1 00:00:02,000 --> 00:00:07,000 Downloaded from YTS.MX 2 00:00:06,066 --> 00:00:08,566 {\an1}SIR DAVID ATTENBOROUGH: OUR PLANET IS HOME 3 00:00:08,000 --> 00:00:13,000 Official YIFY movies site: YTS.MX 4 00:00:08,600 --> 00:00:12,866 {\an1}TO A SEEMINGLY INFINITE VARIETY OF SPECIES... 5 00:00:12,900 --> 00:00:15,933 [BIRD SQUEAKS] FROM OCEAN GIANTS... 6 00:00:18,500 --> 00:00:21,333 {\an1}TO THE TINIEST INSECTS. 7 00:00:21,366 --> 00:00:25,900 {\an1}WE CALL THIS ABUNDANCE OF LIFE BIODIVERSITY. 8 00:00:27,433 --> 00:00:30,400 {\an1}BUT TODAY IT'S VANISHING 9 00:00:30,433 --> 00:00:34,000 {\an1}AT RATES NEVER SEEN BEFORE IN HUMAN HISTORY. 10 00:00:34,033 --> 00:00:36,600 [MEN SHOUTING IN NATIVE LANGUAGE] 11 00:00:36,633 --> 00:00:39,133 {\an1}NEWS ANCHOR: A U.N. PANEL OF EXPERTS HAS FOUND 12 00:00:39,166 --> 00:00:42,133 {\an1}THAT ONE MILLION ANIMAL AND PLANT SPECIES 13 00:00:42,166 --> 00:00:44,266 FACE EXTINCTION. 14 00:00:44,300 --> 00:00:46,566 WOMAN: IT IS WORSE THAN EXPECTED. 15 00:00:46,600 --> 00:00:50,466 {\an1}THIS IS HAPPENING MUCH FASTER THAN WE HAVE EVER SEEN BEFORE. 16 00:00:50,500 --> 00:00:53,566 WOMAN 2: TODAY WE ARE THE ASTEROID 17 00:00:53,600 --> 00:00:56,633 {\an1}THAT'S CAUSING MANY, MANY SPECIES TO GO EXTINCT 18 00:00:56,666 --> 00:00:58,833 SIMULTANEOUSLY. 19 00:00:58,866 --> 00:01:01,900 {\an1}ATTENBOROUGH: THE EVIDENCE IS THAT UNLESS IMMEDIATE ACTION 20 00:01:01,933 --> 00:01:06,833 {\an1}IS TAKEN, THIS CRISIS HAS GRAVE IMPACTS FOR US ALL. 21 00:01:06,866 --> 00:01:10,333 {\an1}WOMAN: WE'RE NOT JUST LOSING NICE THINGS TO LOOK AT. 22 00:01:10,366 --> 00:01:14,300 {\an1}WE'RE LOSING CRITICAL PARTS OF EARTH'S SYSTEM. 23 00:01:14,333 --> 00:01:16,500 MAN: AND IT'S THREATENING OUR FOOD, 24 00:01:16,533 --> 00:01:19,500 {\an1}OUR WATER, OUR CLIMATE. [THUNDER] 25 00:01:19,533 --> 00:01:23,333 {\an1}WOMAN: THIS YEAR HAS SHOWN US WE'VE GONE ONE STEP TOO FAR. 26 00:01:23,366 --> 00:01:25,133 {\an1}[ANIMALS SQUEALING] 27 00:01:25,166 --> 00:01:27,066 ATTENBOROUGH: SCIENTISTS HAVE EVEN LINKED 28 00:01:27,100 --> 00:01:29,566 OUR DESTRUCTIVE RELATIONSHIP WITH NATURE 29 00:01:29,600 --> 00:01:33,500 {\an1}TO THE EMERGENCE OF COVID-19. 30 00:01:33,533 --> 00:01:35,500 WE'RE ENCROACHING FURTHER AND FURTHER 31 00:01:35,533 --> 00:01:37,366 EVERY DAY INTO WILDLIFE HABITAT, 32 00:01:37,400 --> 00:01:40,400 AND THAT DRIVES EMERGING DISEASES. 33 00:01:40,433 --> 00:01:42,500 {\an1}WOMAN 3: IF WE CARRY ON LIKE THIS, 34 00:01:42,533 --> 00:01:44,933 {\an1}WE WILL SEE MORE EPIDEMICS 35 00:01:44,966 --> 00:01:48,433 {\an1}AS BAD AS THIS, AND SOME OF THEM COULD EVEN BE WORSE. 36 00:01:48,466 --> 00:01:51,033 ATTENBOROUGH: THE DECISIONS MADE 37 00:01:51,066 --> 00:01:54,500 {\an1}AS WE REBUILD OUR ECONOMIES ARE CRITICAL. 38 00:01:54,533 --> 00:01:56,500 {\an1}MAN 2: GET IT WRONG, AND WE 39 00:01:56,533 --> 00:01:58,700 WILL BE IN DEEPLY DANGEROUS TERRITORY. 40 00:01:58,733 --> 00:02:02,366 {\an1}WOMAN 2: GET IT RIGHT, AND WE STILL HAVE THE ABILITY 41 00:02:02,400 --> 00:02:06,566 {\an1}TO PULL BACK AND REIN IN THE COLLAPSE OF BIODIVERSITY. 42 00:02:06,600 --> 00:02:08,566 {\an1}WOMAN 3: WE HAVE A MOMENT 43 00:02:08,600 --> 00:02:11,966 {\an1}WHEN WE CAN CHANGE OUR WORLD 44 00:02:12,000 --> 00:02:14,833 {\an1}AND MAKE IT BETTER. 45 00:02:14,866 --> 00:02:17,300 {\an1}THIS IS THAT MOMENT. 46 00:02:28,500 --> 00:02:31,800 [BIRDS CHIRPING] 47 00:02:31,833 --> 00:02:35,400 {\an1}OVER THE COURSE OF MY LIFE, I'VE ENCOUNTERED 48 00:02:35,433 --> 00:02:39,000 {\an1}SOME OF THE WORLD'S MOST REMARKABLE SPECIES OF ANIMALS. 49 00:02:39,033 --> 00:02:43,600 {\an1}ONLY NOW DO I REALIZE JUST HOW LUCKY I'VE BEEN. 50 00:02:43,633 --> 00:02:46,400 {\an1}MANY OF THESE WONDERS SEEM SET 51 00:02:46,433 --> 00:02:48,966 {\an1}TO DISAPPEAR FOREVER. 52 00:02:49,000 --> 00:02:50,966 {\an1}WE'RE FACING A CRISIS 53 00:02:51,000 --> 00:02:54,566 AND ONE THAT HAS CONSEQUENCES FOR US ALL. 54 00:02:54,600 --> 00:02:57,766 {\an1}IT THREATENS OUR ABILITY TO FEED OURSELVES, 55 00:02:57,800 --> 00:02:59,766 {\an1}TO CONTROL OUR CLIMATE. 56 00:02:59,800 --> 00:03:03,833 {\an1}IT EVEN PUTS US AT GREATER RISK OF PANDEMIC DISEASES 57 00:03:03,866 --> 00:03:06,700 SUCH AS COVID-19. 58 00:03:06,733 --> 00:03:09,700 {\an1}IT'S NEVER BEEN MORE IMPORTANT FOR US TO UNDERSTAND 59 00:03:09,733 --> 00:03:12,900 THE EFFECTS OF BIODIVERSITY LOSS, 60 00:03:12,933 --> 00:03:15,900 OF HOW IT IS THAT WE OURSELVES 61 00:03:15,933 --> 00:03:18,500 {\an1}ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR IT. 62 00:03:18,533 --> 00:03:21,700 {\an1}ONLY IF WE DO THAT WILL WE HAVE ANY HOPE 63 00:03:21,733 --> 00:03:24,733 {\an1}OF AVERTING DISASTER. 64 00:03:30,133 --> 00:03:32,100 IN 2019, 65 00:03:32,133 --> 00:03:36,066 {\an1}THE UNITED NATIONS ASKED OVER 500 SCIENTISTS 66 00:03:36,100 --> 00:03:40,166 {\an1}TO INVESTIGATE THE CURRENT STATE OF THE NATURAL WORLD. 67 00:03:42,700 --> 00:03:45,466 {\an1}WOMAN: THIS IS THE FIRST TIME THERE'S BEEN A GLOBAL ASSESSMENT 68 00:03:45,500 --> 00:03:47,866 {\an1}WHERE ALL THE EVIDENCE HAS BEEN PULLED TOGETHER, 69 00:03:47,900 --> 00:03:51,066 {\an1}THOUSANDS AND THOUSANDS OF PAPERS. 70 00:03:51,100 --> 00:03:54,466 MAN: WE'RE LOSING BIODIVERSITY AT A RATE 71 00:03:54,500 --> 00:03:57,700 {\an1}THAT IS TRULY UNPRECEDENTED IN HUMAN HISTORY. 72 00:03:57,733 --> 00:04:00,200 [BUFFALO GRUNTS] WILLIS: ALL GROUPS 73 00:04:00,233 --> 00:04:02,533 {\an1}IN THE NATURAL WORLD ARE IN DECLINE, 74 00:04:02,566 --> 00:04:06,966 {\an1}WHICH MEANS THEIR POPULATIONS ARE GETTING SMALLER DAY BY DAY. 75 00:04:07,000 --> 00:04:08,566 [SQUEAKS] 76 00:04:08,600 --> 00:04:10,833 MAN: SINCE 1970, 77 00:04:10,866 --> 00:04:13,366 {\an1}VERTEBRATE ANIMALS... THINGS LIKE BIRDS, 78 00:04:13,400 --> 00:04:15,533 {\an1}MAMMALS, AMPHIBIANS, AND REPTILES... 79 00:04:15,566 --> 00:04:19,666 {\an1}HAVE DECLINED BY 60% IN TOTAL. 80 00:04:21,233 --> 00:04:24,100 {\an1}LARGE MAMMALS HAVE ON AVERAGE DISAPPEARED 81 00:04:24,133 --> 00:04:27,766 {\an1}FROM 3/4 OF THE RANGE WHERE THEY WERE HISTORICALLY FOUND. 82 00:04:28,966 --> 00:04:32,166 {\an1}WOMAN: WHAT'S DIFFERENT IS THAT IT'S HAPPENING SIMULTANEOUSLY 83 00:04:32,200 --> 00:04:35,966 IN THE AMAZON, IN AFRICA, IN THE ARCTIC. 84 00:04:36,000 --> 00:04:37,966 {\an1}IT'S HAPPENING NOT AT ONE PLACE 85 00:04:38,000 --> 00:04:40,166 {\an1}AND NOT WITH ONE GROUP OF ORGANISMS, 86 00:04:40,200 --> 00:04:43,566 {\an1}BUT WITH ALL BIODIVERSITY EVERYWHERE ON THE PLANET. 87 00:04:46,100 --> 00:04:49,266 WATSON: IT MEANS THAT ONE MILLION SPECIES 88 00:04:49,300 --> 00:04:51,866 {\an1}OUT OF 8 MILLION SPECIES ON EARTH 89 00:04:51,900 --> 00:04:54,466 {\an1}ARE NOW THREATENED WITH EXTINCTION... 90 00:04:54,500 --> 00:04:57,033 {\an1}500,000 PLANTS AND ANIMALS 91 00:04:57,066 --> 00:04:59,866 {\an1}AND 500,000 INSECTS. 92 00:05:03,033 --> 00:05:06,200 {\an1}WILLIS: EXTINCTION IS A NATURAL PROCESS. 93 00:05:06,233 --> 00:05:10,000 {\an1}THINGS COME, THEY GROW, THEIR POPULATIONS GET HUGE, 94 00:05:10,033 --> 00:05:14,000 {\an1}AND THEN THEY DECLINE, BUT IT'S THE RATE OF EXTINCTION. 95 00:05:14,033 --> 00:05:16,400 {\an1}THAT'S THE PROBLEM, 96 00:05:16,433 --> 00:05:19,800 {\an1}SO WHEN YOU LOOK AT PREVIOUS GROUPS IN FOSSIL RECORDS, 97 00:05:19,833 --> 00:05:22,600 {\an7}THEN IT'S OVER MILLIONS OF YEARS, THEY GO EXTINCT. 98 00:05:22,633 --> 00:05:25,600 {\an7}HERE, WE'RE LOOKING AT TENS OF YEARS. 99 00:05:25,633 --> 00:05:27,600 {\an8}ATTENBOROUGH: SINCE 1500, 100 00:05:27,633 --> 00:05:30,166 {\an8}570 PLANT SPECIES 101 00:05:30,200 --> 00:05:32,766 {\an7}AND 700 ANIMAL SPECIES 102 00:05:32,800 --> 00:05:34,766 {\an7}HAVE GONE EXTINCT. 103 00:05:34,800 --> 00:05:37,166 {\an8}STUDIES SUGGEST THAT EXTINCTION IS 104 00:05:37,200 --> 00:05:39,766 {\an8}NOW HAPPENING A HUNDRED TIMES FASTER 105 00:05:39,800 --> 00:05:42,566 {\an7}THAN THE NATURAL EVOLUTIONARY RATE, 106 00:05:42,600 --> 00:05:45,966 {\an8}AND IT'S ACCELERATING. 107 00:05:46,000 --> 00:05:49,233 {\an8}WILLIS: GLOBALLY, THERE WAS A SHOCK 108 00:05:49,266 --> 00:05:51,233 {\an1}BECAUSE YOU HADN'T PULLED ALL THAT DATA TOGETHER, 109 00:05:51,266 --> 00:05:53,633 {\an1}THAT PEOPLE HADN'T REALIZED THAT WE HAVE 110 00:05:53,666 --> 00:05:56,433 {\an1}A VERY SERIOUS CRISIS ON OUR HANDS. 111 00:05:56,466 --> 00:05:59,100 {\an1}[CRICKETS CHIRPING] 112 00:06:02,566 --> 00:06:05,333 {\an1}MAN: MANY PEOPLE THINK OF EXTINCTION BEING 113 00:06:05,366 --> 00:06:08,533 {\an1}THIS IMAGINARY... TALE 114 00:06:08,566 --> 00:06:11,733 {\an1}TOLD BY CONSERVATIONISTS, 115 00:06:11,766 --> 00:06:13,733 {\an1}BUT I HAVE LIVED IT. 116 00:06:13,766 --> 00:06:16,966 {\an1}I KNOW WHAT IT IS. 117 00:06:17,000 --> 00:06:19,033 [SNORTING] 118 00:06:22,000 --> 00:06:26,033 {\an1}MAN: I AM CARETAKER OF THE NORTHERN WHITE RHINOS. 119 00:06:27,600 --> 00:06:30,800 {\an1}WE ONLY HAVE TWO LEFT ON THE PLANET. 120 00:06:30,833 --> 00:06:34,000 {\an1}THEY ARE MOTHER AND DAUGHTER. 121 00:06:34,033 --> 00:06:36,066 GOOD GIRL. 122 00:06:37,666 --> 00:06:39,633 THIS IS NAJIN, 123 00:06:39,666 --> 00:06:41,933 {\an1}THE MOTHER, WHO IS 30 YEARS OLD. 124 00:06:41,966 --> 00:06:44,733 SHE'S VERY QUIET. 125 00:06:46,566 --> 00:06:49,133 {\an1}AND HER DAUGHTER IS FATOU. 126 00:06:49,166 --> 00:06:51,133 {\an1}THIS IS FATOU. HEY, COME ON. 127 00:06:51,166 --> 00:06:53,533 HEY, FATOU. FATOU, NOW, COME ON. 128 00:06:53,566 --> 00:06:55,933 {\an1}SHE IS 19 YEARS OLD. STOP IT. 129 00:06:55,966 --> 00:06:59,766 {\an1}SHE... PRETTY MUCH LIKE A HUMAN TEENAGER. 130 00:07:01,966 --> 00:07:05,533 {\an1}SHE'S A LITTLE BIT UNPREDICTABLE 131 00:07:05,566 --> 00:07:07,933 {\an1}AND CAN BE FEISTY SOMETIMES, 132 00:07:07,966 --> 00:07:09,733 {\an1}ESPECIALLY WHEN SHE WANTS SOMETHING. 133 00:07:09,766 --> 00:07:11,766 [FATOU SNORTS] 134 00:07:13,166 --> 00:07:15,733 {\an1}ATTENBOROUGH: NORTHERN WHITE RHINOS WERE ONCE FOUND 135 00:07:15,766 --> 00:07:18,733 {\an1}IN THEIR THOUSANDS IN CENTRAL AFRICA, 136 00:07:18,766 --> 00:07:21,133 {\an1}BUT WERE PUSHED TO THE BRINK OF EXTINCTION 137 00:07:21,166 --> 00:07:24,466 {\an1}BY HABITAT LOSS AND HUNTING. 138 00:07:24,500 --> 00:07:26,666 BY 1990, 139 00:07:26,700 --> 00:07:30,666 {\an1}JUST 7 KNOWN INDIVIDUALS SURVIVED. 140 00:07:30,700 --> 00:07:35,266 I HAVE SEEN THESE BEAUTIFUL RHINOS 141 00:07:35,300 --> 00:07:37,500 {\an1}COUNT FROM 7 DOWN TO 2. 142 00:07:37,533 --> 00:07:39,233 {\an1}[SNORTING] 143 00:07:39,266 --> 00:07:42,666 {\an1}MWENDA: THEY ARE HERE BECAUSE WE'VE BETRAYED THEM. 144 00:07:44,200 --> 00:07:46,333 {\an1}AND I THINK THEY FEEL IT, 145 00:07:46,366 --> 00:07:48,933 {\an1}THIS THREATENING TIDE OF EXTINCTION 146 00:07:48,966 --> 00:07:51,266 {\an1}THAT IS PUSHING ON THEM. 147 00:07:51,300 --> 00:07:54,333 {\an1}THEY FEEL THEIR WORLD IS COLLAPSING. 148 00:07:56,266 --> 00:07:58,833 {\an1}UNLESS SCIENCE SAVES THEM, 149 00:07:58,866 --> 00:08:01,766 {\an1}WHEN NAJIN PASSES AWAY, 150 00:08:01,800 --> 00:08:03,733 {\an1}SHE WILL LEAVE THE DAUGHTER, 151 00:08:03,766 --> 00:08:07,766 {\an1}FATOU, ALONE FOREVER... 152 00:08:09,166 --> 00:08:12,200 {\an1}THE LAST NORTHERN WHITE RHINO. 153 00:08:14,566 --> 00:08:19,600 {\an1}AND THEIR PLIGHT AWAITS ONE MILLION MORE SPECIES. 154 00:08:21,800 --> 00:08:24,766 {\an1}HADLY: ONCE WE LOSE THESE SPECIES, 155 00:08:24,800 --> 00:08:27,766 {\an1}WE DO NOT HAVE HOPE 156 00:08:27,800 --> 00:08:29,966 {\an1}OF ACCUMULATING THEM BACK 157 00:08:30,000 --> 00:08:33,400 ON A TIMESCALE THAT WE EXIST ON. 158 00:08:33,433 --> 00:08:36,000 [ANIMAL TRILLING] 159 00:08:36,033 --> 00:08:39,500 {\an1}ATTENBOROUGH: UNIQUE ANIMALS WITH COMPLEX AND VARIED LIVES 160 00:08:39,533 --> 00:08:41,900 DISAPPEARING FROM OUR PLANET FOREVER 161 00:08:41,933 --> 00:08:45,700 {\an1}ISN'T JUST DISTURBING, IT'S DEEPLY TRAGIC, 162 00:08:45,733 --> 00:08:50,066 {\an1}BUT THIS IS ABOUT MORE THAN LOSING THE WONDERS OF NATURE. 163 00:08:50,100 --> 00:08:53,666 {\an1}THE CONSEQUENCES OF THESE LOSSES FOR US AS A SPECIES 164 00:08:53,700 --> 00:08:57,166 {\an1}ARE FAR-REACHING AND PROFOUND. 165 00:09:00,866 --> 00:09:03,833 {\an1}WILLIS: WHAT WE NOW KNOW ABOUT THE NATURAL WORLD 166 00:09:03,866 --> 00:09:06,700 {\an1}IS THAT EVERYTHING IS JOINED UP... 167 00:09:08,466 --> 00:09:11,700 {\an1}FROM A SINGLE POND TO THE WHOLE TROPICAL RAINFOREST. 168 00:09:14,666 --> 00:09:16,633 {\an1}ALL OF BIODIVERSITY IS INTERLOCKED 169 00:09:16,666 --> 00:09:20,533 {\an1}ON A GLOBAL SCALE, AND ALL PARTS OF THAT SYSTEM 170 00:09:20,566 --> 00:09:23,133 ARE REQUIRED TO MAKE IT FUNCTION. 171 00:09:23,166 --> 00:09:27,100 {\an1}WE TEND TO THINK THAT WE'RE SOMEHOW OUTSIDE OF THAT SYSTEM, 172 00:09:27,133 --> 00:09:29,700 {\an1}BUT WE ARE PART OF IT, 173 00:09:29,733 --> 00:09:33,000 {\an1}AND WE ARE TOTALLY RELIANT UPON IT. 174 00:09:33,033 --> 00:09:36,166 {\an1}WATSON: THE PROBLEM IS WE'RE NOW CHANGING 175 00:09:36,200 --> 00:09:39,766 {\an1}THOSE ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS ON A MASSIVE SCALE 176 00:09:39,800 --> 00:09:43,200 {\an1}RIGHT ACROSS THE GLOBE... 177 00:09:43,233 --> 00:09:47,200 {\an1}AND ITS THREATENING FOOD AND WATER SECURITY. 178 00:09:47,233 --> 00:09:51,033 {\an1}WE'RE LOSING MANY OF THE THINGS THAT NATURE PROVIDES FOR US. 179 00:09:53,633 --> 00:09:57,166 {\an1}WATSON: ONE OF THE BIG THREATS IS THE LOSS OF INSECTS. 180 00:09:57,200 --> 00:10:00,900 {\an1}WE'VE ESTIMATED 10% ARE AT RISK OF EXTINCTION. 181 00:10:00,933 --> 00:10:04,900 {\an1}OTHER SCIENTISTS BELIEVE THE NUMBER COULD BE MUCH LARGER. 182 00:10:04,933 --> 00:10:08,166 {\an1}HADLY: DRIVING AROUND, WE DON'T HAVE MOTHS, 183 00:10:08,200 --> 00:10:10,166 {\an1}BUTTERFLIES, BEES, 184 00:10:10,200 --> 00:10:14,233 {\an1}ALL SORTS OF INSECTS IN OUR WINDSHIELD ANYMORE. 185 00:10:16,200 --> 00:10:19,166 AND THAT IS SCARY 186 00:10:19,200 --> 00:10:22,833 BECAUSE THEY FORM THE FOOD CHAIN 187 00:10:22,866 --> 00:10:27,233 {\an1}FOR HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF OTHER SPECIES, 188 00:10:27,266 --> 00:10:31,333 {\an1}AND THEY ARE EXTREMELY IMPORTANT FOR POLLINATION. 189 00:10:32,733 --> 00:10:36,300 {\an1}ATTENBOROUGH: THREE-QUARTERS OF THE WORLD'S FOOD CROPS 190 00:10:36,333 --> 00:10:39,300 {\an1}RELY PARTLY ON POLLINATION BY INSECTS 191 00:10:39,333 --> 00:10:42,366 {\an1}TO PRODUCE THE FOOD THAT WE NEED. 192 00:10:44,500 --> 00:10:46,666 {\an1}MAN: ANOTHER THREAT IS 193 00:10:46,700 --> 00:10:50,133 {\an1}THE LOSS OF DIVERSITY BELOW GROUND. 194 00:10:50,166 --> 00:10:53,566 SOIL SHOULD BE TEEMING WITH LIFE, 195 00:10:53,600 --> 00:10:57,433 {\an1}BUT REPORTS HAVE SUGGESTED THAT UP TO 30% 196 00:10:57,466 --> 00:11:01,800 {\an1}OF THE LAND'S SURFACE GLOBALLY HAS BEEN DEGRADED 197 00:11:01,833 --> 00:11:05,700 AND HAS SOILS OF LOW BIODIVERSITY. 198 00:11:05,733 --> 00:11:07,966 {\an1}ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT THINGS THAT ANIMALS 199 00:11:08,000 --> 00:11:11,033 {\an1}IN THE SOIL DO IS BREAK DOWN ORGANIC MATTER... 200 00:11:13,233 --> 00:11:15,600 {\an7}WHICH CAN THEN BE USED FOR PLANT GROWTH... 201 00:11:17,933 --> 00:11:21,166 {\an7}SO IF WE LOSE DIVERSITY OF THE SOIL, 202 00:11:21,200 --> 00:11:25,233 {\an7}THE CONSEQUENCES OF THAT CAN BE CATASTROPHIC. 203 00:11:25,266 --> 00:11:28,600 {\an8}♪ 204 00:11:28,633 --> 00:11:31,400 {\an1}WATSON: WE'RE SEEING ALREADY THAT, DUE TO SOIL DEGRADATION 205 00:11:31,433 --> 00:11:33,966 AND CHANGES IN THE EARTH'S CLIMATE, 206 00:11:34,000 --> 00:11:38,533 {\an1}FOOD PRODUCTION IN SOME PARTS OF THE WORLD IS GOING DOWN. 207 00:11:38,566 --> 00:11:41,500 UNFORTUNATELY, THE MOST AFFECTED 208 00:11:41,533 --> 00:11:45,266 {\an1}WOULD BE POOR PEOPLE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, 209 00:11:45,300 --> 00:11:48,533 {\an1}BUT THERE'S NO QUESTION EVERYBODY IN THE WORLD, 210 00:11:48,566 --> 00:11:51,366 {\an1}ONE WAY OR ANOTHER, IS BEING AFFECTED 211 00:11:51,400 --> 00:11:53,366 {\an1}BY THE LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY. 212 00:11:53,400 --> 00:11:55,400 [BIRDS CHIRPING] 213 00:11:55,433 --> 00:11:57,100 WILLIS: ONE OF THE REALLY BIG PROBLEMS 214 00:11:57,133 --> 00:11:58,800 {\an1}IS WHAT'S HAPPENING TO PLANTS. 215 00:11:58,833 --> 00:12:02,400 {\an1}THE PICTURE IS GRIM. 216 00:12:02,433 --> 00:12:06,866 {\an1}25% OF THE PLANT SPECIES THAT HAVE BEEN ASSESSED 217 00:12:06,900 --> 00:12:09,733 ARE THREATENED WITH EXTINCTION... 218 00:12:09,766 --> 00:12:11,433 ONE IN 4 PLANTS. 219 00:12:11,466 --> 00:12:13,866 {\an1}I FIND THAT TERRIFYING. 220 00:12:13,900 --> 00:12:18,966 {\an1}PLANTS UNDERPIN ALMOST EVERY SINGLE THING THAT WE REQUIRE. 221 00:12:19,000 --> 00:12:21,400 {\an1}THINK OF THE AIR WE BREATHE, 222 00:12:21,433 --> 00:12:24,433 {\an1}CONCENTRATION OF CO2 IN THE AIR, 223 00:12:24,466 --> 00:12:26,400 CLEAN WATER. 224 00:12:26,433 --> 00:12:28,933 [THUNDER] 225 00:12:28,966 --> 00:12:32,233 {\an1}TREES REGULATE WATER FLOW ACROSS LANDSCAPES, 226 00:12:32,266 --> 00:12:34,733 {\an1}INTERCEPT THE RAINFALL, 227 00:12:34,766 --> 00:12:38,200 AND THE ROOTS HOLD THE SOIL IN PLACE... 228 00:12:38,233 --> 00:12:40,466 [CRASH] 229 00:12:40,500 --> 00:12:42,700 SO YOU CHOP ALL THOSE TREES DOWN, 230 00:12:42,733 --> 00:12:44,800 {\an1}THERE'S NOTHING DOING THAT. 231 00:12:44,833 --> 00:12:47,233 {\an1}YOU END UP WITH A LANDSLIDE. 232 00:12:47,266 --> 00:12:50,333 [CRASH] 233 00:12:50,366 --> 00:12:52,333 WE'VE LEARNT THAT MANY, MANY TIMES, 234 00:12:52,366 --> 00:12:54,833 {\an1}AND YET WE CARRY ON MAKING THE SAME MISTAKE. 235 00:12:54,866 --> 00:12:58,933 [RUMBLING] 236 00:12:58,966 --> 00:13:01,666 {\an1}ATTENBOROUGH: THE IMPACTS OF BIODIVERSITY LOSS 237 00:13:01,700 --> 00:13:06,166 {\an1}ARE NO LONGER A THREAT FOR FUTURE GENERATIONS TO FACE. 238 00:13:06,200 --> 00:13:09,233 {\an1}WE OURSELVES MUST DO SO. 239 00:13:09,266 --> 00:13:11,233 IT'S NEVER BEEN MORE CRITICAL FOR US 240 00:13:11,266 --> 00:13:13,800 TO UNDERSTAND WHAT IS DRIVING THIS CRISIS. 241 00:13:13,833 --> 00:13:17,033 SCIENTISTS HAVE IDENTIFIED THE KEY WAYS 242 00:13:17,066 --> 00:13:20,333 {\an1}IN WHICH WE HUMANS ARE DESTROYING THE ECOSYSTEMS 243 00:13:20,366 --> 00:13:22,333 {\an1}ON WHICH WE DEPEND. 244 00:13:22,366 --> 00:13:25,600 ♪ 245 00:13:31,033 --> 00:13:35,966 {\an1}HADLY: THERE ARE MANY WAYS TO REMOVE PIECES OF THE PUZZLE. 246 00:13:36,000 --> 00:13:39,966 {\an1}THE MOST OBVIOUS WAY IS TO KILL SOMETHING, 247 00:13:40,000 --> 00:13:45,066 {\an1}AND WE DO A LOT OF THAT. 248 00:13:45,100 --> 00:13:46,833 [GUNSHOT] 249 00:13:46,866 --> 00:13:49,266 {\an1}[RHINOCEROS GRUNTS] 250 00:13:49,300 --> 00:13:52,033 [GUNSHOT] 251 00:13:52,066 --> 00:13:54,333 ATTENBOROUGH: OVER THE LAST 20 YEARS, 252 00:13:54,366 --> 00:13:56,933 {\an1}THE ILLEGAL WILDLIFE TRADE HAS BECOME 253 00:13:56,966 --> 00:14:00,566 {\an1}A MULTIBILLION-DOLLAR, GLOBAL INDUSTRY. 254 00:14:00,600 --> 00:14:03,800 ♪ 255 00:14:03,833 --> 00:14:05,273 WOMAN: ONE OF THE BIGGEST-EVER HAULS, 256 00:14:05,300 --> 00:14:07,066 {\an1}WORTH MORE THAN £4 MILLION... 257 00:14:07,100 --> 00:14:09,500 {\an1}MAN: 326 PIECES WERE SEIZED. 258 00:14:09,533 --> 00:14:11,800 {\an1}WOMAN: WAS FOUND IN A SHIPPING CONTAINER. 259 00:14:11,833 --> 00:14:15,433 MWENDA: POACHING IS STILL SORT OF LIKE A WAR, 260 00:14:15,466 --> 00:14:18,266 A CONSTANT BATTLE THAT WE HAVE TO FIGHT. 261 00:14:18,300 --> 00:14:22,866 {\an1}EVERY DAY, WE LOSE BETWEEN TWO OR 3 RHINOS IN AFRICA, 262 00:14:22,900 --> 00:14:26,033 {\an1}AND IT IS NOT JUST RHINOS. 263 00:14:26,066 --> 00:14:29,266 {\an1}WOMAN: WE'RE TALKING ABOUT MILLIONS OF ANIMALS 264 00:14:29,300 --> 00:14:34,966 {\an1}BEING SNATCHED FROM THE WILD FROM THOUSAND OF SPECIES. 265 00:14:35,000 --> 00:14:38,500 {\an1}MWENDA: THE ILLEGAL WILDLIFE TRAFFICKING RANKS FOURTH 266 00:14:38,533 --> 00:14:40,966 {\an1}OF THE TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES 267 00:14:41,000 --> 00:14:44,766 {\an1}AFTER HUMAN TRAFFICKING, ARMS, AND DRUGS. 268 00:14:44,800 --> 00:14:48,000 {\an1}WOMAN: ONE OF THE DRIVERS FOR INCREASING DEMAND 269 00:14:48,033 --> 00:14:53,166 {\an1}IS INCREASED INCOME IN CHINA, VIETNAM, OR ELSEWHERE. 270 00:14:53,200 --> 00:14:56,500 {\an1}IF YOU HAVE MONEY, IF YOU HAVE INTERNET, 271 00:14:56,533 --> 00:15:00,000 {\an1}YOU CAN LITERALLY ORDER ANYTHING THAT YOU WANT. 272 00:15:00,033 --> 00:15:03,200 {\an1}IT COULD BE A STATUS SYMBOL, 273 00:15:03,233 --> 00:15:05,766 OR IT COULD BE FOR MEDICINAL PURPOSES... 274 00:15:05,800 --> 00:15:09,433 {\an7}[MAN SPEAKING CHINESE] 275 00:15:09,466 --> 00:15:12,666 {\an7}HO: BUT IT'S ALL MADE UP. 276 00:15:12,700 --> 00:15:18,800 {\an1}PEOPLE CLAIM THESE ARE CULTURES AND TRADITIONS, 277 00:15:18,833 --> 00:15:21,966 {\an7}BUT A LOT IS REALLY JUST MARKETING SCHEME 278 00:15:22,000 --> 00:15:28,466 {\an7}BY TRADERS LOOKING FOR THE NEXT ANIMAL TO EXPLOIT. 279 00:15:28,500 --> 00:15:31,933 {\an1}ATTENBOROUGH: TODAY THE MOST TRAFFICKED ANIMAL IN THE WORLD 280 00:15:31,966 --> 00:15:35,466 IS ONE FEW PEOPLE HAVE EVER SEEN 281 00:15:35,500 --> 00:15:38,333 AND MANY HAVE NEVER EVEN HEARD OF. 282 00:15:38,366 --> 00:15:40,600 ♪ 283 00:15:40,633 --> 00:15:43,200 {\an1}PANGOLINS ARE NOCTURNAL ANIMALS 284 00:15:43,233 --> 00:15:47,800 FOUND THROUGHOUT ASIA AND AFRICA. 285 00:15:47,833 --> 00:15:50,600 THEY'RE NATURAL PEST CONTROLLERS. 286 00:15:50,633 --> 00:15:56,366 {\an1}EACH ONE CAN CONSUME 70 MILLION ANTS A YEAR. 287 00:15:56,400 --> 00:16:01,500 {\an1}PANGOLINS ARE THE ONLY MAMMAL COVERED IN SCALES, 288 00:16:01,533 --> 00:16:06,400 {\an1}AND THIS IS THEIR DOWNFALL. 289 00:16:06,433 --> 00:16:10,566 {\an1}WOMAN: THE MASSIVE DEMAND IN ASIA FOR PANGOLIN SCALES 290 00:16:10,600 --> 00:16:14,000 {\an1}IS DRIVING THE DECIMATION OF PANGOLINS. 291 00:16:16,433 --> 00:16:20,666 {\an1}HO: TRADERS CLAIM THAT THEY HAVE MEDICINAL PURPOSES, 292 00:16:20,700 --> 00:16:23,466 {\an1}BUT, YOU KNOW, PANGOLIN SCALES ARE MADE OF KERATIN. 293 00:16:23,500 --> 00:16:25,466 {\an1}IT'S LIKE OUR FINGERNAILS, 294 00:16:25,500 --> 00:16:29,133 SO THEY HAVE NO MEDICINAL PROPERTIES. 295 00:16:29,166 --> 00:16:31,533 ALL RIGHT, SWEETHEART. 296 00:16:31,566 --> 00:16:33,709 {\an1}WOMAN, VOICE-OVER: THE NUMBERS OF AFRICAN PANGOLIN SCALES 297 00:16:33,733 --> 00:16:36,166 {\an1}THAT HAVE BEEN INTERCEPTED GOING INTO ASIA 298 00:16:36,200 --> 00:16:40,133 {\an1}HAS DRAMATICALLY INCREASED OVER THE LAST FEW YEARS. 299 00:16:40,166 --> 00:16:45,600 {\an1}IN 2019, IT WAS JUST OVER A HUNDRED TONS OF SCALES. 300 00:16:45,633 --> 00:16:49,200 {\an1}THAT'S 175,000 PANGOLINS 301 00:16:49,233 --> 00:16:53,300 {\an1}THAT HAVE BEEN KILLED FOR THE SCALE TRADE. 302 00:16:53,333 --> 00:16:57,333 {\an1}WE WORK CLOSELY WITH LAW-ENFORCEMENT OFFICIALS. 303 00:16:57,366 --> 00:17:00,866 THIS LITTLE PANGOLIN CAME IN OFF THE TRADE, 304 00:17:00,900 --> 00:17:04,866 {\an1}AND THEY'RE USUALLY DEHYDRATED AND EMACIATED. 305 00:17:04,900 --> 00:17:08,100 {\an1}THIS PANGOLIN'S STILL GOT THE LITTLE, WHITE TIPS 306 00:17:08,133 --> 00:17:11,600 {\an1}AT THE END OF EACH SCALE, WHICH SHOWS HIS YOUTH, 307 00:17:11,633 --> 00:17:15,366 {\an1}AND THIS IS A PARTICULARLY PRETTY, LITTLE PANGOLIN. 308 00:17:15,400 --> 00:17:19,766 {\an1}WRIGHT, VOICE-OVER: POACHING IS A BRUTALLY CRUEL BUSINESS. 309 00:17:19,800 --> 00:17:24,566 {\an1}I HAVE SEEN VIDEO FOOTAGE OF THEM BEING BOILED ALIVE. 310 00:17:24,600 --> 00:17:27,066 {\an1}IT'S EXTREMELY DISTRESSING 311 00:17:27,100 --> 00:17:29,600 {\an1}TO SEE HOW THESE ANIMALS ARE KILLED. 312 00:17:29,633 --> 00:17:34,800 ♪ 313 00:17:34,833 --> 00:17:37,300 {\an1}MAN: WHEN COVID-19 FIRST EMERGED, 314 00:17:37,333 --> 00:17:41,433 {\an1}PANGOLINS WERE POINTED TO AS A POTENTIAL SOURCE OF THE VIRUS, 315 00:17:41,466 --> 00:17:43,866 {\an1}AND EVERYBODY HOPED THAT THIS WOULD CUT DOWN THE TRADE 316 00:17:43,900 --> 00:17:45,733 STRAIGHTAWAY, BUT, UNFORTUNATELY, 317 00:17:45,766 --> 00:17:48,366 {\an1}THAT'S NOT HAPPENED. 318 00:17:48,400 --> 00:17:55,966 {\an1}THE TRADE IS HIGHLY PROFITABLE, AND IT'S UNLIKELY TO STOP. 319 00:17:56,000 --> 00:18:01,633 {\an1}HO: THERE ARE 4 ASIAN PANGOLIN SPECIES AND 4 AFRICAN, 320 00:18:01,666 --> 00:18:08,300 {\an1}AND ALL 8 SPECIES ARE THREATENED WITH EXTINCTION. 321 00:18:08,333 --> 00:18:11,666 ♪ 322 00:18:15,066 --> 00:18:17,766 ATTENBOROUGH: THERE IS ANOTHER HUGE TRADE 323 00:18:17,800 --> 00:18:21,666 THAT IS DRIVING THE LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY, 324 00:18:21,700 --> 00:18:25,000 {\an1}AND THIS ONE HAPPENS IN PLAIN SIGHT. 325 00:18:25,033 --> 00:18:28,366 ♪ 326 00:18:32,166 --> 00:18:34,366 {\an1}MAN: WE HAVE CREATED A DATABASE 327 00:18:34,400 --> 00:18:37,633 {\an1}THAT HAS WORLD FISHERIES' STATISTICS, 328 00:18:37,666 --> 00:18:40,566 {\an1}AND WE WERE THE FIRST ONES TO STUDY FISHERIES 329 00:18:40,600 --> 00:18:44,500 {\an1}ON A GLOBAL BASIS, AND THIS GLOBAL VIEW 330 00:18:44,533 --> 00:18:50,333 {\an1}SHOWS THAT WE HAVE MASSIVE AND WIDESPREAD OVERFISHING. 331 00:18:50,366 --> 00:18:52,966 ATTENBOROUGH: IN THE LAST 40 YEARS, 332 00:18:53,000 --> 00:18:58,133 {\an1}THE SCALE OF GLOBAL FISHING HAS DRAMATICALLY INCREASED. 333 00:18:58,166 --> 00:19:01,066 AT ANY ONE TIME, THERE COULD BE AS MANY 334 00:19:01,100 --> 00:19:07,000 {\an1}AS 100,000 TRAWLERS OPERATING IN OUR SEAS. 335 00:19:07,033 --> 00:19:10,233 {\an1}MAN: MODERN FISHING IS AN INDUSTRIAL OPERATION 336 00:19:10,266 --> 00:19:13,866 {\an1}RUN BY HUGE CORPORATIONS. 337 00:19:13,900 --> 00:19:17,266 {\an1}BOATS ARE FACTORY SHIPS. 338 00:19:17,300 --> 00:19:19,933 {\an1}SOME SWEEP UP THE GROUND WITH A NET 339 00:19:19,966 --> 00:19:23,333 THAT MIGHT BE AS BIG AS THIS HOUSE, 340 00:19:23,366 --> 00:19:28,200 {\an1}AND YOU CAN PUT 4 JUMBO JETS IN THE MOUTH OF A BIG TRAWLER, 341 00:19:28,233 --> 00:19:33,566 AND EVERYTHING THAT IS IN THE PATH GOES IN. 342 00:19:33,600 --> 00:19:35,933 {\an1}WOMAN: THE PROBLEM IS, AS YOU REMOVE MORE AND MORE 343 00:19:35,966 --> 00:19:38,866 {\an1}OF THE ADULT FISH, PARTICULARLY THE LARGER-SIZED FISH, 344 00:19:38,900 --> 00:19:42,533 {\an1}YOU END UP WITH FEWER AND FEWER OF THE EGGS AND THE FRY, 345 00:19:42,566 --> 00:19:47,633 {\an1}AND THERE'S SIMPLY NOT ENOUGH FOR THE POPULATION TO RECOVER. 346 00:19:47,666 --> 00:19:50,400 {\an1}THERE ARE WAYS OF SUSTAINABLY MANAGING FISH STOCKS. 347 00:19:50,433 --> 00:19:52,933 {\an1}REDUCING FISHING IN AN AREA 348 00:19:52,966 --> 00:19:57,500 {\an1}CAN GET A POPULATION BACK TO SUSTAINABLE LEVELS. 349 00:19:57,533 --> 00:19:59,666 {\an1}PAULY: BUT YOU HAVE TO CHOOSE WHETHER YOU WANT 350 00:19:59,700 --> 00:20:03,500 {\an1}TO EXTRACT A SUSTAINABLE, MODEST CATCH 351 00:20:03,533 --> 00:20:05,866 {\an1}OR HAVE A BIG CATCH FOR A SHORT TERM, 352 00:20:05,900 --> 00:20:08,066 {\an1}AND WE HAVE ALWAYS OPTED 353 00:20:08,100 --> 00:20:12,133 FOR THE BIG CATCH FOR A SHORT TERM. 354 00:20:12,166 --> 00:20:14,766 {\an1}WATSON: EVEN WHERE FISH QUOTAS ARE PUT IN PLACE, 355 00:20:14,800 --> 00:20:17,433 OFTEN, THEY'RE NOT BEING IMPLEMENTED, 356 00:20:17,466 --> 00:20:19,366 {\an1}AND IN SOME PARTS OF THE WORLD, THERE'S NOT EVEN 357 00:20:19,400 --> 00:20:24,066 GOOD REGULATIONS TO LIMIT THE CATCHES. 358 00:20:24,100 --> 00:20:27,366 PURDY: THE WATERS AROUND MAJOR FISHING COUNTRIES 359 00:20:27,400 --> 00:20:30,533 {\an1}ARE BEING EMPTIED. 360 00:20:30,566 --> 00:20:34,833 {\an1}WE FOUND THAT IN CHINA, WE HAVE ABOUT 16% LEFT 361 00:20:34,866 --> 00:20:38,633 {\an1}OF WHAT WE HAD 120 YEARS AGO, 362 00:20:38,666 --> 00:20:41,733 {\an1}AND STUDIES SUGGEST THAT SOME BRITISH WATERS 363 00:20:41,766 --> 00:20:46,566 {\an1}WHERE INDUSTRIAL FISHING BEGUN HAVE BEEN DECIMATED. 364 00:20:46,600 --> 00:20:50,700 {\an1}THERE IS NOW ABOUT 5% OF TRAWLER-CAUGHT FISH LEFT 365 00:20:50,733 --> 00:20:55,366 {\an1}THAN BEFORE THE TURN OF THE 20TH CENTURY. 366 00:20:55,400 --> 00:20:59,066 {\an1}JONES: THIS IS A REALLY BIG PROBLEM FOR THE SPECIES OF FISH 367 00:20:59,100 --> 00:21:02,866 {\an1}THAT PREY UPON THE FISH THAT WE'RE HARVESTING, 368 00:21:02,900 --> 00:21:07,233 {\an1}AND THIS HAS HUGE IMPACT ON THE MARINE ECOSYSTEMS. 369 00:21:07,266 --> 00:21:11,200 {\an1}WATSON: WE'RE COMPLETELY DESTROYING THE NATURAL BALANCE 370 00:21:11,233 --> 00:21:16,400 {\an1}OF FISH IN THE WORLD'S OCEANS. 371 00:21:16,433 --> 00:21:20,866 {\an1}[CAR HORNS HONKING] 372 00:21:23,266 --> 00:21:25,800 {\an1}ATTENBOROUGH: ACROSS THE GLOBE, THE PRESSURES FACED 373 00:21:25,833 --> 00:21:29,566 {\an1}BY THE NATURAL WORLD ARE BECOMING EVER HARDER TO SOLVE 374 00:21:29,600 --> 00:21:35,033 {\an1}BECAUSE OF OUR GROWING DEMAND FOR NATURE'S RESOURCES. 375 00:21:35,066 --> 00:21:37,433 {\an1}MAN: WHEN I WAS A KID IN THE 1960S, 376 00:21:37,466 --> 00:21:40,033 {\an1}THERE WERE 3 BILLION PEOPLE IN THE WORLD, 377 00:21:40,066 --> 00:21:44,766 {\an1}SO I WATCHED IT GO TO 6 BILLION, AROUND 2000 OR SO, 378 00:21:44,800 --> 00:21:47,266 {\an1}AND I'M NOW PROBABLY GOING TO SEE IT ACTUALLY REACH, 379 00:21:47,300 --> 00:21:49,600 {\an1}YOU KNOW, 9 BILLION IN MY LIFETIME, 380 00:21:49,633 --> 00:21:52,533 {\an1}WHICH IS PRETTY STARTLING. 381 00:21:52,566 --> 00:21:55,733 {\an1}BUTCHART: POPULATION GROWTH IS MUCH, MUCH HIGHER 382 00:21:55,766 --> 00:21:58,933 {\an1}IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD THAN IN THE DEVELOPED. 383 00:21:58,966 --> 00:22:01,766 {\an1}NAEEM: BUT IT'S PROBLEMATIC TO JUST TALK ABOUT POPULATION 384 00:22:01,800 --> 00:22:05,066 {\an1}BECAUSE THERE ARE TWO THINGS WHICH ARE GOING ON. 385 00:22:05,100 --> 00:22:08,433 IT'S POPULATION, BUT IT'S ALSO CONSUMPTION. 386 00:22:08,466 --> 00:22:10,833 {\an1}BUTCHART: AND IN TERMS OF IMPACT ON THE PLANET, 387 00:22:10,866 --> 00:22:12,566 {\an1}WHAT'S MUCH MORE IMPORTANT 388 00:22:12,600 --> 00:22:14,566 IS THE GROWTH IN CONSUMPTION LEVELS, 389 00:22:14,600 --> 00:22:18,800 {\an1}AND THESE ARE FAR HIGHER IN THE DEVELOPED ECONOMIES. 390 00:22:18,833 --> 00:22:20,900 {\an1}NAEEM: THAT'S WHY I CALL IT A TABOO TOPIC, 391 00:22:20,933 --> 00:22:22,666 {\an1}BECAUSE WHO'S AT FAULT? 392 00:22:22,700 --> 00:22:24,833 {\an1}IS IT THE VERY LARGE NUMBER OF PEOPLE 393 00:22:24,866 --> 00:22:28,133 {\an1}OR THE SMALL NUMBER OF PEOPLE WITH VERY FEW CHILDREN 394 00:22:28,166 --> 00:22:32,133 {\an1}WHO ARE ACTUALLY DRIVING NEGATIVE IMPACTS? 395 00:22:32,166 --> 00:22:34,400 ATTENBOROUGH: THE AVERAGE PERSON IN THE UK 396 00:22:34,433 --> 00:22:37,433 CONSUMES NEARLY 4 TIMES THE RESOURCES 397 00:22:37,466 --> 00:22:40,566 {\an1}OF THE AVERAGE PERSON IN INDIA, 398 00:22:40,600 --> 00:22:45,266 {\an1}AND IN THE UNITED STATES, IT'S ABOUT 7 TIMES AS MUCH. 399 00:22:45,300 --> 00:22:48,800 ♪ 400 00:22:48,833 --> 00:22:52,233 {\an1}ONE OF THE PROBLEMS IS THAT MANY OF THE PRODUCTS WE USE 401 00:22:52,266 --> 00:22:54,166 {\an1}ARE MANUFACTURED IN WAYS 402 00:22:54,200 --> 00:22:58,600 {\an1}THAT POLLUTE OUR AIR, LAND, AND WATER, MAKING POLLUTION 403 00:22:58,633 --> 00:23:04,000 {\an1}ANOTHER OF THE DRIVERS OF BIODIVERSITY LOSS. 404 00:23:04,033 --> 00:23:06,800 {\an1}WATSON: WHILE IN A COUNTRY LIKE THE UNITED KINGDOM, 405 00:23:06,833 --> 00:23:11,100 {\an1}WE HAVE SOME VERY STRONG LAWS ON HOW TO REDUCE POLLUTION, 406 00:23:11,133 --> 00:23:13,000 {\an1}WE DO HAVE TO REALIZE, 407 00:23:13,033 --> 00:23:15,933 WE'RE NO LONGER A MAJOR INDUSTRIAL COUNTRY. 408 00:23:15,966 --> 00:23:18,133 {\an1}MOST OF THE THINGS THAT WE ACTUALLY USE 409 00:23:18,166 --> 00:23:20,266 {\an1}ARE PRODUCED ABROAD IN COUNTRIES 410 00:23:20,300 --> 00:23:26,266 {\an1}WHERE THE LAWS CAN BE NONEXISTENT OR NOT IMPLEMENTED, 411 00:23:26,300 --> 00:23:30,166 SO WE'RE SIMPLY MOVING OUR FOOTPRINT 412 00:23:30,200 --> 00:23:35,133 {\an1}ON DESTROYING NATURE TO ANOTHER COUNTRY. 413 00:23:35,166 --> 00:23:38,366 {\an1}ATTENBOROUGH: POLLUTANTS CAN HAVE A LASTING IMPACT 414 00:23:38,400 --> 00:23:41,933 {\an1}ON SPECIES, AN IMPACT THAT MAY TAKE TIME 415 00:23:41,966 --> 00:23:46,400 {\an1}FOR US TO FULLY UNDERSTAND. 416 00:23:46,433 --> 00:23:50,600 {\an1}MAN: PCB STANDS FOR POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS. 417 00:23:50,633 --> 00:23:52,800 THEY'RE USED IN THE ELECTRICAL INDUSTRY. 418 00:23:52,833 --> 00:23:54,633 WE INVENTED THEM IN THE TWENTIES, 419 00:23:54,666 --> 00:23:56,776 {\an1}AND THEN WE BEGAN TO BAN THEM FROM THE EIGHTIES ONWARDS 420 00:23:56,800 --> 00:23:58,476 {\an1}BECAUSE WE REALIZED THEY HAD QUITE A SERIOUS 421 00:23:58,500 --> 00:24:01,533 {\an1}AND TOXIC EFFECT ON LIFE. 422 00:24:01,566 --> 00:24:03,233 {\an1}THEY AFFECT THE IMMUNE SYSTEM, 423 00:24:03,266 --> 00:24:07,600 {\an1}AND THEY ALSO CAUSE REPRODUCTIVE IMPAIRMENT. 424 00:24:07,633 --> 00:24:10,866 IF PCBS ARE NOT DISPOSED OF APPROPRIATELY, 425 00:24:10,900 --> 00:24:13,100 {\an1}THEN YOU CAN GET LEACHING OUT FROM THE LANDFILL SITE 426 00:24:13,133 --> 00:24:16,166 {\an1}INTO RIVER COURSES, RIVERBEDS, BACK OUT TO SEA. 427 00:24:16,200 --> 00:24:17,833 {\an1}ANIMALS AT THE BASE OF THE FOOD CHAIN 428 00:24:17,866 --> 00:24:20,100 MIGHT ABSORB A VERY SMALL AMOUNT. 429 00:24:20,133 --> 00:24:22,300 {\an1}THEN AS ANIMALS ABOVE THEM EAT MORE AND MORE 430 00:24:22,333 --> 00:24:25,266 {\an1}OF THE SMALL ANIMALS, THEY'LL CONCENTRATE UP THE FOOD CHAIN. 431 00:24:25,300 --> 00:24:29,800 ♪ 432 00:24:29,833 --> 00:24:33,533 {\an1}IN THE UK, WE HAVE ONE REALLY STRIKING EXAMPLE OF THAT... 433 00:24:33,566 --> 00:24:37,133 {\an1}THE LAST REMAINING POD OF INSHORE KILLER WHALES 434 00:24:37,166 --> 00:24:38,700 {\an1}UP IN NORTHWEST SCOTLAND, 435 00:24:38,733 --> 00:24:41,433 {\an1}WHERE THEY ONLY HAVE 8 INDIVIDUALS LEFT. 436 00:24:41,466 --> 00:24:43,966 {\an1}THAT POPULATION HAS BEEN STUDIED FOR ABOUT 30 YEARS. 437 00:24:44,000 --> 00:24:46,966 IN ALL THAT TIME, THEY HAVE NEVER HAD A CALF. 438 00:24:47,000 --> 00:24:51,300 {\an1}LULU WAS A PART OF THAT POD. 439 00:24:51,333 --> 00:24:54,933 {\an1}SHE DIED DUE TO ENTANGLEMENT IN FISHING GEAR... 440 00:24:56,700 --> 00:24:59,800 {\an1}AND WHEN WE HAD HER BLUBBER LEVELS ANALYZED FOR PCBS, 441 00:24:59,833 --> 00:25:02,500 {\an1}THEY WERE QUITE SHOCKING, ONE OF THE HIGHEST LEVELS 442 00:25:02,533 --> 00:25:05,933 {\an1}EVER RECORDED OF ANY KILLER WHALE ON THE PLANET, 443 00:25:05,966 --> 00:25:07,700 {\an1}AND WE LOOKED AT HER OVARIES, 444 00:25:07,733 --> 00:25:10,666 AND WE FOUND THEY WERE NONFUNCTIONAL. 445 00:25:10,700 --> 00:25:13,133 IN MY LIFETIME, WE'RE LOOKING POTENTIALLY 446 00:25:13,166 --> 00:25:16,400 {\an1}AT THE COMPLETE LOSS OF THAT POPULATION, 447 00:25:16,433 --> 00:25:18,866 {\an1}AND THEN WE'LL HAVE NO MORE KILLER WHALES LEFT 448 00:25:18,900 --> 00:25:21,033 {\an1}AROUND THE COAST OF THE UK. 449 00:25:24,133 --> 00:25:26,700 {\an1}ATTENBOROUGH: IN ADDITION TO THESE THREATS, 450 00:25:26,733 --> 00:25:29,833 {\an1}MANY ECOSYSTEMS ARE INCREASINGLY FEELING THE IMPACT 451 00:25:29,866 --> 00:25:34,900 OF ANOTHER DRIVER OF BIODIVERSITY LOSS... 452 00:25:34,933 --> 00:25:38,300 CLIMATE CHANGE. 453 00:25:38,333 --> 00:25:40,500 [SIREN] 454 00:25:40,533 --> 00:25:43,966 {\an1}OUR WORLD IS GETTING HOTTER. 455 00:25:44,000 --> 00:25:47,800 {\an1}WATSON: AT THIS MOMENT, WE DO HAVE THE PARIS AGREEMENT 456 00:25:47,833 --> 00:25:50,200 {\an1}THAT SAYS ALL GOVERNMENTS SHOULD TRY AND LIMIT 457 00:25:50,233 --> 00:25:55,266 {\an1}CLIMATE CHANGE TO NO MORE THAN TWO DEGREES CELSIUS. 458 00:25:55,300 --> 00:25:57,466 {\an1}ALL OF THE CALCULATIONS SHOW 459 00:25:57,500 --> 00:26:01,966 WE'RE ON TRACK FOR A 3-TO 4-DEGREE WORLD, 460 00:26:02,000 --> 00:26:07,200 {\an1}AND THE MORE THE EARTH WARMS, THE WORSE THE PROBLEM IS. 461 00:26:07,233 --> 00:26:09,700 {\an1}MAN: THERE ARE LOTS OF WAYS THAT CLIMATE CHANGE 462 00:26:09,733 --> 00:26:14,000 {\an1}WILL IMPACT ON SPECIES... CHANGING FOOD SOURCES, 463 00:26:14,033 --> 00:26:17,066 HOW THEY BREED, 464 00:26:17,100 --> 00:26:21,866 {\an1}AND THEIR WHOLE PATTERNS OF MIGRATION AND MOVEMENT. 465 00:26:21,900 --> 00:26:25,266 {\an1}ATTENBOROUGH: INCREASING TEMPERATURES MEAN SOME SPECIES 466 00:26:25,300 --> 00:26:30,400 {\an1}ARE UNABLE TO SURVIVE IN THEIR NORMAL HABITAT. 467 00:26:30,433 --> 00:26:34,900 {\an1}THEY'RE FORCED TO MOVE HIGHER AND HIGHER, WHERE IT'S COOLER, 468 00:26:34,933 --> 00:26:39,466 AND EVENTUALLY, THERE'S NOWHERE LEFT TO GO. 469 00:26:39,500 --> 00:26:43,166 {\an1}HADLY: IT'S BEEN CALLED THE ESCALATOR TO EXTINCTION, 470 00:26:43,200 --> 00:26:45,566 AND WE SEE IT ALL AROUND THE GLOBE. 471 00:26:45,600 --> 00:26:47,300 [BIRDS CHIRPING] 472 00:26:47,333 --> 00:26:48,966 {\an1}WILLIAMS: IN THE AUSTRALIAN WET TROPICS, 473 00:26:49,000 --> 00:26:51,533 {\an1}WE'RE ALREADY SEEING THAT WITH POSSUMS AND BIRDS 474 00:26:51,566 --> 00:26:54,400 {\an1}THAT JUST CAN'T HANDLE THE HEAT WAVES. 475 00:26:54,433 --> 00:26:57,166 {\an1}ABOUT 50% OF THE ENDEMIC SPECIES THAT LIVE 476 00:26:57,200 --> 00:27:01,466 {\an1}IN THESE MOUNTAINTOPS ARE ON THAT ESCALATOR TO EXTINCTION. 477 00:27:01,500 --> 00:27:03,533 {\an1}THESE ARE NO LONGER PREDICTIONS. 478 00:27:03,566 --> 00:27:06,100 {\an1}WE ARE SEEING IT HAPPEN. 479 00:27:06,133 --> 00:27:08,766 {\an1}ATTENBOROUGH: SCIENTISTS PREDICT THAT IN THE FUTURE, 480 00:27:08,800 --> 00:27:11,600 AS TEMPERATURES CONTINUE TO RISE, 481 00:27:11,633 --> 00:27:13,600 {\an1}CLIMATE CHANGE WILL BECOME 482 00:27:13,633 --> 00:27:16,800 {\an1}THE GREATEST THREAT FACED BY SPECIES... 483 00:27:16,833 --> 00:27:19,733 ♪ 484 00:27:19,766 --> 00:27:23,266 BUT RIGHT NOW, THE SINGLE BIGGEST DRIVER 485 00:27:23,300 --> 00:27:28,600 {\an1}OF BIODIVERSITY LOSS IS THE DESTRUCTION OF HABITATS. 486 00:27:28,633 --> 00:27:32,866 {\an1}[CHAINSAW WHIRRING] 487 00:27:32,900 --> 00:27:35,100 [CRASH] 488 00:27:35,133 --> 00:27:37,833 {\an1}JONES: MANY PEOPLE IMAGINE THERE'S 489 00:27:37,866 --> 00:27:40,300 {\an1}THIS UNTOUCHED WILDERNESS BECAUSE THEY SEE IT 490 00:27:40,333 --> 00:27:42,700 {\an1}ON THEIR TV SCREENS, BUT THE REALITY IS, 491 00:27:42,733 --> 00:27:46,500 {\an1}THERE'S REALLY NOT A LOT OF WILD LEFT OUT THERE. 492 00:27:46,533 --> 00:27:48,366 {\an1}WE'VE ALREADY LOST NEARLY 90% 493 00:27:48,400 --> 00:27:51,200 OF THE WETLANDS AROUND THE WORLD. 494 00:27:51,233 --> 00:27:55,166 {\an1}WE'VE TRANSFORMED THE FORESTS, OUR GRASSLANDS. 495 00:27:55,200 --> 00:28:00,600 {\an1}WE'VE CONVERTED 75% OF THE LAND THAT IS NOT COVERED BY ICE. 496 00:28:00,633 --> 00:28:03,133 {\an1}NAEEM: 3/4 OF THE TERRESTRIAL SURFACE HAS BEEN CHANGED, 497 00:28:03,166 --> 00:28:05,800 A LOT OF IT JUST TO FEED ONE SPECIES. 498 00:28:05,833 --> 00:28:08,733 ♪ 499 00:28:08,766 --> 00:28:11,433 MAN: OBVIOUSLY, IF YOU CLEAR A RAINFOREST 500 00:28:11,466 --> 00:28:14,900 {\an1}OR NATURAL SAVANNAH AND YOU REPLACE IT 501 00:28:14,933 --> 00:28:18,966 {\an1}WITH A MONOCULTURE AGRICULTURE, OF COURSE... IT'S UNSURPRISING... 502 00:28:19,000 --> 00:28:21,166 {\an1}YOU'RE GOING TO LOSE MOST OF THE SPECIES 503 00:28:21,200 --> 00:28:24,766 {\an1}THAT EVOLVED TO SURVIVE THERE. 504 00:28:24,800 --> 00:28:27,566 {\an1}THE CRITICAL THING IS THAT THERE IS NOW 505 00:28:27,600 --> 00:28:30,133 {\an1}ENOUGH LAND THAT'S ALREADY BEEN CLEARED 506 00:28:30,166 --> 00:28:33,766 {\an1}TO SUSTAIN THE LEVELS OF PRODUCTION THAT WE NEED, 507 00:28:33,800 --> 00:28:37,866 BUT NEW LAND IS STILL BEING CLEARED 508 00:28:37,900 --> 00:28:41,866 {\an1}BECAUSE OFTEN, IT'S QUICKER AND CHEAPER TO DO SO. 509 00:28:41,900 --> 00:28:44,466 [FIRE CRACKLING] 510 00:28:44,500 --> 00:28:46,500 {\an1}ATTENBOROUGH: IT'S ESTIMATED THAT EVERY YEAR, 511 00:28:46,533 --> 00:28:51,133 {\an1}AROUND 3.8 MILLION HECTARES OF FOREST ARE CLEARED. 512 00:28:55,133 --> 00:28:58,066 GARDNER: A LOT OF THAT CLEARANCE IS DRIVEN 513 00:28:58,100 --> 00:29:01,733 BY DEMAND ON THE OTHER SIDE OF THE WORLD. 514 00:29:01,766 --> 00:29:04,866 {\an1}WE WANT CHEAP FOOD, AND WE WANT TO HAVE CHOICE 515 00:29:04,900 --> 00:29:07,600 {\an1}ON OFFER ALL YEAR ROUND. 516 00:29:07,633 --> 00:29:10,200 ATTENBOROUGH: THESE COMMODITIES OFTEN PROVIDE 517 00:29:10,233 --> 00:29:13,400 THE MAINSTAY OF COUNTRIES' ECONOMIES, 518 00:29:13,433 --> 00:29:17,900 {\an1}BUT MANY ARE PRODUCED IN WAYS THAT ARE NOT SUSTAINABLE. 519 00:29:17,933 --> 00:29:21,233 {\an1}GARDNER: SO A CONSUMER WALKING INTO A SUPERMARKET 520 00:29:21,266 --> 00:29:26,933 {\an1}MAY UNWITTINGLY BE CONTRIBUTING TOWARDS LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY. 521 00:29:26,966 --> 00:29:31,400 {\an1}WHAT WE'RE DOING IS TAKING CUSTOMS DATA, SHIPPING DATA, 522 00:29:31,433 --> 00:29:34,633 {\an1}AND FOR THE FIRST TIME, WE CONNECT THEM ALL TOGETHER 523 00:29:34,666 --> 00:29:36,833 {\an1}AND ASK, "WHO'S BUYING FROM THE HOTSPOTS 524 00:29:36,866 --> 00:29:40,433 {\an1}WHERE WE'RE REALLY LOSING BIODIVERSITY?" 525 00:29:40,466 --> 00:29:43,900 {\an1}WE NOW HAVE ENOUGH DATA TO BE ABLE TO IDENTIFY 526 00:29:43,933 --> 00:29:47,433 THE MAIN DRIVERS OF BIODIVERSITY LOSS... 527 00:29:47,466 --> 00:29:52,633 {\an1}SOY, COCOA, COFFEE, PALM OIL, AND BEEF. 528 00:29:52,666 --> 00:29:54,866 {\an1}ATTENBOROUGH: CONVERSION OF LAND FOR CATTLE 529 00:29:54,900 --> 00:30:00,633 {\an1}IS PROBABLY THE GREATEST SINGLE CAUSE OF HABITAT LOSS. 530 00:30:00,666 --> 00:30:03,733 OF THE TOTAL MASS OF MAMMALS ON EARTH, 531 00:30:03,766 --> 00:30:07,800 {\an1}LIVESTOCK HAS BEEN FOUND TO ACCOUNT FOR 60%, 532 00:30:07,833 --> 00:30:13,900 HUMANS FOR 36%, AND WILD ANIMALS JUST 4%. 533 00:30:13,933 --> 00:30:17,200 ♪ 534 00:30:20,766 --> 00:30:25,166 {\an1}THE UNPRECEDENTED IMPACT WE ARE HAVING ON THE PLANET 535 00:30:25,200 --> 00:30:30,600 {\an1}IS NOT ONLY PUTTING THE ECOSYSTEMS WE RELY ON AT RISK. 536 00:30:30,633 --> 00:30:34,866 {\an1}SCIENTISTS BELIEVE THAT OUR DESTRUCTIVE RELATIONSHIP 537 00:30:34,900 --> 00:30:37,100 WITH NATURE IS ACTUALLY PUTTING US 538 00:30:37,133 --> 00:30:41,933 AT GREATER RISK OF PANDEMIC DISEASES. 539 00:30:41,966 --> 00:30:44,733 {\an1}DASZAK: WE'VE SEEN AN INCREASING RATE 540 00:30:44,766 --> 00:30:46,566 {\an1}OF PANDEMIC EMERGENCE. 541 00:30:46,600 --> 00:30:50,200 {\an1}WE'VE HAD SWINE FLU, SARS, EBOLA, 542 00:30:50,233 --> 00:30:53,133 {\an1}AND WE'VE ACTUALLY LOOKED BACK OVER EVERY EMERGING DISEASE 543 00:30:53,166 --> 00:30:55,433 {\an1}AND SAID, "WHERE DID IT ORIGINATE ON THE PLANET, 544 00:30:55,466 --> 00:30:57,266 {\an1}"AND WHAT ARE THE THINGS GOING ON THERE 545 00:30:57,300 --> 00:30:59,533 {\an1}THAT COULD HAVE CAUSED IT?" 546 00:30:59,566 --> 00:31:04,233 {\an1}AND WE FOUND WE'RE BEHIND EVERY SINGLE PANDEMIC, 547 00:31:04,266 --> 00:31:07,100 {\an1}AND IT'S HUMAN IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT 548 00:31:07,133 --> 00:31:11,400 {\an1}THAT DRIVES EMERGING DISEASES. 549 00:31:11,433 --> 00:31:13,533 ANIMALS HAVE LOTS OF DIFFERENT VIRUSES 550 00:31:13,566 --> 00:31:17,000 {\an1}THAT CIRCULATE INSIDE THEIR BODIES JUST LIKE WE DO, 551 00:31:17,033 --> 00:31:20,366 {\an1}AND SO ONE OF THE MOST OBVIOUS WAYS THAT WE'RE MAKING IT 552 00:31:20,400 --> 00:31:22,500 MORE LIKELY THAT A VIRUS WOULD JUMP 553 00:31:22,533 --> 00:31:27,166 {\an1}IS THAT WE'RE HAVING LOTS OF CONTACTS WITH ANIMALS. 554 00:31:27,200 --> 00:31:30,633 {\an1}DASZAK: THE WILDLIFE TRADE IS AT UNPRECEDENTED LEVELS. 555 00:31:30,666 --> 00:31:36,400 {\an1}WE HAVE HUGE MARKETS WITH TENS OF THOUSANDS OF LIVE ANIMALS 556 00:31:36,433 --> 00:31:39,400 {\an1}SHEDDING THEIR VIRUSES THROUGH FECES AND URINE 557 00:31:39,433 --> 00:31:41,700 {\an1}BEING KILLED IN FRONT OF YOU. 558 00:31:41,733 --> 00:31:45,900 {\an1}THESE ARE INCREDIBLE PLACES FOR VIRUSES TO SPREAD... 559 00:31:45,933 --> 00:31:47,666 [DOG BARKING] 560 00:31:47,700 --> 00:31:49,966 {\an1}AND WE'RE CONNECTED TO THAT TRADE 561 00:31:50,000 --> 00:31:52,566 {\an1}THROUGH THE THINGS LIKE THE FASHION INDUSTRY. 562 00:31:52,600 --> 00:31:56,133 {\an1}WE'VE SEEN THIS HUGE INCREASE IN THE USE OF FUR TRIMS 563 00:31:56,166 --> 00:31:59,400 {\an1}FOR WINTER JACKETS, 564 00:31:59,433 --> 00:32:02,233 {\an1}AND THAT MEANS HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF ANIMALS 565 00:32:02,266 --> 00:32:05,133 {\an1}ARE BRED IN FUR FARMS. 566 00:32:05,166 --> 00:32:07,400 KEESING: YOU HAVE LARGE DENSITIES OF ANIMALS 567 00:32:07,433 --> 00:32:09,866 {\an1}PUT IN A SITUATION WITH A LOT OF PEOPLE. 568 00:32:09,900 --> 00:32:13,733 {\an1}TO MAKE THINGS WORSE, THOSE ANIMALS ARE VERY STRESSED, 569 00:32:13,766 --> 00:32:17,066 {\an1}AND WE KNOW THAT ANIMALS THAT ARE STRESSED 570 00:32:17,100 --> 00:32:21,166 {\an1}SHED VIRUSES AT HIGHER RATES. 571 00:32:21,200 --> 00:32:25,933 ♪ 572 00:32:25,966 --> 00:32:29,133 {\an1}DASZAK: WHAT ALSO DRIVES EMERGING DISEASES... 573 00:32:31,633 --> 00:32:34,000 {\an1}IS THAT WE'RE ENCROACHING FURTHER AND FURTHER EVERY DAY 574 00:32:34,033 --> 00:32:36,600 {\an1}INTO WILDLIFE HABITAT. 575 00:32:36,633 --> 00:32:40,766 [MAN SHOUTS] 576 00:32:40,800 --> 00:32:45,000 {\an1}DASZAK: 31% OF ALL EMERGING DISEASES HAVE ORIGINATED 577 00:32:45,033 --> 00:32:49,100 {\an1}THROUGH THE PROCESS OF LAND-USE CHANGE. 578 00:32:49,133 --> 00:32:52,033 {\an1}FORESTS AROUND THE WORLD, WHERE THERE'S A LOT OF BIODIVERSITY, 579 00:32:52,066 --> 00:32:54,066 {\an1}HAVE THOUSANDS OF VIRUSES 580 00:32:54,100 --> 00:32:56,566 THAT WE'VE NEVER COME INTO CONTACT WITH YET. 581 00:32:56,600 --> 00:32:58,600 {\an1}THE MINUTE WE BUILD A ROAD IN THERE, 582 00:32:58,633 --> 00:33:02,033 {\an1}WE START GETTING EXPOSED. 583 00:33:02,066 --> 00:33:04,500 THE FIRST PEOPLE INTO THOSE LOGGING CAMPS 584 00:33:04,533 --> 00:33:07,166 {\an1}GO OUT AND HUNT BUSH MEAT AND PICK UP THE VIRUSES. 585 00:33:07,200 --> 00:33:10,733 {\an1}THAT'S HOW HIV EMERGED. THEN WE BRING OUR LIVESTOCK IN. 586 00:33:10,766 --> 00:33:15,466 {\an1}VIRUSES MOVE FROM WILDLIFE INTO LIVESTOCK INTO PEOPLE. 587 00:33:15,500 --> 00:33:18,900 {\an1}AT EVERY STEP OF THE PROCESS, WE'RE BRINGING PEOPLE 588 00:33:18,933 --> 00:33:22,833 {\an1}CLOSER IN CONTACT WITH WILDLIFE AND THEIR VIRUSES. 589 00:33:22,866 --> 00:33:25,966 {\an1}IT'S EASY TO IMAGINE THAT WE'RE SO FAR AWAY 590 00:33:26,000 --> 00:33:28,266 {\an1}FROM THESE DISEASES' ORIGINS 591 00:33:28,300 --> 00:33:30,500 THAT IT'S NOTHING TO DO WITH US, 592 00:33:30,533 --> 00:33:32,600 {\an1}BUT WE DRIVE IT, ACTUALLY. 593 00:33:32,633 --> 00:33:34,833 {\an1}OUR CONSUMPTION OF BEEF DRIVES THIS. 594 00:33:34,866 --> 00:33:36,833 OUR CONSUMPTION OF POULTRY AND THE PRODUCTS 595 00:33:36,866 --> 00:33:40,866 {\an1}THAT ARE USED IN POULTRY DRIVES THIS. 596 00:33:40,900 --> 00:33:43,433 ♪ 597 00:33:43,466 --> 00:33:45,900 {\an1}KEESING: MY RESEARCH IS SHOWING THAT WHEN HUMANS 598 00:33:45,933 --> 00:33:52,033 {\an1}CONVERT HABITAT, THERE IS ALSO SOMETHING ELSE AT PLAY. 599 00:33:52,066 --> 00:33:56,033 {\an1}IT'S NOT ALL SPECIES THAT ARE LIKELY TO MAKE US SICK. 600 00:33:56,066 --> 00:33:58,766 {\an1}OFTEN THE BEST RESERVOIRS FOR THE PATHOGENS 601 00:33:58,800 --> 00:34:02,833 {\an1}THAT CAN JUMP TO HUMANS ARE SMALLER-BODIED SPECIES, 602 00:34:02,866 --> 00:34:07,633 {\an1}LIKE RATS AND MICE AND CERTAIN KIND OF BATS. 603 00:34:07,666 --> 00:34:11,633 {\an1}WHEN WE HAVE INTACT NATURAL SYSTEMS WITH HIGH BIODIVERSITY, 604 00:34:11,666 --> 00:34:14,500 THESE SPECIES ARE KEPT IN CHECK, 605 00:34:14,533 --> 00:34:17,633 BUT WHEN HUMANS DESTROY HABITAT, 606 00:34:17,666 --> 00:34:22,533 {\an1}THE LARGE PREDATORS AND HERBIVORES DISAPPEAR FIRST, 607 00:34:22,566 --> 00:34:26,333 {\an1}WHICH MEANS THE SMALLER-BODIED SPECIES ARE THE BIG WINNERS. 608 00:34:26,366 --> 00:34:28,066 {\an1}THEY PROLIFERATE WILDLY. 609 00:34:28,100 --> 00:34:30,300 THEY LIVE AT SUPER HIGH DENSITY 610 00:34:30,333 --> 00:34:35,133 {\an1}AND ARE THE ONES FAR MORE LIKELY TO MAKE US SICK. 611 00:34:35,166 --> 00:34:39,766 {\an1}DASZAK: SO WE'VE BEEN SAYING FOR 20-PLUS YEARS 612 00:34:39,800 --> 00:34:43,033 {\an1}THAT THIS EXPLOITATION OF OUR ENVIRONMENT 613 00:34:43,066 --> 00:34:45,233 {\an1}IS DRIVING PANDEMICS... 614 00:34:45,266 --> 00:34:48,200 ♪ 615 00:34:48,233 --> 00:34:50,233 {\an1}BUT WHAT WE DIDN'T THINK WAS, 616 00:34:50,266 --> 00:34:54,666 {\an1}IT WAS GOING TO HAPPEN SO QUICKLY AND SO DEVASTATINGLY. 617 00:34:54,700 --> 00:34:57,533 {\an1}ATTENBOROUGH: SINCE THE FIRST CASES OF COVID-19 618 00:34:57,566 --> 00:34:59,866 {\an1}WERE IDENTIFIED IN CHINA 619 00:34:59,900 --> 00:35:03,400 {\an1}AND LINKED TO A WET MARKET IN WUHAN, 620 00:35:03,433 --> 00:35:06,233 {\an1}SCIENTISTS AROUND THE WORLD HAVE BEEN PIECING TOGETHER 621 00:35:06,266 --> 00:35:10,366 WHERE AND HOW THE VIRUS EMERGED. 622 00:35:10,400 --> 00:35:11,966 KEESING: IT WAS FIGURED OUT QUICKLY 623 00:35:12,000 --> 00:35:13,666 {\an1}THAT IT WAS A CORONAVIRUS. 624 00:35:13,700 --> 00:35:16,800 {\an1}THOSE ARE KNOWN TO RESIDE IN VARIOUS KINDS OF ANIMALS, 625 00:35:16,833 --> 00:35:19,466 {\an1}AND SO PEOPLE STARTED LOOKING FOR THE ANIMAL 626 00:35:19,500 --> 00:35:23,866 {\an1}FROM WHICH THAT CORONAVIRUS WOULD HAVE JUMPED INTO PEOPLE. 627 00:35:23,900 --> 00:35:26,600 [BATS CHIRPING] 628 00:35:26,633 --> 00:35:31,366 {\an1}DASZAK: WE FOUND THE CLOSEST RELATIVE TO THE VIRUS 629 00:35:31,400 --> 00:35:37,466 {\an1}IN BATS IN RURAL SOUTH CHINA IN YUNAN PROVINCE. 630 00:35:37,500 --> 00:35:40,600 {\an1}IT'S REALLY WELL-KNOWN FOR ITS BIODIVERSITY OF PLANTS 631 00:35:40,633 --> 00:35:43,366 {\an1}AND OF ANIMALS, INCLUDING BATS, 632 00:35:43,400 --> 00:35:46,566 {\an1}AND THEY LIVE IN THESE INCREDIBLY COMPLEX COLONIES. 633 00:35:46,600 --> 00:35:48,566 {\an1}ONE PART OF THE COLONY IS A NURSERY 634 00:35:48,600 --> 00:35:50,266 {\an1}WHERE ALL THE KIDS LIVE, 635 00:35:50,300 --> 00:35:53,533 {\an1}AND THE PARENTS FLY OUT EVERY NIGHT TO GET FOOD, 636 00:35:53,566 --> 00:35:57,033 {\an1}BUT YUNAN HAS BEEN UNDER INCREDIBLE CHANGE 637 00:35:57,066 --> 00:35:58,833 {\an1}FOR THE PAST FEW DECADES. 638 00:35:58,866 --> 00:36:00,633 {\an1}HIGH-SPEED RAIL LINKS HAVE GONE IN THERE. 639 00:36:00,666 --> 00:36:03,500 {\an1}ROADS HAVE BEEN BUILT INTO REMOTE AREAS, 640 00:36:03,533 --> 00:36:07,266 {\an1}AND SO WE THINK COVID-19 MAYBE STARTED THERE, 641 00:36:07,300 --> 00:36:10,533 {\an1}AND EITHER SOMEBODY GOT INFECTED AND TRAVELED 642 00:36:10,566 --> 00:36:13,833 {\an1}TO WUHAN THEMSELVES OR SENT ANIMALS THAT THEY WERE SHIPPING 643 00:36:13,866 --> 00:36:16,333 {\an1}INTO THE WILDLIFE TRADE INTO THOSE WET MARKETS, 644 00:36:16,366 --> 00:36:19,466 {\an1}AND THEN THE VIRUS EXPLODED FROM THERE. 645 00:36:19,500 --> 00:36:22,633 [SIREN] 646 00:36:22,666 --> 00:36:25,500 {\an1}WE DON'T KNOW EXACTLY WHAT HAPPENED YET, 647 00:36:25,533 --> 00:36:28,966 {\an1}BUT IT'S MY VIEW THAT IT'S OUR RELATIONSHIP WITH NATURE 648 00:36:29,000 --> 00:36:30,933 AND THE WAY WE INTERACT WITH IT 649 00:36:30,966 --> 00:36:34,433 THAT DROVE THE EMERGENCE OF COVID. 650 00:36:34,466 --> 00:36:37,366 {\an1}KEESING: WE'VE BEEN CHANGING BIODIVERSITY 651 00:36:37,400 --> 00:36:39,166 {\an1}IN REALLY CRITICAL WAYS 652 00:36:39,200 --> 00:36:42,300 THAT MADE THIS MORE LIKELY TO HAPPEN. 653 00:36:42,333 --> 00:36:45,333 {\an1}ATTENBOROUGH: IF WE CONTINUE ON OUR CURRENT PATHWAY, 654 00:36:45,366 --> 00:36:48,566 THEN WHAT WE'VE EXPERIENCED IN 2020 655 00:36:48,600 --> 00:36:51,400 {\an1}MIGHT NOT BE A ONE-OFF EVENT. 656 00:36:51,433 --> 00:36:53,166 {\an1}DASZAK: WE ESTIMATE THERE ARE GOING TO BE 657 00:36:53,200 --> 00:36:57,733 {\an1}5 NEW EMERGING DISEASES AFFECTING PEOPLE EVERY YEAR. 658 00:36:57,766 --> 00:37:01,900 {\an1}WE CANNOT LIVE WITH THAT AND THE RATE 659 00:37:01,933 --> 00:37:05,066 {\an1}AT WHICH THEY'RE INCREASING AND CRASHING OUR ECONOMIES. 660 00:37:05,100 --> 00:37:07,433 {\an1}IF WE HAVE ONE OF THESE EVERY DECADE, 661 00:37:07,466 --> 00:37:12,000 WE CANNOT PERSIST WITH THAT LEVEL. 662 00:37:12,033 --> 00:37:14,400 [BIRDS CHIRPING] 663 00:37:14,433 --> 00:37:17,233 {\an1}ATTENBOROUGH: WE FACE A FRIGHTENING FUTURE. 664 00:37:17,266 --> 00:37:19,500 {\an1}SO HOW HAS IT COME TO THIS? 665 00:37:19,533 --> 00:37:23,166 {\an1}WHY HAVEN'T WE ACTED SOONER TO ADDRESS THESE ISSUES 666 00:37:23,200 --> 00:37:26,000 AND STEM THE LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY? 667 00:37:26,033 --> 00:37:30,000 {\an7}[WHISTLES AND PERCUSSION PLAYING] 668 00:37:33,066 --> 00:37:35,700 {\an7}WATSON: MANY SCIENTISTS, INCLUDING MYSELF, 669 00:37:35,733 --> 00:37:39,533 HAVE BEEN SAYING FOR THE LAST 25 TO 30 YEARS 670 00:37:39,566 --> 00:37:44,366 {\an1}THAT BIODIVERSITY IS BEING LOST DUE TO HUMAN ACTION. 671 00:37:44,400 --> 00:37:47,733 {\an1}MAN: THOUSANDS ARRIVE FOR THE LARGEST U.N. MEETING EVER HELD 672 00:37:47,766 --> 00:37:53,133 {\an1}IN AN EFFORT TO PREVENT DRASTIC AND IRREVERSIBLE CHANGES. 673 00:37:53,166 --> 00:37:55,966 {\an1}SUZUKI: I'M HERE TO SPEAK FOR THE COUNTLESS ANIMALS 674 00:37:56,000 --> 00:37:58,000 {\an1}DYING ACROSS THIS PLANET. 675 00:37:58,033 --> 00:38:00,700 WE ARE A GROUP OF 12- AND 13-YEAR-OLDS 676 00:38:00,733 --> 00:38:04,066 {\an1}COME TO TELL YOU ADULTS YOU MUST CHANGE YOUR WAYS. 677 00:38:04,100 --> 00:38:06,500 [APPLAUSE] 678 00:38:06,533 --> 00:38:09,100 WATSON: IN 1992 AT THE EARTH SUMMIT, 679 00:38:09,133 --> 00:38:14,866 {\an1}A CONVENTION WAS SIGNED TO PROTECT BIODIVERSITY. 680 00:38:14,900 --> 00:38:17,400 {\an1}IT WAS RECOGNIZED TO BE OF CRITICAL IMPORTANCE 681 00:38:17,433 --> 00:38:19,733 {\an1}TO THE FUTURE OF EARTH. 682 00:38:19,766 --> 00:38:21,366 {\an8}THE BLEAK WARNING FROM SCIENTISTS 683 00:38:21,400 --> 00:38:23,333 {\an7}AS A MAJOR U.N. CONFERENCE IN JAPAN... 684 00:38:23,366 --> 00:38:26,333 {\an7}WATSON: IN 2010, GOVERNMENTS CAME UP WITH 20 TARGETS 685 00:38:26,366 --> 00:38:29,500 {\an1}TO PROTECT BIODIVERSITY. 686 00:38:29,533 --> 00:38:32,800 {\an1}WHILE WE'RE MAKING SOME PROGRESS, TO BE QUITE CANDID, 687 00:38:32,833 --> 00:38:36,600 {\an1}WE PROBABLY WILL NOT MEET ANY OF THE TARGETS. 688 00:38:36,633 --> 00:38:40,366 {\an1}HADLY: PART OF THE PROBLEM IS THAT WE DON'T HAVE 689 00:38:40,400 --> 00:38:45,800 {\an1}REALLY GOOD ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS THAT ARE GLOBAL. 690 00:38:45,833 --> 00:38:48,833 {\an1}WATSON: ALSO, UNFORTUNATELY, MANY IN THE PRIVATE SECTOR 691 00:38:48,866 --> 00:38:53,733 {\an1}MAKE A HUGE PROFIT AT THE EXPENSE OF OUR NATURAL WORLD. 692 00:38:53,766 --> 00:38:56,900 THEY WANT THE STATUS QUO TO EXIST. 693 00:38:56,933 --> 00:39:00,400 {\an1}HADLY: THE REALITY IS, OUR WORLD IS BASED 694 00:39:00,433 --> 00:39:05,766 {\an1}ON ECONOMIC GROWTH, GRABBING MORE AND MORE. 695 00:39:05,800 --> 00:39:08,200 [SIREN] 696 00:39:08,233 --> 00:39:09,642 {\an8}JARED HUFFMAN: THANK YOU FOR JOINING US 697 00:39:09,666 --> 00:39:12,100 {\an8}TO EXAMINE THE EXTINCTION CRISIS. 698 00:39:12,133 --> 00:39:14,133 {\an7}THE EVIDENCE IS UNEQUIVOCAL. 699 00:39:14,166 --> 00:39:16,533 {\an7}WATSON, VOICE-OVER: EVEN TODAY, THERE ARE PEOPLE 700 00:39:16,566 --> 00:39:18,733 {\an7}THAT WILL DO ANYTHING IN THEIR POWER 701 00:39:18,766 --> 00:39:23,066 TO MAKE SURE THAT THE POLITICIANS DO NOT ACT. 702 00:39:23,100 --> 00:39:26,300 {\an1}MARC MORANO: I'M HERE TO TELL YOU THAT THE 3 LEAD AUTHORS 703 00:39:26,333 --> 00:39:29,900 {\an7}HERE FROM THE U.N. ARE PART OF THIS CON 704 00:39:29,933 --> 00:39:31,900 {\an7}THAT THE UNITED NATIONS PRESENTS ITSELF 705 00:39:31,933 --> 00:39:34,033 {\an8}AS "THE WORLD'S" EXPERT ON SCIENCE. 706 00:39:34,066 --> 00:39:35,942 {\an7}WATSON, VOICE-OVER: AT RECENT CONGRESSIONAL TESTIMONY, 707 00:39:35,966 --> 00:39:39,766 {\an1}TWO OF THE REPUBLICAN WITNESSES ARGUED 708 00:39:39,800 --> 00:39:43,200 {\an1}THAT THE LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY WAS NOWHERE NEAR AS SERIOUS 709 00:39:43,233 --> 00:39:45,700 {\an1}AS WHAT WE WERE SAYING IN THE REPORT. 710 00:39:45,733 --> 00:39:49,066 {\an1}AS WITH THE MANUFACTURED CLIMATE CRISIS, 711 00:39:49,100 --> 00:39:51,433 {\an1}THEY ARE USING THE SPECTER OF MASS EXTINCTION 712 00:39:51,466 --> 00:39:54,733 {\an1}TO SCARE THE PUBLIC INTO COMPLIANCE. 713 00:39:54,766 --> 00:39:57,833 {\an1}WATSON: WE'VE WASTED 20 TO 30 YEARS 714 00:39:57,866 --> 00:40:00,566 {\an1}WHEN THE GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD, 715 00:40:00,600 --> 00:40:02,733 WORKING WITH THE PRIVATE SECTOR, 716 00:40:02,766 --> 00:40:06,300 {\an1}COULD HAVE DONE A MUCH BETTER JOB CONSERVING BIODIVERSITY. 717 00:40:06,333 --> 00:40:09,166 ♪ 718 00:40:09,200 --> 00:40:12,433 {\an1}IF WE'VE HAD ACTED MORE SERIOUSLY, 719 00:40:12,466 --> 00:40:15,766 MANY SPECIES COULD HAVE BEEN SAVED, 720 00:40:15,800 --> 00:40:19,666 {\an1}AND WE WOULD NOT BE FACING SUCH SERIOUS THREATS 721 00:40:19,700 --> 00:40:23,633 {\an1}AS WE'RE SEEING TODAY. 722 00:40:23,666 --> 00:40:26,033 [BIRDS CHIRPING] 723 00:40:26,066 --> 00:40:28,466 {\an1}ATTENBOROUGH: THIS YEAR HAS SHOWN THE VULNERABILITY 724 00:40:28,500 --> 00:40:30,433 OF OUR SOCIETIES. 725 00:40:30,466 --> 00:40:35,066 {\an1}WILL WE TAKE THE OPPORTUNITY, FINALLY, TO CHANGE OUR COURSE? 726 00:40:35,100 --> 00:40:37,100 {\an1}WHAT CAN GOVERNMENTS, INDUSTRIES, 727 00:40:37,133 --> 00:40:39,133 {\an1}AND WE, AS INDIVIDUALS, DO 728 00:40:39,166 --> 00:40:42,500 {\an1}TO SLOW THIS DECLINE OF THE NATURAL WORLD? 729 00:40:42,533 --> 00:40:47,333 ♪ 730 00:40:47,366 --> 00:40:50,600 {\an1}KEESING: THE WORLD HAS BEEN ON PAUSE DURING THE PANDEMIC, 731 00:40:50,633 --> 00:40:54,033 AND AS WE BEGIN TO MOVE FORWARD, 732 00:40:54,066 --> 00:40:58,133 WE HAVE A MOMENT WHEN WE CAN CHANGE THE WAY 733 00:40:58,166 --> 00:41:01,333 {\an1}WE'RE RUNNING OUR WORLD AND MAKE IT BETTER. 734 00:41:01,366 --> 00:41:04,433 {\an1}THIS IS THAT MOMENT. 735 00:41:04,466 --> 00:41:07,033 {\an1}MAN: THE FIRST THING THAT WE HAVE TO DO 736 00:41:07,066 --> 00:41:09,766 {\an1}IS TO RESET THE WAY WE RUN OUR ECONOMIES. 737 00:41:09,800 --> 00:41:15,200 {\an1}DIFFERENT MAN: THE MASSIVE HIT TO THE ECONOMY IS NO SURPRISE. 738 00:41:15,233 --> 00:41:18,333 MAN: THE WORLD IS IN A RECESSION. 739 00:41:18,366 --> 00:41:21,766 {\an1}GOVERNMENTS ARE RECOGNIZING THAT THEY HAVE TO INVEST 740 00:41:21,800 --> 00:41:25,066 {\an1}TO DRIVE OUT OF IT, AND I'VE BEEN INVOLVED 741 00:41:25,100 --> 00:41:27,933 IN A STUDY WITH THE FINANCE MINISTRIES 742 00:41:27,966 --> 00:41:30,366 {\an1}AND THE CENTRAL BANK GOVERNORS OF THE WORLD 743 00:41:30,400 --> 00:41:32,966 {\an1}IN THINKING THROUGH 744 00:41:33,000 --> 00:41:36,633 {\an1}WHAT THE BEST WAYS OUT OF THIS CRISIS ARE, 745 00:41:36,666 --> 00:41:40,266 AND WE FOUND THAT THOSE INVESTMENTS 746 00:41:40,300 --> 00:41:42,400 WHICH ARE GOOD FOR THE ENVIRONMENT 747 00:41:42,433 --> 00:41:46,500 {\an1}ARE VERY POWERFUL WAYS OUT OF THE DEPRESSION 748 00:41:46,533 --> 00:41:50,166 {\an1}THAT WE FIND OURSELVES IN, SO, FOR EXAMPLE, 749 00:41:50,200 --> 00:41:53,366 {\an1}WE COULD BEGIN WORK ON RESTORING DEGRADED LAND. 750 00:41:53,400 --> 00:41:54,966 {\an1}WE CAN PLANT TREES. 751 00:41:55,000 --> 00:41:56,766 WE CAN START RETROFITTING BUILDINGS 752 00:41:56,800 --> 00:41:59,166 SO THEY'RE MUCH MORE EFFICIENT, 753 00:41:59,200 --> 00:42:03,000 {\an1}MAKE OUR CITIES MUCH CLEANER. 754 00:42:03,033 --> 00:42:06,100 {\an1}ALL THOSE EXAMPLES CAN BE DONE QUICKLY. 755 00:42:06,133 --> 00:42:08,266 {\an1}THEY ARE LABOR-INTENSIVE 756 00:42:08,300 --> 00:42:10,700 AND ARE STRONG ECONOMIC MULTIPLIERS, 757 00:42:10,733 --> 00:42:15,133 {\an1}SO EXACTLY THE KIND OF THINGS YOU NEED FOR A STRONG RECOVERY. 758 00:42:15,166 --> 00:42:17,866 {\an1}THERE ARE ALL THESE THINGS WE KNOW WE HAVE TO DO 759 00:42:17,900 --> 00:42:20,000 FOR BIODIVERSITY AND FOR THE CLIMATE, 760 00:42:20,033 --> 00:42:23,666 {\an1}SO LET'S BRING THEM FORWARD TO THIS PERIOD OF UNEMPLOYMENT, 761 00:42:23,700 --> 00:42:28,500 {\an1}AND THEN GOING FORWARDS, WE NEED TO DRAMATICALLY CHANGE 762 00:42:28,533 --> 00:42:32,633 {\an1}THE DAMAGE THAT WE DO FROM PRODUCING AND CONSUMING. 763 00:42:32,666 --> 00:42:35,600 {\an1}THAT'S THE BIG PRIZE. 764 00:42:35,633 --> 00:42:37,966 ♪ 765 00:42:38,000 --> 00:42:41,466 {\an1}MAN: AT THE MOMENT, NATURE IS COMING AS A FREE GOOD. 766 00:42:41,500 --> 00:42:45,300 WE USE RIVERS AND ESTUARIES AS SINKS 767 00:42:45,333 --> 00:42:49,800 FOR THE POLLUTION WE CREATE FROM INDUSTRY, 768 00:42:49,833 --> 00:42:52,900 {\an1}AND WHO'S PAYING FOR THAT? 769 00:42:52,933 --> 00:42:57,166 {\an1}LARGE CHUNKS OF THE RAINFORESTS HAVE BEEN CONVERTED 770 00:42:57,200 --> 00:43:00,600 {\an1}AT PRICES WHICH ARE ASTONISHINGLY LOW, 771 00:43:00,633 --> 00:43:05,166 GIVEN THE COST TO THE REST OF THE WORLD. 772 00:43:05,200 --> 00:43:07,800 AS AN ECONOMIST, I THINK IT'S RIGHT 773 00:43:07,833 --> 00:43:12,900 {\an1}THAT PEOPLE WHO EXTRACT FROM NATURE PAY THE DUE PRICE. 774 00:43:12,933 --> 00:43:16,400 {\an1}WATSON: WE HAVE TO RECOGNIZE THAT NATURE HAS TRUE VALUE 775 00:43:16,433 --> 00:43:18,566 THAT IS TAKEN INTO CONSIDERATION 776 00:43:18,600 --> 00:43:21,700 {\an1}IN NATIONAL ACCOUNTS. 777 00:43:21,733 --> 00:43:23,433 [CRASH] 778 00:43:23,466 --> 00:43:26,366 {\an1}WE ALSO NEED TO START PRODUCING AFFORDABLE FOOD 779 00:43:26,400 --> 00:43:30,700 {\an1}WITHOUT EXPANDING ANY FURTHER INTO THE FORESTS. 780 00:43:30,733 --> 00:43:33,833 {\an1}THIS IS INDEED QUITE POSSIBLE. 781 00:43:33,866 --> 00:43:36,133 {\an1}ONE OF THE BIGGEST PROBLEMS IS INCREDIBLE. 782 00:43:36,166 --> 00:43:42,200 {\an1}WE ACTUALLY WASTE ABOUT 40% OF THE FOOD THAT IS PRODUCED. 783 00:43:42,233 --> 00:43:44,766 {\an1}DASGUPTA: IF A FARMER CAN'T PRODUCE STUFF 784 00:43:44,800 --> 00:43:48,433 {\an1}IN EXACTLY THE RIGHT FORM, HE HAS TO THROW IT AWAY, 785 00:43:48,466 --> 00:43:53,300 {\an1}AND, OF COURSE, WE THROW IT AWAY FROM THE PLATE. 786 00:43:53,333 --> 00:43:55,733 {\an1}WATSON: IF WE COULD REDUCE THAT FOOD WASTE, 787 00:43:55,766 --> 00:43:58,033 {\an1}IT WOULD GO A LONG, LONG WAY TO MAKING 788 00:43:58,066 --> 00:44:01,700 {\an1}A MORE SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL SYSTEM, 789 00:44:01,733 --> 00:44:06,333 {\an1}AND ALSO, WE NEED TO REDUCE THE AMOUNT OF CHEMICALS. 790 00:44:06,366 --> 00:44:09,966 {\an1}WE'VE GOT TO MAKE SURE WE'RE NOT DEGRADING OUR SOILS. 791 00:44:10,000 --> 00:44:14,033 {\an1}WE NEED THE BEST OF THE PRIVATE SECTOR TO SHOW THE OTHERS 792 00:44:14,066 --> 00:44:19,233 {\an1}THEY CAN MAKE A PROFIT AND STILL CONSERVE NATURE. 793 00:44:19,266 --> 00:44:22,433 {\an1}HADLY: ANOTHER POSSIBLE SOLUTION IS TO MAKE MORE RULES. 794 00:44:22,466 --> 00:44:25,066 {\an1}THERE DOES HAVE TO BE SOME STANDARD. 795 00:44:25,100 --> 00:44:27,866 {\an1}WE CAN'T SIMPLY DEPEND UPON PEOPLE OF GOODWILL 796 00:44:27,900 --> 00:44:31,566 {\an1}AND INSTITUTIONS OF GOODWILL TO DO WHAT IS NEEDED TO BE DONE. 797 00:44:31,600 --> 00:44:34,700 {\an1}IF GOVERNMENTS IMPOSE LEGISLATION THAT SAYS, 798 00:44:34,733 --> 00:44:38,300 {\an1}"WE WILL NOT BE ALLOWING THE IMPORTS OF PRODUCTS 799 00:44:38,333 --> 00:44:40,600 {\an1}THAT ARE PRODUCED IN AN UNSUSTAINABLE WAY," 800 00:44:40,633 --> 00:44:43,533 THEN IT LEVELS THE PLAYING FIELD. 801 00:44:43,566 --> 00:44:45,866 {\an1}LESHY: LOTS OF PEOPLE DON'T LIKE GOVERNMENT REGULATION, 802 00:44:45,900 --> 00:44:49,133 {\an1}BUT THERE ARE SOME TREMENDOUS SUCCESS STORIES 803 00:44:49,166 --> 00:44:53,666 OF INTERNATIONAL LEGAL COOPERATION. 804 00:44:53,700 --> 00:44:56,166 {\an1}BACK IN THE 1980S, SCIENTISTS FIGURED OUT 805 00:44:56,200 --> 00:45:00,300 {\an1}CHEMICALS USED IN AEROSOL SPRAY OR USED IN REFRIGERANTS 806 00:45:00,333 --> 00:45:03,166 {\an1}WERE ACTUALLY EATING THE OZONE LAYER. 807 00:45:03,200 --> 00:45:06,500 {\an1}MAN: ABOUT A MILLION TONS OF CFCS ARE PRODUCED EVERY YEAR. 808 00:45:06,533 --> 00:45:09,166 {\an1}LESHY: THE NATIONS OF THE WORLD GOT TOGETHER, 809 00:45:09,200 --> 00:45:11,400 AND THEY BANNED THESE CHEMICALS, 810 00:45:11,433 --> 00:45:13,400 AND THE PROBLEM WAS SOLVED BECAUSE 811 00:45:13,433 --> 00:45:15,633 {\an1}ONCE THE MANUFACTURING COMPANIES STARTED LOOKING 812 00:45:15,666 --> 00:45:20,233 FOR ALTERNATIVES, THEY FOUND THEM QUITE QUICKLY, 813 00:45:20,266 --> 00:45:22,400 {\an1}SO WE SHOULDN'T BE DEMORALIZED 814 00:45:22,433 --> 00:45:24,200 BECAUSE WE KNOW HOW TO DO THIS STUFF. 815 00:45:24,233 --> 00:45:28,600 {\an1}IT'S A QUESTION OF FINDING THE POLITICAL WILL TO DO IT. 816 00:45:28,633 --> 00:45:32,066 {\an1}STERN: WE SHAPE THE FUTURE OF THE PLANET IRRETRIEVABLY 817 00:45:32,100 --> 00:45:35,133 {\an1}BY THE DECISIONS WE TAKE IN THIS NEXT FEW YEARS 818 00:45:35,166 --> 00:45:38,700 {\an1}AND INDEED IN THE MONTHS NOW 819 00:45:38,733 --> 00:45:41,866 AS WE COME OUT OF THE COVID CRISIS. 820 00:45:41,900 --> 00:45:45,500 ♪ 821 00:45:45,533 --> 00:45:49,200 {\an1}JONES: FOR THOSE OF US WHO CARE ABOUT THE FUTURE OF OUR PLANET, 822 00:45:49,233 --> 00:45:51,266 {\an1}YOU KNOW, WE HAVE TO LOOK AT OUR LIFESTYLES, 823 00:45:51,300 --> 00:45:54,600 {\an1}AND WE CAN'T LOOK AWAY FROM OUR OWN BEHAVIORS. 824 00:45:54,633 --> 00:45:56,966 {\an1}DASGUPTA: 40 YEARS AGO, PEOPLE CONSUMED 825 00:45:57,000 --> 00:46:00,333 A GOOD DEAL LESS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM, 826 00:46:00,366 --> 00:46:02,433 {\an1}BUT THERE IS NO EVIDENCE 827 00:46:02,466 --> 00:46:06,366 {\an1}THAT WE WERE UNHAPPIER THEN THAN WE ARE NOW. 828 00:46:06,400 --> 00:46:09,166 {\an1}HADLY: WE CAN BE MORE DILIGENT ABOUT THINKING 829 00:46:09,200 --> 00:46:11,833 ABOUT WHAT WE'RE CONSUMING AND WHEN. 830 00:46:11,866 --> 00:46:13,766 WILLIS: IT'S REALLY DIGGING DOWN, 831 00:46:13,800 --> 00:46:16,700 {\an1}SAYING, "WHAT'S GOING ON HERE? WHERE DOES THAT COME FROM?" 832 00:46:16,733 --> 00:46:19,866 {\an1}JONES: WE NEED TO THINK ABOUT MEAT AND DAIRY CONSUMPTION. 833 00:46:19,900 --> 00:46:23,566 {\an1}GARDNER: THAT'S NOT TO SAY THAT NONE OF US SHOULD EVER EAT MEAT 834 00:46:23,600 --> 00:46:26,233 {\an1}OR SHOULD CUT ALL DAIRY OUT OF OUR DIETS, 835 00:46:26,266 --> 00:46:30,266 {\an1}BUT WE HAVE TO DEMAND THAT THEY ARE PRODUCED SUSTAINABLY. 836 00:46:30,300 --> 00:46:32,633 {\an1}DASGUPTA: INCREASINGLY, I FEEL, 837 00:46:32,666 --> 00:46:36,266 {\an1}IT'S NOT JUST ABOUT OUR CURRENT LIFESTYLE, 838 00:46:36,300 --> 00:46:40,100 {\an1}BUT ABOUT THE EDUCATION OF OUR CHILDREN 839 00:46:40,133 --> 00:46:43,066 {\an1}ON THE WAY NATURE WORKS. 840 00:46:43,100 --> 00:46:44,766 [ANIMAL WHIMPERS] 841 00:46:44,800 --> 00:46:47,366 {\an1}MWENDA: THERE'S A WAVE OF REVOLUTION GOING AROUND, 842 00:46:47,400 --> 00:46:49,400 {\an1}ESPECIALLY WITH YOUNG PEOPLE. 843 00:46:49,433 --> 00:46:50,900 WE ARE WAKING UP. 844 00:46:50,933 --> 00:46:52,933 {\an1}WE'RE REALIZING THAT THE PLANET 845 00:46:52,966 --> 00:46:57,633 {\an1}IS AN INTEGRAL PART OF OUR EXISTENCE. 846 00:46:57,666 --> 00:47:01,033 {\an1}WATSON: IF WE DON'T ACT NOW, THE YOUTH OF TODAY 847 00:47:01,066 --> 00:47:04,000 {\an1}AND THE YOUTH OF TOMORROW ARE GOING TO LOOK BACK 848 00:47:04,033 --> 00:47:07,233 {\an1}ON THIS GENERATION WITH ABSOLUTE HORROR. 849 00:47:07,266 --> 00:47:10,500 {\an1}"WHAT WERE YOU THINKING?" 850 00:47:10,533 --> 00:47:15,333 {\an1}I WANT TO TELL HER THAT WE HAVE TAKEN THE LESSONS, 851 00:47:15,366 --> 00:47:19,766 {\an1}THAT WE WILL NOT ALLOW 852 00:47:19,800 --> 00:47:24,766 {\an1}ANY OTHER SPECIES TO WALK THIS TRAGIC ROAD OF EXTINCTION. 853 00:47:24,800 --> 00:47:28,166 ♪ 854 00:47:28,200 --> 00:47:30,966 {\an1}ATTENBOROUGH: ONE THING WE DO KNOW IS THAT 855 00:47:31,000 --> 00:47:35,800 {\an1}IF NATURE IS GIVEN THE CHANCE, IT CAN BOUNCE BACK. 856 00:47:38,033 --> 00:47:40,266 {\an1}40 YEARS AGO, I HAD 857 00:47:40,300 --> 00:47:43,533 {\an1}ONE OF THE MOST MEMORABLE EXPERIENCES OF MY LIFE. 858 00:47:43,566 --> 00:47:46,166 I WAS IN THE VIRUNGA MOUNTAINS... 859 00:47:46,200 --> 00:47:48,233 WHICH STRADDLE THE BORDERS OF UGANDA, 860 00:47:48,266 --> 00:47:52,566 {\an1}THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO, AND RWANDA... 861 00:47:52,600 --> 00:47:58,100 {\an1}AND THERE I MET SOME OF THE FEW REMAINING MOUNTAIN GORILLAS, 862 00:47:58,133 --> 00:48:02,666 {\an1}INCLUDING A MISCHIEVOUS YOUNGSTER CALLED POPPY. 863 00:48:02,700 --> 00:48:05,966 [BIRDS CHIRPING] 864 00:48:08,100 --> 00:48:12,566 {\an1}[THUMPING] [CHUCKLES] 865 00:48:12,600 --> 00:48:16,933 {\an1}ATTENBOROUGH: AS I SIT HERE, THERE'S MORE MEANING 866 00:48:16,966 --> 00:48:21,000 {\an1}AND MUTUAL UNDERSTANDING IN EXCHANGING A GLANCE 867 00:48:21,033 --> 00:48:23,933 WITH A GORILLA 868 00:48:23,966 --> 00:48:27,833 {\an1}THAN ANY OTHER ANIMAL I KNOW. 869 00:48:27,866 --> 00:48:31,800 {\an1}ATTENBOROUGH: AS I WAS PREPARING TO TALK TO CAMERA, 870 00:48:31,833 --> 00:48:36,133 {\an1}POPPY WAS AT MY FEET TRYING TO TAKE OFF MY SHOES. 871 00:48:36,166 --> 00:48:39,266 ♪ 872 00:48:41,900 --> 00:48:45,600 {\an1}IT WAS AN EXPERIENCE THAT HAS STAYED WITH ME, 873 00:48:45,633 --> 00:48:48,733 {\an1}BUT IT WAS TINGED WITH SADNESS, AS I THOUGHT 874 00:48:48,766 --> 00:48:52,633 I MIGHT BE SEEING SOME OF THE LAST OF THEIR KIND. 875 00:48:52,666 --> 00:48:56,833 [THUMPING] 876 00:48:56,866 --> 00:49:00,166 {\an1}WOMAN: IN THE 1970S, THIS POPULATION OF MOUNTAIN GORILLAS 877 00:49:00,200 --> 00:49:06,066 {\an1}WAS ESTIMATED TO BE AROUND 250 INDIVIDUALS IN THIS AREA. 878 00:49:06,100 --> 00:49:10,100 {\an1}THEY WERE ON THE BRINK OF EXTINCTION. 879 00:49:10,133 --> 00:49:13,800 {\an1}THEIR HABITAT WAS UNDER VERY RAPID CONVERSION 880 00:49:13,833 --> 00:49:19,066 FROM FOREST TO AGRICULTURAL FIELDS. 881 00:49:19,100 --> 00:49:21,966 {\an1}ATTENBOROUGH: THIS PART OF RWANDA WAS ONE OF THE POOREST 882 00:49:22,000 --> 00:49:25,766 {\an1}AND MOST DENSELY POPULATED IN THE COUNTRY, 883 00:49:25,800 --> 00:49:28,400 AND THE EXPANSION OF AGRICULTURE 884 00:49:28,433 --> 00:49:31,966 WAS THE ONLY WAY FOR MOST PEOPLE TO SURVIVE. 885 00:49:32,000 --> 00:49:33,966 {\an1}MAN: THERE WERE TENSIONS 886 00:49:34,000 --> 00:49:36,566 BETWEEN THE PARK AND COMMUNITIES. 887 00:49:36,600 --> 00:49:40,233 {\an1}WE HAD MANY POACHERS COMING, 888 00:49:40,266 --> 00:49:42,900 {\an1}SETTING OUT SNARES, CUTTING BAMBOO. 889 00:49:45,400 --> 00:49:48,700 {\an1}MASOZERA: CO-EXISTENCE OF HUMANS AND MOUNTAIN GORILLAS 890 00:49:48,733 --> 00:49:51,933 {\an1}REALLY WASN'T A REALITY THAT MANY PEOPLE SAW... 891 00:49:55,233 --> 00:49:57,900 {\an1}BUT OVER THE NEXT FEW DECADES, 892 00:49:57,933 --> 00:50:01,633 THE SITUATION WOULD START TO CHANGE. 893 00:50:01,666 --> 00:50:05,500 {\an1}GOVERNMENT IN ALL 3 COUNTRIES, CONSERVATION ORGANIZATIONS, 894 00:50:05,533 --> 00:50:09,533 {\an1}AND LOCAL COMMUNITIES STARTED TO WORK TOGETHER 895 00:50:09,566 --> 00:50:12,400 WITH AN EMPHASIS NOT JUST ON THE GORILLAS, 896 00:50:12,433 --> 00:50:17,866 BUT ON THE PEOPLE THAT LIVED WITH THEM. 897 00:50:17,900 --> 00:50:23,033 {\an1}UWINGELI: WE HAVE OVER 200 RANGERS, AND THEIR JOBS 898 00:50:23,066 --> 00:50:28,766 {\an1}IS TO SEE EVERY GORILLA AND CHECK ON THE HABITAT, 899 00:50:28,800 --> 00:50:31,833 AND SINCE 2005, THE GOVERNMENT SET UP 900 00:50:31,866 --> 00:50:35,300 A TOURISM REVENUE-SHARING SCHEME. 901 00:50:35,333 --> 00:50:38,833 {\an1}MASOZERA: A PORTION OF THE PRICE THAT A TOURIST PAYS 902 00:50:38,866 --> 00:50:44,566 {\an1}IS ACTUALLY RESERVED FOR THOSE COMMUNITIES ADJACENT. 903 00:50:44,600 --> 00:50:47,466 {\an1}UWINGELI: [CHUCKLES] 904 00:50:47,500 --> 00:50:51,066 {\an1}MASOZERA: THE RESULT IS THAT THE CONVERSION OF HABITAT 905 00:50:51,100 --> 00:50:55,033 {\an1}FOR AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION ACTUALLY CEASED, 906 00:50:55,066 --> 00:50:58,333 {\an1}AND THE POPULATION HAS RECOVERED. 907 00:50:58,366 --> 00:51:00,400 {\an1}UWINGELI: I THINK THEY ARE... 908 00:51:00,433 --> 00:51:02,200 {\an1}[CONTINUES INDISTINCTLY] 909 00:51:02,233 --> 00:51:04,400 {\an1}UWINGELI, VOICE-OVER: 30 BABIES WERE BORN IN THIS PARK 910 00:51:04,433 --> 00:51:07,300 {\an1}LAST YEAR, AND WE KNOW THAT THESE FIGURES 911 00:51:07,333 --> 00:51:09,300 {\an1}ARE GOING TO GROW. 912 00:51:09,333 --> 00:51:12,500 NO ONE WILL BE A VICTIM OF POACHERS, 913 00:51:12,533 --> 00:51:15,866 {\an1}SO THINGS HAVE CHANGED. 914 00:51:15,900 --> 00:51:17,966 {\an1}MASOZERA: THEIR NUMBERS HAVE JUST REACHED 915 00:51:18,000 --> 00:51:22,766 {\an1}AND EXCEEDED 1,000. 916 00:51:22,800 --> 00:51:26,833 THIS CHANGE HAS NOT HAPPENED OVERNIGHT, 917 00:51:26,866 --> 00:51:28,800 BUT IF IT CAN BE ACHIEVED HERE... 918 00:51:28,833 --> 00:51:31,400 {\an1}WHERE HUMAN-POPULATION PRESSURE IS SO HIGH, 919 00:51:31,433 --> 00:51:34,266 {\an1}WHERE THE POLITICS CAN BE VERY COMPLICATED, 920 00:51:34,300 --> 00:51:37,766 ESPECIALLY AMONG DIFFERENT STATES... 921 00:51:37,800 --> 00:51:40,900 {\an1}I BELIEVE IT CAN BE ACHIEVED ELSEWHERE, AS WELL. 922 00:51:40,933 --> 00:51:44,133 ♪ 923 00:51:44,166 --> 00:51:46,233 POPPY GREW UP 924 00:51:46,266 --> 00:51:49,266 {\an1}AND ACTUALLY WAS A VERY LONG-LIVED MOUNTAIN GORILLA 925 00:51:49,300 --> 00:51:51,666 {\an1}AND HAD MANY OFFSPRING. 926 00:51:51,700 --> 00:51:54,466 MASOZERA: WAIT. WAIT, WAIT, WAIT. 927 00:51:54,500 --> 00:51:57,000 UWINGELI: URARABU IS RIGHT THERE, 928 00:51:57,033 --> 00:51:59,033 RIGHT THERE, THE TWO. 929 00:51:59,066 --> 00:52:01,033 {\an1}UWINGELI, VOICE-OVER: URARABU IS ACTUALLY 930 00:52:01,066 --> 00:52:04,166 {\an1}THE DAUGHTER OF POPPY. 931 00:52:04,200 --> 00:52:06,866 HE'S TRYING TO NUDGE HER. 932 00:52:06,900 --> 00:52:09,400 {\an1}UWINGELI, VOICE-OVER: "URARABU" MEANS FLOWER. 933 00:52:09,433 --> 00:52:12,300 {\an1}SHE IS A SHINING FLOWER IN THIS PARK. 934 00:52:14,533 --> 00:52:19,100 MASOZERA: URARABU ALSO HAS A DAUGHTER. 935 00:52:19,133 --> 00:52:22,766 UWINGELI: URARUMBUKE. PROSPERITY. 936 00:52:22,800 --> 00:52:26,166 ♪ 937 00:52:34,700 --> 00:52:37,000 [BIRDS CHIRPING] 938 00:52:39,333 --> 00:52:41,433 ATTENBOROUGH: TO SEE POPPY'S DAUGHTER 939 00:52:41,466 --> 00:52:44,933 {\an1}AND GRANDDAUGHTER THRIVING IS THRILLING. 940 00:52:44,966 --> 00:52:47,566 IT JUST SHOWS WHAT WE CAN ACHIEVE 941 00:52:47,600 --> 00:52:50,133 {\an1}WHEN WE PUT OUR MINDS TO IT. 942 00:52:50,166 --> 00:52:52,866 {\an1}I DO TRULY BELIEVE THAT TOGETHER, 943 00:52:52,900 --> 00:52:55,966 {\an1}WE CAN CREATE A BETTER FUTURE. 944 00:52:56,000 --> 00:52:58,300 {\an1}I MIGHT NOT BE HERE TO SEE IT, 945 00:52:58,333 --> 00:53:00,466 BUT IF WE MAKE THE RIGHT DECISIONS 946 00:53:00,500 --> 00:53:03,200 {\an1}AT THIS CRITICAL MOMENT, WE CAN SAFEGUARD 947 00:53:03,233 --> 00:53:07,466 {\an1}OUR PLANET'S ECOSYSTEMS, ITS EXTRAORDINARY BIODIVERSITY, 948 00:53:07,500 --> 00:53:10,600 {\an1}AND ALL ITS INHABITANTS. 949 00:53:10,633 --> 00:53:14,233 WHAT HAPPENS NEXT IS UP TO EVERY ONE OF US. 950 00:53:14,566 --> 00:53:19,566 {\an8}♪ 951 00:53:25,433 --> 00:53:30,433 {\an7}♪ 952 00:53:37,433 --> 00:53:39,066 {\an7}EXTINCTION THE FACTS 953 00:53:39,100 --> 00:53:41,566 {\an8}IS AVAILABLE ON AMAZON PRIME VIDEO 954 00:53:41,600 --> 00:53:43,933 {\an8}♪