzymes in our liver, 1688 01:25:05,530 --> 01:25:08,223 that your body produces additional IGF-1. 1689 01:25:09,242 --> 01:25:11,850 So if you have a cancer, and we all have cancers 1690 01:25:11,900 --> 01:25:13,680 floating in our blood stream, 1691 01:25:13,730 --> 01:25:16,870 our immune system is constantly recognizing these 1692 01:25:16,920 --> 01:25:19,750 cancer cells and taking them out. 1693 01:25:19,800 --> 01:25:24,800 What IGF-1 does, it makes these cancer cells grow faster. 1694 01:25:25,300 --> 01:25:27,310 It makes them proliferate. 1695 01:25:27,360 --> 01:25:30,140 It makes them easier to metastasize. 1696 01:25:30,190 --> 01:25:33,020 So it helps in the inception of cancer, 1697 01:25:33,070 --> 01:25:36,670 in the growth of cancer, and in the spread of cancer. 1698 01:25:36,720 --> 01:25:39,430 - [Sofia] There's also a direct relationship between some 1699 01:25:39,480 --> 01:25:42,680 cancers and the problematic hormonal content that is 1700 01:25:42,730 --> 01:25:45,180 found in meat and in dairy. 1701 01:25:45,230 --> 01:25:48,900 - Dairy naturally has hormones. So even if the 1702 01:25:48,950 --> 01:25:51,790 packages say no added hormones, 1703 01:25:51,840 --> 01:25:53,260 they can't say no hormones, 1704 01:25:53,310 --> 01:25:55,770 they can only say no added hormones. 1705 01:25:55,820 --> 01:25:59,453 Milk is produced when a cow has just given birth to a baby. 1706 01:26:00,500 --> 01:26:02,910 A cow is no different than any other mammal. 1707 01:26:02,960 --> 01:26:06,330 There are a lot of hormones when a cow has just given birth. 1708 01:26:06,380 --> 01:26:08,440 - [Sofia] Dairy contains large amounts of 1709 01:26:08,490 --> 01:26:12,270 female sex hormones, like estrogens and progesterone. 1710 01:26:12,320 --> 01:26:15,370 And that includes milk labeled as organic 1711 01:26:15,420 --> 01:26:17,450 or no hormones added. 1712 01:26:17,500 --> 01:26:21,730 Remember, those labels only mean no hormones were added, 1713 01:26:21,780 --> 01:26:24,030 which is kind of misleading because, 1714 01:26:24,080 --> 01:26:27,000 regardless of whether hormones were added or not, 1715 01:26:27,050 --> 01:26:31,370 milk still contains all the hormones that are naturally 1716 01:26:31,420 --> 01:26:33,000 produced by the cows. 1717 01:26:33,050 --> 01:26:36,260 Even pediatricians have expressed concerns 1718 01:26:36,310 --> 01:26:39,260 that "Sexual maturation of prepubertal children" 1719 01:26:39,310 --> 01:26:43,520 "could be affected by the ordinary intake of cow milk." 1720 01:26:43,570 --> 01:26:47,220 This study examined the rate of female hormone related 1721 01:26:47,270 --> 01:26:50,627 cancers in 40 countries and found that 1722 01:26:50,677 --> 01:26:53,610 "milk plus cheese make the greatest contribution to the" 1723 01:26:53,660 --> 01:26:56,460 "incidence of ovarian cancer" and that 1724 01:26:56,510 --> 01:26:59,780 "milk plus cheese make the most significant contribution" 1725 01:26:59,830 --> 01:27:02,620 to the incidence of uterine cancers. 1726 01:27:02,670 --> 01:27:05,710 They said among dietary risk factors, 1727 01:27:05,760 --> 01:27:09,470 "we are most concerned with milk and dairy products" 1728 01:27:09,520 --> 01:27:13,810 because their estrogen and progesterone levels are so high. 1729 01:27:13,860 --> 01:27:16,970 As noted in this review published by Johns Hopkins 1730 01:27:17,020 --> 01:27:19,769 School of Public Health, dairy is actually 1731 01:27:19,819 --> 01:27:24,310 "one of the most consistent dietary predictors" 1732 01:27:24,360 --> 01:27:26,143 "for prostate cancer" 1733 01:27:26,193 --> 01:27:29,642 that exists in the published literature. 1734 01:27:32,920 --> 01:27:36,850 - I do not recommend my patients to eat fish. 1735 01:27:36,900 --> 01:27:40,970 Fish is an animal food, just like eggs and dairy and meat, 1736 01:27:41,020 --> 01:27:43,440 and hence it's high in saturated fat, 1737 01:27:43,490 --> 01:27:45,160 it's high in cholesterol, 1738 01:27:45,210 --> 01:27:48,250 and it also raises our IGF-1 levels. 1739 01:27:48,300 --> 01:27:51,510 - When you're eating fish, you're getting mercury, 1740 01:27:51,560 --> 01:27:54,260 you're getting plastics, you're getting dioxins, 1741 01:27:54,310 --> 01:27:56,310 you're getting so many heavy metals. 1742 01:27:56,360 --> 01:27:58,330 - There are plenty plant-based sources of 1743 01:27:58,380 --> 01:27:59,840 Omega-3 fatty acids. 1744 01:27:59,890 --> 01:28:04,230 Without having to deal with the unhealthy aspects of fish. 1745 01:28:04,280 --> 01:28:07,673 - So there you get the Omega-3s, the healthy fats, 1746 01:28:07,723 --> 01:28:09,690 but you don't get the mercury, 1747 01:28:09,740 --> 01:28:11,180 you don't get the heavy metal, 1748 01:28:11,230 --> 01:28:13,270 you don't get the dioxins. 1749 01:28:13,320 --> 01:28:16,230 And this way, you know you're being healthy, 1750 01:28:16,280 --> 01:28:18,060 you're being kind to the environment, 1751 01:28:18,110 --> 01:28:20,610 kind to the oceans, kind to the fish. 1752 01:28:20,660 --> 01:28:23,270 And you're being also kind to your own body. 1753 01:28:23,320 --> 01:28:27,380 - The bottom line is, for those of us with access to food, 1754 01:28:27,430 --> 01:28:30,070 other than our adopted habits and convenience, 1755 01:28:30,120 --> 01:28:33,240 there's no good reason for consuming animal foods. 1756 01:28:33,290 --> 01:28:36,970 Collectively, we're not only imposing unnecessary suffering 1757 01:28:37,020 --> 01:28:39,280 and death on billions of animals, 1758 01:28:39,330 --> 01:28:41,660 we're also devastating the environment that 1759 01:28:41,710 --> 01:28:43,178 supports us all. 1760 01:28:43,228 --> 01:28:45,978 (dramatic music) 1761 01:28:48,440 --> 01:28:51,790 Our planet is special and it is quite literally 1762 01:28:51,840 --> 01:28:54,530 the only home we have. 1763 01:28:54,580 --> 01:28:57,060 This may sound obvious, but really, 1764 01:28:57,110 --> 01:28:58,673 shouldn't we take care of it? 1765 01:28:59,860 --> 01:29:03,270 Let's do whatever we can to preserve and protect 1766 01:29:03,320 --> 01:29:06,690 the only home and the only other companions 1767 01:29:06,740 --> 01:29:10,033 in the universe we have ever know. 1768 01:29:10,083 --> 01:29:12,833 (dramatic music) 1769 01:29:44,361 --> 01:29:49,361 ♪ Now that you're gone ♪ 1770 01:29:49,618 --> 01:29:54,243 ♪ The dawn comes ♪ 1771 01:29:54,293 --> 01:29:58,164 ♪ Now that you're gone ♪ 1772 01:29:58,214 --> 01:30:01,195 ♪ The sun ♪ 1773 01:30:01,245 --> 01:30:04,014 ♪ Will be ♪ 1774 01:30:04,064 --> 01:30:07,930 ♪ No more ♪ 1775 01:30:07,980 --> 01:30:11,237 ♪ The sun ♪ 1776 01:30:11,287 --> 01:30:14,090 ♪ Will be ♪ 1777 01:30:14,140 --> 01:30:19,140 ♪ No more ♪ 1778 01:30:21,538 --> 01:30:24,154 ♪ Will be ♪ 1779 01:30:24,204 --> 01:30:26,371 ♪ No more ♪ 1780 01:30:54,988 --> 01:30:59,988 ♪ Now that you're gone ♪ 1781 01:31:00,331 --> 01:31:05,071 ♪ The dawn comes ♪ 1782 01:31:05,121 --> 01:31:08,757 ♪ Now that you're gone ♪ 1783 01:31:08,807 --> 01:31:12,093 ♪ The sun ♪ 1784 01:31:12,143 --> 01:31:14,840 ♪ Will be ♪ 1785 01:31:14,890 --> 01:31:19,890 ♪ No more ♪ 1786 01:31:21,251 --> 01:31:23,999 ♪ The sun ♪ 1787 01:31:24,049 --> 01:31:26,808 ♪ Will be ♪ 1788 01:31:26,858 --> 01:31:30,693 ♪ No more ♪ 1789 01:31:30,743 --> 01:31:34,127 ♪ The sun ♪ 1790 01:31:34,177 --> 01:31:36,921 ♪ Will be ♪ 1791 01:31:36,971 --> 01:31:41,971 ♪ No more ♪ 1792 01:31:44,360 --> 01:31:46,680 ♪ Will be ♪ 1793 01:31:46,730 --> 01:31:51,730 ♪ No more ♪ 1794 01:31:54,466 --> 01:31:56,747 ♪ Will be ♪ 1795 01:31:56,797 --> 01:32:01,797 ♪ No more ♪ 1796 01:32:03,844 --> 01:32:08,517 ♪ No more ♪ 1797 01:32:08,567 --> 01:32:10,734 ♪ No more ♪ 1798 01:32:18,613 --> 01:32:23,613 ♪ The sun ♪ 1799 01:32:24,750 --> 01:32:28,360 ♪ Will be ♪ 1800 01:32:28,410 --> 01:32:33,410 ♪ No more ♪ 1801 01:32:33,769 --> 01:32:37,206 ♪ Will be ♪ 1802 01:32:37,256 --> 01:32:39,423 ♪ No more ♪