1 00:00:02,000 --> 00:00:07,000 Downloaded from YTS.MX 2 00:00:08,000 --> 00:00:13,000 Official YIFY movies site: YTS.MX 3 00:00:38,935 --> 00:00:43,250 The word that people often use is that I was "triggered." 4 00:00:48,117 --> 00:00:51,879 I had a three-year-old daughter, 5 00:00:51,948 --> 00:00:56,401 and she came to the lab with me one weekend. 6 00:00:56,470 --> 00:01:01,268 I had told her that I was a scientist before, 7 00:01:01,337 --> 00:01:04,271 and I don't think it had really clicked in her mind 8 00:01:04,340 --> 00:01:07,619 that I was actually a scientist. 9 00:01:07,688 --> 00:01:10,380 And so she came to the lab with me, 10 00:01:10,449 --> 00:01:13,452 and I had my booties, 11 00:01:13,521 --> 00:01:18,699 and I was wearing a Tyvek suit, gloves, and goggles-- 12 00:01:18,768 --> 00:01:21,771 the whole getup. 13 00:01:21,840 --> 00:01:23,600 And she looked at me, and she was just, like, 14 00:01:23,669 --> 00:01:27,017 "You really are a scientist, Mommy." 15 00:01:27,087 --> 00:01:30,814 And then she said, "I want to be a scientist just like you." 16 00:01:30,883 --> 00:01:36,130 And that was the horrible, like... 17 00:01:37,649 --> 00:01:43,379 ...sort of lose-it triggering moment that I have ever had. 18 00:01:43,448 --> 00:01:46,623 And, um... 19 00:01:46,692 --> 00:01:47,728 I actually... 20 00:01:47,797 --> 00:01:50,006 ...started crying at the time. 21 00:01:50,075 --> 00:01:51,904 And I, you know, she's three, 22 00:01:51,973 --> 00:01:54,148 so she doesn't understand why I'm crying. 23 00:01:54,217 --> 00:01:56,495 And so I told her that they were happy tears. 24 00:01:56,564 --> 00:02:02,294 But they weren't just happy tears. 25 00:02:02,363 --> 00:02:06,471 I was thinking about someone treating her like trash 26 00:02:06,540 --> 00:02:10,026 in 20 years, like I had been treated like trash. 27 00:02:12,994 --> 00:02:15,376 The one thing that I could do to help her the most 28 00:02:15,445 --> 00:02:19,000 is to try and make the whole enterprise 29 00:02:19,069 --> 00:02:22,072 something that is welcoming to women, 30 00:02:22,142 --> 00:02:24,385 and that was something that I hadn't done. 31 00:02:29,425 --> 00:02:32,462 We all have images in our head. 32 00:02:34,637 --> 00:02:36,190 We have images of 33 00:02:36,259 --> 00:02:41,885 what a woman is like, what a man is like. 34 00:02:44,302 --> 00:02:46,166 When you ask somebody, 35 00:02:46,235 --> 00:02:49,238 "Draw a picture of a scientist," it used to be 36 00:02:49,307 --> 00:02:51,101 all men. 37 00:02:55,416 --> 00:03:00,490 We were just trying to be scientists. 38 00:03:00,559 --> 00:03:01,974 We certainly didn't want to be seen 39 00:03:02,043 --> 00:03:03,976 as troublemakers or activists. 40 00:03:09,568 --> 00:03:11,846 The big picture is that women 41 00:03:11,915 --> 00:03:15,712 are extraordinarily underrepresented in science. 42 00:03:17,818 --> 00:03:20,061 The message that's given is that 43 00:03:20,130 --> 00:03:22,823 you somehow don't belong here. 44 00:03:27,345 --> 00:03:31,349 There's a playbook, and it was written by men. 45 00:03:31,418 --> 00:03:33,765 And the men pick up on it. 46 00:03:33,834 --> 00:03:36,008 They know what the plays are, 47 00:03:36,077 --> 00:03:37,907 and I always felt I didn't have the playbook. 48 00:03:37,976 --> 00:03:40,358 : You know, I'm just sort of feeling my way 49 00:03:40,427 --> 00:03:42,394 through this, this game. 50 00:04:01,171 --> 00:04:03,070 There's your standard striped version. 51 00:04:03,139 --> 00:04:06,970 Beautiful, beautiful little fish. 52 00:04:07,039 --> 00:04:12,562 And if you see, the males are very slender, 53 00:04:12,631 --> 00:04:17,533 and the females have the large belly. 54 00:04:17,602 --> 00:04:19,707 Generally a good sign 55 00:04:19,776 --> 00:04:23,746 they're going to lay eggs. 56 00:04:29,476 --> 00:04:33,928 I'm Nancy Hopkins, and I was professor of biology 57 00:04:33,997 --> 00:04:35,896 at M.I.T. for 40 years, 58 00:04:35,965 --> 00:04:39,762 and I retired three years ago. 59 00:04:39,831 --> 00:04:45,664 : Ah-hah, this is a picture of Greta. 60 00:04:45,733 --> 00:04:47,873 So this was, this was the first experiment we did, 61 00:04:47,942 --> 00:04:50,876 really, in zebra fish. 62 00:04:50,945 --> 00:04:55,433 We were still just learning the system. 63 00:04:55,502 --> 00:04:57,089 At the time, I was taking care of the fish, 64 00:04:57,158 --> 00:04:58,367 so I was in the fish room, like... 65 00:04:58,436 --> 00:05:00,990 I was literally in the lab 365 days of the year. 66 00:05:01,059 --> 00:05:04,856 This is actually looking down on a fish embryo. 67 00:05:04,925 --> 00:05:08,411 And about this time, there's about a thousand cells. 68 00:05:08,480 --> 00:05:10,344 I think about a thousand. 69 00:05:10,413 --> 00:05:12,795 And four of those thousand cells are going to go 70 00:05:12,864 --> 00:05:15,107 and become the sperm or the eggs of that fish, 71 00:05:15,176 --> 00:05:18,214 and those are the four cells. 72 00:05:18,283 --> 00:05:20,043 And then they begin to divide. 73 00:05:20,112 --> 00:05:24,910 When I was about ten, my mother got cancer. 74 00:05:24,979 --> 00:05:27,775 In that generation, the word "cancer" was so terrifying, 75 00:05:27,844 --> 00:05:30,364 you didn't say the word. 76 00:05:30,433 --> 00:05:32,297 And so she was terrified, 77 00:05:32,366 --> 00:05:35,438 and that certainly made a big impression on me, 78 00:05:35,507 --> 00:05:37,026 and I'm sure that's partly why I was interested 79 00:05:37,095 --> 00:05:40,995 in cancer research later on. 80 00:05:42,756 --> 00:05:47,726 I went to a small, private girls' school in Manhattan. 81 00:05:47,795 --> 00:05:49,970 They didn't teach a lot of math and science 82 00:05:50,039 --> 00:05:51,696 to girls in my generation, 83 00:05:51,765 --> 00:05:53,974 because people thought girls didn't like 84 00:05:54,043 --> 00:05:55,941 or need much math or science, 85 00:05:56,010 --> 00:05:57,874 but I took everything they offered and loved all of it. 86 00:06:00,083 --> 00:06:02,534 I went to Radcliffe. 87 00:06:02,603 --> 00:06:05,295 I was 16, I guess, when I started. 88 00:06:05,365 --> 00:06:07,401 In the spring of junior year, 89 00:06:07,470 --> 00:06:10,577 I signed up for this course called Bio 2. 90 00:06:10,646 --> 00:06:14,235 Jim Watson came in, and one hour later, 91 00:06:14,304 --> 00:06:15,927 I was a different person. 92 00:06:15,996 --> 00:06:19,896 He and Francis Crick had won a Nobel Prize 93 00:06:19,965 --> 00:06:22,174 for discovering the structure of DNA. 94 00:06:26,006 --> 00:06:29,699 This genetics, this molecular biology, 95 00:06:29,768 --> 00:06:32,461 it was the answer to all of the questions 96 00:06:32,530 --> 00:06:35,740 I'd ever had about everything; this is what life is, 97 00:06:35,809 --> 00:06:37,120 this is how it works. 98 00:06:37,189 --> 00:06:38,570 It's going to explain 99 00:06:38,639 --> 00:06:41,021 everything that living things do and can do. 100 00:06:43,472 --> 00:06:48,338 I couldn't imagine going on without being near this science. 101 00:06:48,408 --> 00:06:50,168 I just had to be near this. 102 00:06:51,894 --> 00:06:54,552 I started working in Jim Watson's lab 103 00:06:54,621 --> 00:06:56,761 as an undergraduate. 104 00:06:56,830 --> 00:06:59,280 It was absolutely thrilling, and I thought, "Well, I'm happy." 105 00:07:01,904 --> 00:07:05,528 However, there was this odd, funny thing that happened. 106 00:07:05,597 --> 00:07:07,496 Francis Crick was coming to visit the lab, 107 00:07:07,565 --> 00:07:08,945 and he was going to give a talk. 108 00:07:09,014 --> 00:07:13,087 And this was enormously exciting, because, of course, 109 00:07:13,156 --> 00:07:14,744 Jim just thought Francis was a genius. 110 00:07:14,813 --> 00:07:15,780 I thought Jim was a genius. 111 00:07:15,849 --> 00:07:17,195 Jim thought Francis was a genius-- 112 00:07:17,264 --> 00:07:19,231 wow, how smart could this guy be? 113 00:07:19,300 --> 00:07:22,442 So I was very excited Francis was coming, 114 00:07:22,511 --> 00:07:25,479 and I was sitting at my desk in this little lab, 115 00:07:25,548 --> 00:07:27,930 which was adjacent to Jim's office. 116 00:07:27,999 --> 00:07:32,106 And the door flies open. 117 00:07:32,175 --> 00:07:34,143 I was in the room alone, and there's standing Francis Crick. 118 00:07:34,212 --> 00:07:37,146 He comes flying across the room, 119 00:07:37,215 --> 00:07:40,252 puts his hands on my chest and breasts, 120 00:07:40,321 --> 00:07:42,116 and says, "What are you working on?" 121 00:07:42,185 --> 00:07:43,255 You know, looks at my notebook 122 00:07:43,324 --> 00:07:45,050 and says, "What are you working on?" 123 00:07:45,119 --> 00:07:47,397 And I was so startled, 124 00:07:47,467 --> 00:07:48,985 I didn't quite know what to say or do. 125 00:07:49,054 --> 00:07:53,714 So I sort of straightened up and said, "Oh, well, here, 126 00:07:53,783 --> 00:07:55,820 "let me show you this, I'm doing this experiment. 127 00:07:55,889 --> 00:07:58,754 Somehow, this, I'm trying to do this." 128 00:07:58,823 --> 00:08:01,066 And at the time, the word "sexual harassment" 129 00:08:01,135 --> 00:08:05,001 didn't exist-- it wouldn't have crossed my mind. 130 00:08:05,070 --> 00:08:07,487 So I just didn't want to make a fuss. 131 00:08:07,556 --> 00:08:08,695 I didn't want Francis to be embarrassed. 132 00:08:08,764 --> 00:08:12,043 I didn't want Jim to be embarrassed. 133 00:08:12,112 --> 00:08:14,873 I just tried to pretend nothing had happened. 134 00:08:35,066 --> 00:08:37,275 Not losing the keys to the car 135 00:08:37,344 --> 00:08:39,484 is the most important part of field work. 136 00:08:41,486 --> 00:08:43,902 And hiking. 137 00:08:47,181 --> 00:08:50,668 This is an area of coastline in California 138 00:08:50,737 --> 00:08:55,086 that is really being impacted by cliff retreat. 139 00:09:00,436 --> 00:09:03,025 We're really interested in 140 00:09:03,094 --> 00:09:05,683 figuring out how fast 141 00:09:05,752 --> 00:09:07,857 sea level rise is going to impact 142 00:09:07,926 --> 00:09:10,411 the coastal zones. 143 00:09:13,000 --> 00:09:14,450 I'm Jane Willenbring. 144 00:09:14,519 --> 00:09:17,418 I'm an associate professor at Scripps Institution 145 00:09:17,487 --> 00:09:19,869 of Oceanography, which is part of U.C. San Diego. 146 00:09:22,562 --> 00:09:24,771 One of the things that I think is great about being someone 147 00:09:24,840 --> 00:09:29,499 who studies how landscapes change over time 148 00:09:29,569 --> 00:09:31,640 is that it is so incredibly important 149 00:09:31,709 --> 00:09:35,022 for maintaining our way of life, basically. 150 00:09:37,818 --> 00:09:41,546 One of the ways that we're trying to create resilience 151 00:09:41,615 --> 00:09:46,033 and adaptability to climate change impact 152 00:09:46,102 --> 00:09:48,898 is through figuring out what will happen to 153 00:09:48,967 --> 00:09:51,487 coastal areas. 154 00:09:53,316 --> 00:09:54,628 One of the things that 155 00:09:54,697 --> 00:09:57,182 drew me to Earth science 156 00:09:57,251 --> 00:09:59,564 when I was starting my degree was, you get to use 157 00:09:59,633 --> 00:10:01,428 all of the different kinds of science 158 00:10:01,497 --> 00:10:06,536 to really understand how we are impacting the Earth, 159 00:10:06,606 --> 00:10:08,159 and people were arguing at the time 160 00:10:08,228 --> 00:10:12,301 about whether there was going to be this massive deglaciation 161 00:10:12,370 --> 00:10:16,305 of East Antarctica if we warmed the Earth 162 00:10:16,374 --> 00:10:18,583 just a couple of degrees. 163 00:10:18,652 --> 00:10:23,243 Field work in Antarctica seemed like a perfect, you know, 164 00:10:23,312 --> 00:10:25,866 trajectory for my science life. 165 00:10:36,877 --> 00:10:38,430 I decided to go to 166 00:10:38,499 --> 00:10:42,365 Boston University to get a master's degree. 167 00:10:42,434 --> 00:10:45,506 I started the program in 1999. 168 00:10:45,575 --> 00:10:47,094 I was going to work with Dave Marchant, 169 00:10:47,163 --> 00:10:53,514 looking at the glacial history of a part of East Antarctica. 170 00:10:53,583 --> 00:10:56,310 He was a really important person in the field. 171 00:10:56,379 --> 00:11:00,211 He even had a glacier named after him. 172 00:11:00,280 --> 00:11:03,663 And I was incredibly thrilled to get the opportunity to go. 173 00:11:03,732 --> 00:11:06,424 It was like a dream come true, actually. 174 00:11:09,876 --> 00:11:13,638 So we were going to head out in the field in early December. 175 00:11:13,707 --> 00:11:17,573 It actually takes a long time to even get there. 176 00:11:17,642 --> 00:11:21,473 We went from Boston to New Zealand, 177 00:11:21,542 --> 00:11:24,131 New Zealand to McMurdo, and then finally, 178 00:11:24,200 --> 00:11:27,790 we go out with all of our tents via helicopter 179 00:11:27,859 --> 00:11:31,035 into the field, and then we were 180 00:11:31,104 --> 00:11:34,348 just there. 181 00:11:34,417 --> 00:11:38,007 It's such an incredibly blue sky-- 182 00:11:38,076 --> 00:11:39,802 the bluest sky, maybe, 183 00:11:39,871 --> 00:11:42,356 that I've ever seen in my life. 184 00:11:42,425 --> 00:11:43,633 You just have rock 185 00:11:43,703 --> 00:11:47,672 and mountains and ice as far as you can see. 186 00:11:50,295 --> 00:11:51,883 It is like nowhere else. 187 00:11:51,952 --> 00:11:55,818 There were four people in the group. 188 00:11:55,887 --> 00:11:59,235 So there was Dave Marchant, his brother, and then also 189 00:11:59,304 --> 00:12:01,893 a master's student from the University of Maine, 190 00:12:01,962 --> 00:12:04,516 Adam Lewis. 191 00:12:04,585 --> 00:12:07,761 The order of things, in, in some cases, 192 00:12:07,830 --> 00:12:09,832 is quite jumbled in my mind. 193 00:12:11,903 --> 00:12:16,390 I do know that there was a definite break between 194 00:12:16,459 --> 00:12:18,151 when we were in, even McMurdo, 195 00:12:18,220 --> 00:12:20,394 when we were surrounded by other scientists 196 00:12:20,463 --> 00:12:24,398 and program officers from the National Science Foundation. 197 00:12:24,467 --> 00:12:27,781 And it wasn't until we got to the field 198 00:12:27,850 --> 00:12:30,128 that sort of the filters were off. 199 00:12:30,197 --> 00:12:32,752 There was some "Saturday Night Live" skit. 200 00:12:32,821 --> 00:12:35,409 Jane, you ignorant slut. 201 00:12:37,998 --> 00:12:42,071 Dave would start off from that sort of pop-culture reference 202 00:12:42,140 --> 00:12:46,282 to just calling me a slut, and then "slut" went to "whore," 203 00:12:46,351 --> 00:12:47,594 and then "whore" went to . 204 00:12:50,804 --> 00:12:54,152 We'd have to deal with all of these stories 205 00:12:54,221 --> 00:12:56,396 about how slutty I was, 206 00:12:56,465 --> 00:12:59,364 and how I'd be good for this person, 207 00:12:59,433 --> 00:13:02,954 who is a helicopter pilot, or this person, who is his brother. 208 00:13:03,023 --> 00:13:06,855 And I just wanted to talk about science. 209 00:13:11,031 --> 00:13:13,931 At one point, he decided to just, 210 00:13:14,000 --> 00:13:17,106 every time that I had to go to the bathroom, 211 00:13:17,175 --> 00:13:20,558 just throw rocks at me. 212 00:13:20,627 --> 00:13:24,113 Little tiny pebbles most of the time. 213 00:13:24,182 --> 00:13:27,254 So there are no trees to hide behind, 214 00:13:27,323 --> 00:13:30,637 no bushes or anything like that. 215 00:13:30,706 --> 00:13:33,122 It was so embarrassing and 216 00:13:33,191 --> 00:13:38,956 demeaning, and so I stopped... 217 00:13:39,025 --> 00:13:42,994 I stopped drinking water during the day 218 00:13:43,063 --> 00:13:46,032 so that I wouldn't have to go to the bathroom as much, 219 00:13:46,101 --> 00:13:50,657 and I ended up getting a bladder infection. 220 00:13:50,726 --> 00:13:54,040 And eventually, there was blood in my urine, 221 00:13:54,109 --> 00:13:58,976 and I've actually had, had sort of bladder problems 222 00:13:59,045 --> 00:14:02,496 ever since that time. 223 00:14:05,120 --> 00:14:09,365 We were looking for ash inside of these belts of sediment 224 00:14:09,434 --> 00:14:15,164 and, and boulders that form on the margins of glaciers. 225 00:14:15,233 --> 00:14:18,650 These ashes can be dated, and so they're great to find. 226 00:14:18,719 --> 00:14:24,242 So he had a little bit of ash on this little metal scoop. 227 00:14:24,311 --> 00:14:25,554 He motioned to lean in. 228 00:14:25,623 --> 00:14:30,145 And so I looked, got down really close to be able to see 229 00:14:30,214 --> 00:14:33,734 the individual crystals in the ash. 230 00:14:33,803 --> 00:14:36,496 And at that point, 231 00:14:36,565 --> 00:14:41,328 he just breathed onto the spoon really quickly, 232 00:14:41,397 --> 00:14:46,333 and the glass shards went into my eyes. 233 00:14:46,402 --> 00:14:49,681 While I was doubled over in pain, 234 00:14:49,750 --> 00:14:52,098 Dave looked at everybody and sort of shrugged and said, 235 00:14:52,167 --> 00:14:54,514 "Oops, that went a little too far." 236 00:14:56,965 --> 00:15:01,659 I remember I was trying to get up a really steep slope. 237 00:15:01,728 --> 00:15:05,456 It was covered with moveable debris. 238 00:15:05,525 --> 00:15:08,942 So every time I would try to take a couple of steps up, 239 00:15:09,011 --> 00:15:13,153 I would just naturally slide down one step worth. 240 00:15:13,222 --> 00:15:15,086 So it was incredibly frustrating 241 00:15:15,155 --> 00:15:18,089 to go up and down this thing. 242 00:15:18,158 --> 00:15:21,437 Dave was at the top at one point, 243 00:15:21,506 --> 00:15:23,336 and I had just gotten about 244 00:15:23,405 --> 00:15:25,752 three-quarters of the way up the hill, 245 00:15:25,821 --> 00:15:30,584 and he grabbed the back of my backpack 246 00:15:30,653 --> 00:15:33,242 and just pushed me down the hill. 247 00:15:35,141 --> 00:15:38,903 I remember just sort of weeping 248 00:15:38,972 --> 00:15:42,458 at the bottom of this hill. 249 00:15:42,527 --> 00:15:44,874 And I just decided at that moment 250 00:15:44,944 --> 00:15:50,363 to just sort of let everything kind of wash over me 251 00:15:50,432 --> 00:15:57,197 and that I was just going to decide to do something later. 252 00:16:03,652 --> 00:16:06,620 I didn't know how long that later would be, 253 00:16:06,689 --> 00:16:11,453 because my future was still in his hands. 254 00:16:11,522 --> 00:16:16,182 After we got back and then the year after. 255 00:16:16,251 --> 00:16:19,495 And so it just became sort of this, like, later, like, 256 00:16:19,564 --> 00:16:21,635 this point on the horizon. 257 00:16:42,208 --> 00:16:44,624 I'd like to welcome all of you to this convocation 258 00:16:44,693 --> 00:16:47,834 on a most important topic. 259 00:16:47,903 --> 00:16:50,664 Together, we can do better, certainly, 260 00:16:50,733 --> 00:16:53,115 addressing sexual harassment. 261 00:17:00,260 --> 00:17:01,710 The best estimates are, about 262 00:17:01,779 --> 00:17:06,542 50% of women faculty and staff 263 00:17:06,611 --> 00:17:09,235 experience sexual harassment, 264 00:17:09,304 --> 00:17:14,102 and those numbers have not really shifted over time. 265 00:17:14,171 --> 00:17:15,827 If you think about science, 266 00:17:15,896 --> 00:17:19,797 right now, we have a system that is built on dependence, 267 00:17:19,866 --> 00:17:22,731 really singular dependence, of trainees, 268 00:17:22,800 --> 00:17:25,147 whether they are medical students, 269 00:17:25,216 --> 00:17:29,048 whether they are undergraduates, or if they're graduate students, 270 00:17:29,117 --> 00:17:32,223 on faculty for their funding, for their futures. 271 00:17:32,292 --> 00:17:34,881 And that really sets up a dynamic 272 00:17:34,950 --> 00:17:37,918 that is highly problematic. 273 00:17:37,987 --> 00:17:40,024 It really creates an environment 274 00:17:40,093 --> 00:17:43,269 in which harassment can occur. 275 00:17:43,338 --> 00:17:46,237 Generally speaking, sexual forms of sexual harassment-- 276 00:17:46,306 --> 00:17:49,033 like come-ons, unwanted sexual advances-- 277 00:17:49,102 --> 00:17:51,760 those are actually the rarest forms of sexual harassment. 278 00:17:51,829 --> 00:17:53,313 They actually don't happen very much. 279 00:17:53,382 --> 00:17:55,350 Mostly you see put-downs. 280 00:17:57,559 --> 00:18:01,597 We use the metaphor of an iceberg to really get across 281 00:18:01,666 --> 00:18:06,533 the various forms of sexual harassment. 282 00:18:06,602 --> 00:18:08,811 What's gotten most of the attention 283 00:18:08,880 --> 00:18:13,092 is unwanted sexual attention, coercion. 284 00:18:13,161 --> 00:18:15,059 Those are in the public eye, 285 00:18:15,128 --> 00:18:16,716 and I think everyone would agree 286 00:18:16,785 --> 00:18:19,236 we absolutely need to address those. 287 00:18:19,305 --> 00:18:22,618 And then you have all the stuff that's underneath. 288 00:18:22,687 --> 00:18:25,656 Those are actually more than 90% of the sexual harassment. 289 00:18:25,725 --> 00:18:27,727 You know, the subtle exclusions, 290 00:18:27,796 --> 00:18:29,280 being left off an email, 291 00:18:29,349 --> 00:18:30,557 not being invited to a collaboration 292 00:18:30,626 --> 00:18:32,697 where you're the clear expert. 293 00:18:32,766 --> 00:18:35,286 Just these little moments that make a woman feel 294 00:18:35,355 --> 00:18:38,738 like she doesn't belong, that's a really common experience. 295 00:18:41,050 --> 00:18:44,778 We found that consistent gender harassment 296 00:18:44,847 --> 00:18:49,783 actually has the same impact as a single episode 297 00:18:49,852 --> 00:18:54,961 of unwanted sexual attention or coercion. 298 00:18:55,030 --> 00:18:58,896 So it is not something to be ignored. 299 00:19:18,226 --> 00:19:19,813 This is our shared lab facility. 300 00:19:19,882 --> 00:19:22,954 So all of the chemistry professors 301 00:19:23,023 --> 00:19:26,406 have lab space, some corner of it, here. 302 00:19:33,344 --> 00:19:35,277 I'm Raychelle Burks. 303 00:19:35,346 --> 00:19:37,728 I am an assistant professor of chemistry. 304 00:19:37,797 --> 00:19:41,490 So we make sensor arrays. 305 00:19:41,559 --> 00:19:45,494 When they're exposed to different environments, 306 00:19:45,563 --> 00:19:48,670 they have chemical reactions that they'll undergo. 307 00:19:48,739 --> 00:19:51,224 So it might be something 308 00:19:51,293 --> 00:19:54,123 like phenolphthalein, 309 00:19:54,193 --> 00:19:55,539 which, anyone who's watched, like, the crime shows, 310 00:19:55,608 --> 00:19:57,265 and it's, like, "We found this," you know... 311 00:19:57,334 --> 00:19:59,922 They swab something, and then it's, like, drop, drop, 312 00:19:59,991 --> 00:20:02,822 another bottle, drop, and they're, like, "It's blood." 313 00:20:02,891 --> 00:20:06,308 And it's gone from being colorless to being bright pink. 314 00:20:06,377 --> 00:20:08,828 The things I'm trying to find are usually 315 00:20:08,897 --> 00:20:10,623 the nefarious things. 316 00:20:10,692 --> 00:20:13,350 So biological and chemical weapons, explosives. 317 00:20:13,419 --> 00:20:16,939 I design systems to find those. 318 00:20:17,008 --> 00:20:18,665 The types of tests I'm building 319 00:20:18,734 --> 00:20:22,911 are for natural disaster/ war zone situations, 320 00:20:22,980 --> 00:20:26,432 where you're trying to do a quick screen. 321 00:20:26,501 --> 00:20:28,710 And it could be Hurricane Maria or Hurricane Harvey. 322 00:20:28,779 --> 00:20:30,574 Especially Flint. 323 00:20:30,643 --> 00:20:33,404 Flint residents filed a federal lawsuit accusing 324 00:20:33,473 --> 00:20:36,545 the city and state of endangering their health 325 00:20:36,614 --> 00:20:37,891 by exposing them to dangerous lead levels 326 00:20:37,960 --> 00:20:39,928 in their town water... 327 00:20:39,997 --> 00:20:42,862 Flood waters in New Orleans are full of sewage and bacteria 328 00:20:42,931 --> 00:20:45,036 that can make people sick. 329 00:20:45,105 --> 00:20:48,039 Federal officials joined local agencies in urging... 330 00:20:48,108 --> 00:20:49,938 You know, from a social justice angle, 331 00:20:50,007 --> 00:20:52,734 people still need some kind of testing metric 332 00:20:52,803 --> 00:20:54,045 and to get an answer, 333 00:20:54,114 --> 00:20:56,531 especially in that kind of environment. 334 00:20:56,600 --> 00:20:58,981 You know, is there some type of test 335 00:20:59,050 --> 00:21:02,744 where you're not pricing the user out of it? 336 00:21:04,849 --> 00:21:06,403 That's what my group does. 337 00:21:06,472 --> 00:21:09,923 By using all of this information and statistics, 338 00:21:09,992 --> 00:21:11,235 get to the point where 339 00:21:11,304 --> 00:21:14,100 the final product, we hand it off to the user, 340 00:21:14,169 --> 00:21:18,138 and what they get is a simple-to-use test. 341 00:21:18,207 --> 00:21:19,899 Like, kind of on the pregnancy test, where it's, like, 342 00:21:19,968 --> 00:21:22,108 "Okay, so double lines means... 343 00:21:22,177 --> 00:21:23,868 What again? Single line means..." 344 00:21:23,937 --> 00:21:25,145 You know, like... 345 00:21:25,214 --> 00:21:28,010 But you have, like, that little diagram. 346 00:21:30,461 --> 00:21:32,774 I grew up in the L.A. area. 347 00:21:32,843 --> 00:21:35,915 Very big high school, 3,000. 348 00:21:35,984 --> 00:21:39,367 And the classes are packed. 349 00:21:39,436 --> 00:21:43,336 I don't remember any teacher in high school being, like, 350 00:21:43,405 --> 00:21:46,408 "You can do it," in the sciences in any way, 351 00:21:46,477 --> 00:21:49,584 but I just kept showing up. 352 00:21:49,653 --> 00:21:52,483 It's funny, a lot of the scientists I think of 353 00:21:52,552 --> 00:21:55,175 growing up are actually fictional characters. 354 00:21:55,244 --> 00:21:58,800 "STAR TREK" To boldly go where no man has gone before. 355 00:21:58,869 --> 00:22:00,940 Like, Uhura was a scientist. 356 00:22:01,009 --> 00:22:02,838 Progress report. 357 00:22:02,907 --> 00:22:06,255 I'm connecting the bypass circuit now, sir. 358 00:22:06,325 --> 00:22:07,636 And she was in charge of comms, 359 00:22:07,705 --> 00:22:09,776 but really, she was a scientist. 360 00:22:12,192 --> 00:22:14,056 Going through college, you know, 361 00:22:14,125 --> 00:22:17,543 there were no Black women chemistry professors 362 00:22:17,612 --> 00:22:19,096 that I had. 363 00:22:19,165 --> 00:22:20,856 I heard that they existed, though. 364 00:22:20,925 --> 00:22:22,789 : But I never had any. 365 00:22:25,413 --> 00:22:28,208 I went to get a PhD in chemistry 366 00:22:28,277 --> 00:22:30,279 so I would have more employment options. 367 00:22:41,601 --> 00:22:44,846 There are lots of things I love about the sciences 368 00:22:44,915 --> 00:22:47,711 and I love about academia and my job. 369 00:22:47,780 --> 00:22:50,955 But then there's also some real bull. 370 00:22:53,337 --> 00:22:54,821 In academia, 371 00:22:54,890 --> 00:22:57,306 as women of color, 372 00:22:57,376 --> 00:22:59,378 we're going to have different types of abuse 373 00:22:59,447 --> 00:23:01,518 from different people. 374 00:23:01,587 --> 00:23:03,727 I remember when I was in my office once, 375 00:23:03,796 --> 00:23:06,488 sitting at my desk, at my computer. 376 00:23:06,557 --> 00:23:08,973 Like, I've got, you know, papers spread out. 377 00:23:09,042 --> 00:23:11,700 And someone comes into my office, and for some reason, 378 00:23:11,769 --> 00:23:13,219 assumes I'm the janitor. 379 00:23:17,637 --> 00:23:19,536 I mean, I've been in meetings 380 00:23:19,605 --> 00:23:21,330 where you've made a suggestion 381 00:23:21,400 --> 00:23:22,884 or said, "Well, what about this?" 382 00:23:22,953 --> 00:23:25,404 And it was like you'd never spoke at all. 383 00:23:25,473 --> 00:23:29,028 But if a white guy says it, you're, like... 384 00:23:29,097 --> 00:23:30,823 And now it'll magically be heard, everybody watch this. 385 00:23:35,690 --> 00:23:37,692 Sometimes you get these critical emails, 386 00:23:37,761 --> 00:23:39,452 and criticism is something that, as a scientist, 387 00:23:39,521 --> 00:23:41,212 you have to get used to. 388 00:23:41,281 --> 00:23:43,422 But I think it's, is it appropriate? 389 00:23:43,491 --> 00:23:44,561 There's been some cases where I'm, like, 390 00:23:44,630 --> 00:23:46,839 "Wow, this is wildly inappropriate." 391 00:23:51,464 --> 00:23:52,948 You don't get to just 392 00:23:53,017 --> 00:23:54,571 say what you'd really want to say. 393 00:23:54,640 --> 00:23:57,056 Like, "How dare you?" 394 00:23:57,125 --> 00:23:58,609 I'm going to be seen as, like, 395 00:23:58,678 --> 00:24:01,750 the angry Black woman trope anyway, but you have to, like, 396 00:24:01,819 --> 00:24:03,959 "Okay, how do I minimize that?" 397 00:24:04,028 --> 00:24:06,755 So you spend all this time trying to craft a response 398 00:24:06,824 --> 00:24:09,551 or an approach of how to, like, deal with it. 399 00:24:09,620 --> 00:24:12,692 It may not seem like a long time-- five minutes, 400 00:24:12,761 --> 00:24:14,245 ten minutes, 15 minutes, 20 minutes. 401 00:24:14,314 --> 00:24:17,421 And I think about all of that time added up. 402 00:24:17,490 --> 00:24:19,492 That's time I'm not spending 403 00:24:19,561 --> 00:24:22,081 on grants, on writing papers, 404 00:24:22,150 --> 00:24:24,324 on networking with my peers, 405 00:24:24,393 --> 00:24:26,534 on just doing research with my students, 406 00:24:26,603 --> 00:24:30,365 because I'm trying to navigate these oppressive systems 407 00:24:30,434 --> 00:24:34,231 that people who are not in the marginalized communities, 408 00:24:34,300 --> 00:24:37,924 not only do they not have to do that, they don't even... 409 00:24:37,993 --> 00:24:39,823 It doesn't even register. 410 00:24:39,892 --> 00:24:41,859 It's not something that they even think about, 411 00:24:41,928 --> 00:24:44,655 let alone it being a time suck in their schedule. 412 00:24:47,727 --> 00:24:50,350 You have to remember that, because I'm, like... 413 00:24:50,419 --> 00:24:53,733 : "How's this person, like, able to do, like, all this stuff?" 414 00:24:53,802 --> 00:24:56,149 And then you're, like, "Oh." 415 00:24:56,218 --> 00:24:59,290 "That's because they're not having to do any of that stuff." 416 00:24:59,359 --> 00:25:00,913 You know, and that's, that's the other thing 417 00:25:00,982 --> 00:25:04,330 you have to kind of remember. 418 00:25:18,344 --> 00:25:19,725 When you're starting out in science, 419 00:25:19,794 --> 00:25:22,555 it's kind of like getting an airplane up off the ground, 420 00:25:22,624 --> 00:25:23,556 you know, you've got to get... 421 00:25:23,625 --> 00:25:25,627 You've got to get going. 422 00:25:25,696 --> 00:25:27,629 Make enough discoveries 423 00:25:27,698 --> 00:25:30,805 that you can become known. 424 00:25:30,874 --> 00:25:32,116 So I just kept working. 425 00:25:32,185 --> 00:25:34,878 A couple of years passed, 426 00:25:34,947 --> 00:25:37,743 and suddenly I was called by M.I.T. 427 00:25:37,812 --> 00:25:40,815 and asked to apply for a faculty job. 428 00:25:42,471 --> 00:25:47,856 But I did begin to have trouble as a junior faculty. 429 00:25:47,925 --> 00:25:49,202 These post-docs, 430 00:25:49,271 --> 00:25:51,929 I think, saw you more as a technician 431 00:25:51,998 --> 00:25:52,930 than a faculty member. 432 00:25:55,519 --> 00:25:57,245 The reagents you made and so forth, 433 00:25:57,314 --> 00:25:58,591 they saw it as just a... 434 00:25:58,660 --> 00:26:01,007 They could just go and take anything they wanted, 435 00:26:01,076 --> 00:26:02,457 because after all, what were you? 436 00:26:02,526 --> 00:26:04,148 You were just a technician, I guess. 437 00:26:06,668 --> 00:26:08,359 I'd have to wait to use my own equipment, 438 00:26:08,428 --> 00:26:09,844 and they would take things out of the incubator. 439 00:26:09,913 --> 00:26:11,466 Just take them, you know, 440 00:26:11,535 --> 00:26:13,882 and I didn't want to tell them not to, because in that era, 441 00:26:13,951 --> 00:26:16,678 women had to be nice to everybody, they had to be 442 00:26:16,747 --> 00:26:18,162 polite to everybody. 443 00:26:18,231 --> 00:26:20,475 You couldn't, you know, 444 00:26:20,544 --> 00:26:23,478 be unpleasant, or people would say, 445 00:26:23,547 --> 00:26:25,342 "Oh, there's that nasty, difficult woman." 446 00:26:25,411 --> 00:26:26,999 And then everybody would avoid you. 447 00:26:27,068 --> 00:26:28,517 So I was, didn't want to do that. 448 00:26:30,105 --> 00:26:32,901 And the other thing I found is, I started publishing papers, 449 00:26:32,970 --> 00:26:34,662 and then I found you'd publish the papers, 450 00:26:34,731 --> 00:26:35,870 and you would have trouble 451 00:26:35,939 --> 00:26:37,906 getting credit for the discovery. 452 00:26:37,975 --> 00:26:39,252 Everybody feels that way in science. 453 00:26:39,321 --> 00:26:40,633 Everyone thinks their work is undervalued, 454 00:26:40,702 --> 00:26:42,739 and they're under... Everyone feels that way. 455 00:26:42,808 --> 00:26:45,086 But I thought, "No, this is somehow different." 456 00:26:48,641 --> 00:26:50,609 And, again, I didn't tell anybody that, 457 00:26:50,678 --> 00:26:52,783 because they, who's going to believe you, you know? 458 00:26:52,852 --> 00:26:53,750 Nobody. 459 00:26:55,786 --> 00:26:57,339 So I just kept working, 460 00:26:57,408 --> 00:26:59,687 and I got promoted to associate professor, 461 00:26:59,756 --> 00:27:01,654 and I guess the letters were very, very good that came in. 462 00:27:01,723 --> 00:27:02,862 So I got tenure. 463 00:27:04,692 --> 00:27:08,903 I began to have these significant problems. 464 00:27:08,972 --> 00:27:11,215 It was probably about 1990, roughly. 465 00:27:11,284 --> 00:27:13,252 I was going to set up zebra fish. 466 00:27:13,321 --> 00:27:17,532 You can do genetics in fish, genetics of behavior, 467 00:27:17,601 --> 00:27:19,983 and I needed to get 200 square feet of space 468 00:27:20,052 --> 00:27:21,501 to put the fish tanks in, and I couldn't. 469 00:27:21,570 --> 00:27:24,159 One man said to me, "You don't think you could 470 00:27:24,228 --> 00:27:25,920 really handle a bigger lab, do you?" 471 00:27:25,989 --> 00:27:31,132 And I went to the people administering the space, 472 00:27:31,201 --> 00:27:34,238 said I'm senior faculty, and I had less space 473 00:27:34,307 --> 00:27:36,309 than some junior faculty. 474 00:27:36,378 --> 00:27:37,863 The man said, you know, "That's not true." 475 00:27:37,932 --> 00:27:41,970 So I literally thought, "Okay, I have to show him it's true." 476 00:27:42,039 --> 00:27:44,145 Took a tape measure, 477 00:27:44,214 --> 00:27:46,285 and I would go around the building 478 00:27:46,354 --> 00:27:48,183 when there weren't people there, and go into the lab, 479 00:27:48,252 --> 00:27:52,049 and I would measure the lab, write down the space. 480 00:27:52,118 --> 00:27:55,156 And I would color in the spaces that each person had, 481 00:27:55,225 --> 00:27:56,709 so I could tell how much space. 482 00:27:56,778 --> 00:27:59,332 And I'd keep a chart, and I'd add it up, 483 00:27:59,401 --> 00:28:01,334 so it took a lot of time. 484 00:28:01,403 --> 00:28:04,096 My idea was that then I would demonstrate, "Here's the data. 485 00:28:04,165 --> 00:28:07,547 I have less space, so how can you argue with this?" 486 00:28:07,616 --> 00:28:09,826 But when I got the measurements and showed them 487 00:28:09,895 --> 00:28:11,828 to the person who was in charge of space, 488 00:28:11,897 --> 00:28:15,038 he refused to look at them. 489 00:28:15,107 --> 00:28:19,456 And that's when I became a radical... activist, I guess, 490 00:28:19,525 --> 00:28:22,459 against my wishes. 491 00:28:33,056 --> 00:28:34,678 You know, I expected science 492 00:28:34,747 --> 00:28:38,233 to be working really hard for something, 493 00:28:38,302 --> 00:28:42,203 and I was completely sort of set up 494 00:28:42,272 --> 00:28:44,584 for that being the case. 495 00:28:44,653 --> 00:28:48,071 In fact, I enjoyed the struggle 496 00:28:48,140 --> 00:28:50,590 and hardship of doing field work, 497 00:28:50,659 --> 00:28:52,351 especially when I was younger 498 00:28:52,420 --> 00:28:54,284 and my bones didn't creak so much. 499 00:28:54,353 --> 00:28:56,355 : And... 500 00:28:56,424 --> 00:28:59,151 So I was accustomed to that kind of struggle, 501 00:28:59,220 --> 00:29:02,223 and adding to that with a kind of struggle 502 00:29:02,292 --> 00:29:05,502 that's completely unnecessary and gratuitous 503 00:29:05,571 --> 00:29:09,057 was hard to handle, and did make me think 504 00:29:09,126 --> 00:29:10,507 about quitting a couple of times. 505 00:29:10,576 --> 00:29:12,578 I had... 506 00:29:12,647 --> 00:29:15,063 I had other jobs picked out. 507 00:29:15,132 --> 00:29:18,964 I would see a bus pass and think, 508 00:29:19,033 --> 00:29:22,450 "Bus driver, that sounds pretty good." 509 00:29:26,523 --> 00:29:29,560 The things that really got me the most were 510 00:29:29,629 --> 00:29:32,253 him telling me that I'm stupid 511 00:29:32,322 --> 00:29:36,395 and that I'll never have a career in science. 512 00:29:36,464 --> 00:29:40,917 Those things that sort of got under my skin 513 00:29:40,986 --> 00:29:44,127 in terms of my competence and my abilities as a scientist, 514 00:29:44,196 --> 00:29:49,201 I never really stopped thinking about those. 515 00:29:52,687 --> 00:29:58,106 I didn't really tell many people at all. 516 00:29:58,175 --> 00:30:01,420 It was really something that I didn't talk about. 517 00:30:01,489 --> 00:30:04,043 So I just kept doing my work. 518 00:30:04,112 --> 00:30:05,251 I finished my PhD, 519 00:30:05,320 --> 00:30:08,772 then I did a post-doc, 520 00:30:08,841 --> 00:30:12,396 and then took a faculty position. 521 00:30:12,465 --> 00:30:16,228 And the whole time, I'm thinking 522 00:30:16,297 --> 00:30:18,506 a little bit in the back of my mind that, you know, 523 00:30:18,575 --> 00:30:21,405 "Remember, you sort of told yourself 524 00:30:21,474 --> 00:30:24,305 that you were going to do something about this?" 525 00:30:24,374 --> 00:30:26,031 And I just never did. 526 00:30:26,100 --> 00:30:28,861 Look at that structure on the beach. 527 00:30:28,930 --> 00:30:32,796 Oh, yeah, they're doing some construction on that building. 528 00:30:32,865 --> 00:30:34,487 Mm-hmm, yeah. 529 00:30:37,732 --> 00:30:40,528 It's been a while since we've been on the beach, huh? 530 00:30:40,597 --> 00:30:42,495 It's been raining so much. 531 00:30:46,292 --> 00:30:49,813 Oh, we should remember where our shoes are. 532 00:30:49,882 --> 00:30:52,436 Remember, we made that mistake before. 533 00:30:55,543 --> 00:30:58,132 I knew he was still a faculty member there, 534 00:30:58,201 --> 00:30:59,719 and I'd heard through the grapevine 535 00:30:59,788 --> 00:31:01,721 that he was still harassing women. 536 00:31:01,790 --> 00:31:08,314 After that day with my daughter in the lab, at that point, 537 00:31:08,383 --> 00:31:11,662 I realized that, you know, I had tried to create 538 00:31:11,731 --> 00:31:16,460 an environment that was very science-friendly for her, 539 00:31:16,529 --> 00:31:18,566 and done all of the things 540 00:31:18,635 --> 00:31:21,983 that women do to try to get other women 541 00:31:22,052 --> 00:31:24,779 or their children into science. 542 00:31:24,848 --> 00:31:28,541 The one thing, though, that I could really do 543 00:31:28,610 --> 00:31:31,372 was something that I hadn't done. 544 00:31:35,479 --> 00:31:37,688 I went and 545 00:31:37,757 --> 00:31:40,968 wrote the Title IX complaint, the first draft of it, 546 00:31:41,037 --> 00:31:42,417 that night. 547 00:31:51,150 --> 00:31:54,671 And it was, it was a bit liberating, I have to say. 548 00:31:54,740 --> 00:31:59,124 It was 17 years after the fact. 549 00:31:59,193 --> 00:32:03,680 I definitely waited until after getting tenure. 550 00:32:03,749 --> 00:32:05,371 I told Adam Lewis, 551 00:32:05,440 --> 00:32:08,719 the person who was in the field with me. 552 00:32:08,788 --> 00:32:11,930 I'd always imagined saying something 553 00:32:11,999 --> 00:32:13,621 about how badly I was treated 554 00:32:13,690 --> 00:32:18,488 during that field season, and I was expecting him 555 00:32:18,557 --> 00:32:21,940 sort of to say, "I don't want any part of this." 556 00:32:22,009 --> 00:32:23,907 And instead, he said that 557 00:32:23,976 --> 00:32:27,807 he's always felt guilty about that field season, 558 00:32:27,876 --> 00:32:29,706 and that he'd be happy to write a letter. 559 00:32:54,869 --> 00:32:58,148 This conference, like a lot of science spaces, 560 00:32:58,217 --> 00:33:00,012 there's always a bit of discomfort. 561 00:33:00,081 --> 00:33:02,463 It's not designed for my comfort. 562 00:33:02,532 --> 00:33:04,913 And it's not designed for a lot of people's comfort. 563 00:33:04,983 --> 00:33:09,435 It can be, you know, very majority-heavy. 564 00:33:11,920 --> 00:33:13,405 And you'll have things, like, people will call out, like, 565 00:33:13,474 --> 00:33:15,683 "That's a manel!" 566 00:33:15,752 --> 00:33:17,202 You know, like, all men on your panel. 567 00:33:17,271 --> 00:33:20,688 "That panel is whiter than the cast of 'Friends.'" 568 00:33:20,757 --> 00:33:24,036 As a field, we have not made the place 569 00:33:24,105 --> 00:33:27,419 very accessible and inclusive. 570 00:33:45,954 --> 00:33:48,302 I remember I was parking 571 00:33:48,371 --> 00:33:52,340 in the faculty lot, where you need a faculty sticker, 572 00:33:52,409 --> 00:33:54,411 which was on the front of my car, 573 00:33:54,480 --> 00:33:56,896 and I pulled into a faculty spot 574 00:33:56,965 --> 00:34:00,486 because I am faculty with a faculty sticker. 575 00:34:00,555 --> 00:34:03,282 And this other person who was clear-- I mean, 576 00:34:03,351 --> 00:34:05,388 I'm assuming maybe she was on staff. 577 00:34:05,457 --> 00:34:09,116 She leans out the window and yells at me, 578 00:34:09,185 --> 00:34:11,704 "Do you work here? Are you faculty? 579 00:34:11,773 --> 00:34:14,086 'Cause this is a faculty lot." 580 00:34:14,155 --> 00:34:19,367 And I said, "Yes, I have a faculty sticker, 581 00:34:19,436 --> 00:34:21,438 and I'm going to park here." 582 00:34:21,507 --> 00:34:24,096 And she looked so-- she was, like... 583 00:34:24,165 --> 00:34:26,616 "Well, I've never seen you before." 584 00:34:26,685 --> 00:34:29,170 And I, like, went, "And I've never seen you." 585 00:34:29,239 --> 00:34:32,656 : And I just pulled in and then went. 586 00:34:34,313 --> 00:34:37,040 I think the higher you go up the ivory tower, 587 00:34:37,109 --> 00:34:39,284 the whiter it gets, and the more male, 588 00:34:39,353 --> 00:34:41,389 and the more hetero, 589 00:34:41,458 --> 00:34:43,253 the kind of majority-dominant viewpoints 590 00:34:43,322 --> 00:34:45,255 come out. 591 00:34:45,324 --> 00:34:47,464 I mean, the fact that you can still report on how many, 592 00:34:47,533 --> 00:34:50,364 you know, women presidents there are of institutions, 593 00:34:50,433 --> 00:34:52,469 how many chairs, how many deans, 594 00:34:52,538 --> 00:34:56,059 you know, the numbers are so low that you're reporting on them. 595 00:35:13,318 --> 00:35:16,252 You know, academia is especially historically marginalizing-- 596 00:35:16,321 --> 00:35:19,669 you can be very isolated. 597 00:35:19,738 --> 00:35:21,843 You get used to being underestimated. 598 00:35:21,912 --> 00:35:25,261 You get used to being treated a bit shabbily. 599 00:35:27,677 --> 00:35:29,748 People can insult us to our face 600 00:35:29,817 --> 00:35:34,787 with inappropriate language and derogatory terminology, 601 00:35:34,856 --> 00:35:37,928 but we're the ones that are supposed to be 602 00:35:37,997 --> 00:35:40,931 respectful and civil. 603 00:35:41,000 --> 00:35:44,625 And it's not that you take it personally. 604 00:35:44,694 --> 00:35:47,248 : You just don't expect any different. 605 00:35:48,905 --> 00:35:52,150 : You know, for a long time, 606 00:35:52,219 --> 00:35:55,429 you try to fit, or put the face forward 607 00:35:55,498 --> 00:36:01,297 that you are this, whatever they've built science to be. 608 00:36:01,366 --> 00:36:03,782 That you talk a certain way, and you look a certain way, 609 00:36:03,851 --> 00:36:07,648 and you try to fit into that. 610 00:36:07,717 --> 00:36:10,685 And even when you do all that, 611 00:36:10,754 --> 00:36:15,034 you're still not considered one of them. 612 00:36:20,661 --> 00:36:23,664 But you just get used to that. 613 00:36:23,733 --> 00:36:26,114 You get used to being 614 00:36:26,184 --> 00:36:31,189 invisible in the sciences. 615 00:36:31,258 --> 00:36:33,674 It's weird, 'cause you're invisible in that way, 616 00:36:33,743 --> 00:36:36,815 but then you're hyper-visible, 'cause people are, like, 617 00:36:36,884 --> 00:36:40,059 "But why are you here?" 618 00:37:10,055 --> 00:37:14,197 Wow, oh, wow, okay, so... 619 00:37:14,266 --> 00:37:17,235 This was my office. 620 00:37:17,304 --> 00:37:20,859 This... 621 00:37:20,928 --> 00:37:24,000 And that was my lab when I was 622 00:37:24,069 --> 00:37:27,245 a junior faculty member. 623 00:37:27,314 --> 00:37:32,905 I spent so much of my life there. 624 00:37:32,974 --> 00:37:35,080 Yeah, so I was doing these measurements, 625 00:37:35,149 --> 00:37:39,567 and I tended to do them at night, because I really thought, 626 00:37:39,636 --> 00:37:40,844 you know, people would think it very odd. 627 00:37:40,913 --> 00:37:42,121 "What are you doing?", and I didn't really want 628 00:37:42,190 --> 00:37:44,883 to explain to anybody, so I would go at night 629 00:37:44,952 --> 00:37:47,403 and odd times, and dinner times, 630 00:37:47,472 --> 00:37:49,750 when people weren't around, with my little tape measure here, 631 00:37:49,819 --> 00:37:51,579 and I would measure all the spaces. 632 00:37:51,648 --> 00:37:54,341 And I do remember one night, I was in this room, 633 00:37:54,410 --> 00:37:58,828 which I guess no longer exists in the format it used to. 634 00:37:58,897 --> 00:38:00,899 And I was, had my measure out. 635 00:38:00,968 --> 00:38:02,452 I was doing the measuring. 636 00:38:02,521 --> 00:38:04,868 And somebody unexpectedly-- it was very quiet-- 637 00:38:04,937 --> 00:38:07,215 but somebody unexpectedly walked into the room and saw me, 638 00:38:07,285 --> 00:38:10,322 and I remember freezing and thinking, "Uh-oh. 639 00:38:10,391 --> 00:38:12,600 "Uh-oh, my cover is blown. 640 00:38:12,669 --> 00:38:14,568 "Now they're going to wonder 641 00:38:14,637 --> 00:38:16,708 what am I doing here," so it was an odd thing. 642 00:38:16,777 --> 00:38:18,192 I was a full professor. 643 00:38:18,261 --> 00:38:20,712 So what was this woman doing creeping around in the night 644 00:38:20,781 --> 00:38:23,577 with a tape measure, measuring the lab space? 645 00:38:31,585 --> 00:38:34,760 I expected to fight alone. 646 00:38:34,829 --> 00:38:37,349 I didn't expect anybody else to fight 647 00:38:37,418 --> 00:38:42,216 with me, but I really knew that I was right. 648 00:38:42,285 --> 00:38:44,839 I decided I was going to give M.I.T. a last chance. 649 00:38:44,908 --> 00:38:47,463 I didn't go back to the provost, because I was embarrassed. 650 00:38:47,532 --> 00:38:48,774 You know, at first, I had this problem, 651 00:38:48,843 --> 00:38:50,155 now I've got another problem. 652 00:38:50,224 --> 00:38:52,744 So I wrote to the president of M.I.T., and I said, 653 00:38:52,813 --> 00:38:53,883 "There's a kind of systemic 654 00:38:53,952 --> 00:38:55,194 and invisible discrimination against women." 655 00:38:55,263 --> 00:38:59,371 And I wrote this letter, and I showed it 656 00:38:59,440 --> 00:39:00,614 to another woman faculty member, 657 00:39:00,683 --> 00:39:02,167 so she can see whether it would be 658 00:39:02,236 --> 00:39:04,411 understandable to the president. 659 00:39:04,480 --> 00:39:06,067 And if she approves of that, I'm sending it. 660 00:39:06,136 --> 00:39:09,208 And the woman that I chose was, of course, 661 00:39:09,277 --> 00:39:11,487 this woman I had revered for so long, 662 00:39:11,556 --> 00:39:14,869 and that was Mary-Lou Pardue. 663 00:39:14,938 --> 00:39:16,457 From time to time, Nancy and I would get together 664 00:39:16,526 --> 00:39:18,425 and talk about things, and so she 665 00:39:18,494 --> 00:39:22,083 had wanted me to, to see what I thought about the letter. 666 00:39:22,152 --> 00:39:26,502 I asked her to have lunch. 667 00:39:26,571 --> 00:39:29,712 We went to Rebecca's Cafe, which was just down the street. 668 00:39:29,781 --> 00:39:31,748 We sat in this little corner table, 669 00:39:31,817 --> 00:39:35,062 noisy lunchtime crowd, and I had my letter. 670 00:39:35,131 --> 00:39:38,168 She looks very serious. 671 00:39:38,237 --> 00:39:39,860 And we've never talked about gender issues, 672 00:39:39,929 --> 00:39:42,276 and I think she's going to think I'm just some loser, you know, 673 00:39:42,345 --> 00:39:43,484 who really isn't good enough. 674 00:39:43,553 --> 00:39:45,037 Maybe she thinks I'm not good enough, 675 00:39:45,106 --> 00:39:46,694 and that's why these things are happening to me. 676 00:39:46,763 --> 00:39:48,800 I had no idea, so it was very embarrassing 677 00:39:48,869 --> 00:39:50,215 and humiliating to ask her to do this. 678 00:39:50,284 --> 00:39:53,874 She reads the letter slowly, 679 00:39:53,943 --> 00:39:56,842 and I'm watching, and I'm so anxious, because 680 00:39:56,911 --> 00:40:00,225 I think she's thinking badly of me. 681 00:40:00,294 --> 00:40:02,883 She gets to the bottom, and she says, 682 00:40:02,952 --> 00:40:06,093 "I'd like to sign this letter, 683 00:40:06,162 --> 00:40:08,578 "and I think we should go and see President Vest, 684 00:40:08,647 --> 00:40:11,616 because I've thought these things for a long time." 685 00:40:11,685 --> 00:40:16,759 I had seen enough of the kind of things that go on 686 00:40:16,828 --> 00:40:20,314 that I really wanted to support her. 687 00:40:20,383 --> 00:40:23,144 We suddenly realized, "Gee, if you get it and I get it, 688 00:40:23,213 --> 00:40:26,216 there might be other people who also have figured this out." 689 00:40:26,285 --> 00:40:31,256 So then she and I, we went around and talked 690 00:40:31,325 --> 00:40:35,812 to each of the tenured women in the School of Science. 691 00:40:35,881 --> 00:40:38,781 I didn't know her. 692 00:40:38,850 --> 00:40:42,198 She came to my office in the spring of '94, 693 00:40:42,267 --> 00:40:46,409 and wanted to chat about what it was 694 00:40:46,478 --> 00:40:49,412 to be a female in the chemistry department. 695 00:40:49,481 --> 00:40:53,692 It became evident that there were very, very few women 696 00:40:53,761 --> 00:40:55,314 in the faculty at M.I.T. 697 00:40:55,383 --> 00:40:59,008 15 women in the six departments of science 698 00:40:59,077 --> 00:41:03,564 and 197 men. 699 00:41:03,633 --> 00:41:05,497 They were such high-profile women. 700 00:41:05,566 --> 00:41:07,430 Half of them were in the National Academy of Science. 701 00:41:07,499 --> 00:41:10,088 Most of us didn't really-- we knew of each other, 702 00:41:10,157 --> 00:41:11,227 but we didn't really know each other. 703 00:41:13,988 --> 00:41:16,922 And we made sure this meeting was in a remote location, 704 00:41:16,991 --> 00:41:19,580 so nobody could see us. 705 00:41:19,649 --> 00:41:21,858 I have this feeling it was a very small room, 706 00:41:21,927 --> 00:41:22,963 and half of us were sitting on the floor. 707 00:41:23,032 --> 00:41:25,483 I wanted to know if this was something 708 00:41:25,552 --> 00:41:28,313 that was just a biology department problem, 709 00:41:28,382 --> 00:41:31,696 or whether this was a bigger problem. 710 00:41:31,765 --> 00:41:34,768 At the beginning, nobody really wanted to jump right in 711 00:41:34,837 --> 00:41:39,048 and go there, because you don't want to be perceived as, 712 00:41:39,117 --> 00:41:40,946 you know, weaker than, 713 00:41:41,015 --> 00:41:44,709 but it all just came out in little trickles, 714 00:41:44,778 --> 00:41:46,780 and, suddenly, you know, everybody was just 715 00:41:46,849 --> 00:41:48,402 letting it all hang out. 716 00:41:48,471 --> 00:41:51,336 There were comments from my male colleagues like, 717 00:41:51,405 --> 00:41:55,616 "Well, she really isn't as smart as she's given credit for." 718 00:41:55,685 --> 00:41:57,376 No woman had ever taken family leave and gotten tenure. 719 00:41:57,445 --> 00:42:00,034 Women were afraid to take it 720 00:42:00,103 --> 00:42:01,864 because of the stigma attached to it. 721 00:42:01,933 --> 00:42:05,074 A guy said that we are a bunch of hysterical women. 722 00:42:05,143 --> 00:42:06,593 : Yeah. 723 00:42:06,662 --> 00:42:09,975 At that time, the problem was, women were not listened to, 724 00:42:10,044 --> 00:42:11,598 and this was going to be the place 725 00:42:11,667 --> 00:42:13,496 where every woman's opinion counted. 726 00:42:20,952 --> 00:42:22,678 I just remember us all marching as a, 727 00:42:22,747 --> 00:42:25,266 as a pack to the dean's office together. 728 00:42:28,269 --> 00:42:31,825 And we felt intimidated, as if somehow, you know, 729 00:42:31,894 --> 00:42:35,483 we didn't belong there. 730 00:42:35,553 --> 00:42:37,555 We asked if we could have a committee 731 00:42:37,624 --> 00:42:39,315 that could document the problem. 732 00:42:39,384 --> 00:42:44,009 What we wanted to do was, we wanted to see the data. 733 00:42:44,078 --> 00:42:46,564 It was very scary, I mean, for me, it was... 734 00:42:46,633 --> 00:42:48,289 The future of my life in science 735 00:42:48,358 --> 00:42:50,188 was on the balance there. 736 00:42:50,257 --> 00:42:53,156 And the dean came in, and he said, 737 00:42:53,225 --> 00:42:54,779 "You can have the committee, 738 00:42:54,848 --> 00:42:56,781 "but I don't think it can fix this problem, 739 00:42:56,850 --> 00:42:57,989 "because I don't know how to fix it. 740 00:42:58,058 --> 00:42:59,473 "I think the problem is the nature 741 00:42:59,542 --> 00:43:01,509 of a very male-dominated culture." 742 00:43:18,078 --> 00:43:21,357 I went to Jane's house in Mandan, North Dakota. 743 00:43:21,426 --> 00:43:23,635 It was her wedding. 744 00:43:23,704 --> 00:43:25,637 And so she'd, I hadn't-- she'd been graduated 745 00:43:25,706 --> 00:43:27,087 for a couple of years or whatever. 746 00:43:27,156 --> 00:43:30,262 And I was in the house, and her brother was standing there, 747 00:43:30,331 --> 00:43:32,368 and I was talking to her brother, 748 00:43:32,437 --> 00:43:33,990 and I introduced myself, I say, "I'm Adam..." 749 00:43:34,059 --> 00:43:36,372 And I said, "I went to Antarctica with them." 750 00:43:36,441 --> 00:43:37,994 And he just stiffened. 751 00:43:38,063 --> 00:43:40,721 He went... 752 00:43:40,790 --> 00:43:44,345 And just stiffened like a board, like... 753 00:43:44,414 --> 00:43:46,451 And instantly, I thought, "God, something is..." 754 00:43:46,520 --> 00:43:48,936 And he goes, "You were in Antarctica with her?" 755 00:43:49,005 --> 00:43:50,420 And I was, like, "Yeah." 756 00:43:50,489 --> 00:43:53,078 He said, "So you were there when all that took place." 757 00:43:53,147 --> 00:43:55,529 And I was, like, "What, what took place? 758 00:43:55,598 --> 00:43:56,703 Like, what do you mean?" 759 00:43:56,772 --> 00:43:59,257 He said, "When Marchant treated her like 760 00:43:59,326 --> 00:44:02,881 and tried to just ruin her, you were there." 761 00:44:02,950 --> 00:44:06,505 So, for the next few minutes, I had this realization. 762 00:44:06,574 --> 00:44:09,405 At Jane's wedding in Mandan, North Dakota, 763 00:44:09,474 --> 00:44:10,855 after talking to her brother, 764 00:44:10,924 --> 00:44:12,408 I was kind of standing there by myself with, like, 765 00:44:12,477 --> 00:44:14,824 a drink in my hand, going, like, "Holy , 766 00:44:14,893 --> 00:44:17,758 that must have been really bad for Jane." 767 00:44:20,658 --> 00:44:23,799 My name is Adam Lewis. 768 00:44:23,868 --> 00:44:25,455 And I met Jane 769 00:44:25,524 --> 00:44:27,699 when I became a graduate student. 770 00:44:27,768 --> 00:44:30,875 So we went to Antarctica together. 771 00:44:30,944 --> 00:44:32,255 And I was just in my office one day, just working, 772 00:44:32,324 --> 00:44:33,809 and an email pops up. 773 00:44:33,878 --> 00:44:38,572 Jane says, "Hey, I've decided it's time to, to come out 774 00:44:38,641 --> 00:44:40,539 "and file this report about 775 00:44:40,608 --> 00:44:42,265 how Dave's treatment of women has been." 776 00:44:42,334 --> 00:44:44,129 And you know, she's, like, "I know he's done it 777 00:44:44,198 --> 00:44:46,684 to other women, and I just think it, it needs to be dealt with." 778 00:44:48,893 --> 00:44:51,723 She said, "You might need to write down 779 00:44:51,792 --> 00:44:54,726 what your experience is, what you remember." 780 00:44:54,795 --> 00:44:56,245 So I don't have a choice. 781 00:44:56,314 --> 00:44:58,765 My only choice is to just sit down and tell the truth. 782 00:44:58,834 --> 00:45:00,698 That's my only choice. 783 00:45:00,767 --> 00:45:03,045 I view Jane as a colleague and a friend. 784 00:45:03,114 --> 00:45:07,014 And so why wouldn't I support her? 785 00:45:13,780 --> 00:45:17,438 It feels like a really special moment in time. 786 00:45:22,340 --> 00:45:24,583 We're making inroads, 787 00:45:24,652 --> 00:45:28,173 but it's just too darn slow. 788 00:45:29,554 --> 00:45:31,383 So, when I was a freshman in college, 789 00:45:31,452 --> 00:45:33,558 my best friend, who was also an engineer. 790 00:45:33,627 --> 00:45:35,525 And we were sort of, like, together through the experience, 791 00:45:35,594 --> 00:45:37,182 which I think was really important 792 00:45:37,251 --> 00:45:41,462 for, for both of our retention in the profession. 793 00:45:41,531 --> 00:45:43,430 We looked around, and we noticed 794 00:45:43,499 --> 00:45:46,674 that the classroom was about half women. 795 00:45:46,744 --> 00:45:49,470 And, you know, I remember very clearly that 796 00:45:49,539 --> 00:45:52,577 we had a conversation about, "What is all the fuss about?" 797 00:45:52,646 --> 00:45:54,786 Like, "There's plenty of women in this classroom. 798 00:45:54,855 --> 00:45:57,030 Maybe it's just a matter of time." 799 00:45:57,099 --> 00:45:58,583 And this is something I still hear, 800 00:45:58,652 --> 00:46:00,447 "Oh, it's just a matter of time." 801 00:46:00,516 --> 00:46:03,795 And we looked around again senior year, 802 00:46:03,864 --> 00:46:09,318 and there was, out of 100 students, seven of us left. 803 00:46:09,387 --> 00:46:10,906 And we sort of realized, like, 804 00:46:10,975 --> 00:46:15,462 "Oh, this is the leaky pipeline." 805 00:46:15,531 --> 00:46:18,154 "This is disproportionate attrition." 806 00:46:31,064 --> 00:46:36,448 In STEM, we have spent a lot of resources and time 807 00:46:36,517 --> 00:46:39,693 to get young girls focused on STEM. 808 00:46:39,762 --> 00:46:45,388 So we know that we've been filling the pipeline. 809 00:46:45,457 --> 00:46:48,564 The problem is that sexual harassment 810 00:46:48,633 --> 00:46:52,602 actually creates many leaks in that pipeline. 811 00:46:52,671 --> 00:46:54,881 So we're doing a lot of work, 812 00:46:54,950 --> 00:46:57,573 but some of that work is actually being undone. 813 00:47:00,956 --> 00:47:02,647 Why do you move away from a profession 814 00:47:02,716 --> 00:47:05,132 and choose a different one, you know? 815 00:47:05,201 --> 00:47:07,134 That's sort of a collection of personal choices, 816 00:47:07,203 --> 00:47:08,653 but part of it is the culture. 817 00:47:11,932 --> 00:47:14,176 There's a whole body of social science 818 00:47:14,245 --> 00:47:18,007 that has emerged where this is actually no longer a mystery. 819 00:47:27,051 --> 00:47:29,122 CORINNE MOSS- I assumed that the study that we ultimately did 820 00:47:29,191 --> 00:47:31,020 or something similar would already have been done. 821 00:47:31,089 --> 00:47:32,780 I was just interested to see, 822 00:47:32,850 --> 00:47:35,956 what is the experimental evidence 823 00:47:36,025 --> 00:47:37,371 of whether or not there's gender bias 824 00:47:37,440 --> 00:47:39,787 amongst the scientific community? 825 00:47:39,857 --> 00:47:41,030 And I was surprised to see that 826 00:47:41,099 --> 00:47:42,756 that study had not yet been conducted. 827 00:47:42,825 --> 00:47:47,381 So that's really what we immediately dug in to pursue. 828 00:47:47,450 --> 00:47:49,694 The methodology of the study is really simple. 829 00:47:49,763 --> 00:47:51,178 We describe a student who's applying 830 00:47:51,247 --> 00:47:53,456 to be a lab manager, in this case. 831 00:47:53,525 --> 00:47:56,977 But the qualifications, the thing that participants read-- 832 00:47:57,046 --> 00:48:01,395 you know, their application-- is identical. 833 00:48:01,464 --> 00:48:03,846 Except half of our participants are told 834 00:48:03,915 --> 00:48:06,262 that the student is a woman, Jennifer, 835 00:48:06,331 --> 00:48:09,265 and half are told that the student is a man, John. 836 00:48:09,334 --> 00:48:13,511 So any differences at all in our conditions 837 00:48:13,580 --> 00:48:15,996 or how the participants react to these two students 838 00:48:16,065 --> 00:48:18,896 is attributable solely to the student's gender. 839 00:48:23,314 --> 00:48:25,695 We worked hard to recruit a representative sample 840 00:48:25,764 --> 00:48:27,905 of STEM faculty from around the country, 841 00:48:27,974 --> 00:48:33,082 and we sent half of them the application from Jennifer 842 00:48:33,151 --> 00:48:37,880 and half the application from John. 843 00:48:37,949 --> 00:48:39,640 We told them that this was a student 844 00:48:39,709 --> 00:48:41,194 who had actually applied to be a lab manager 845 00:48:41,263 --> 00:48:45,784 somewhere in the country over the course of the last year, 846 00:48:45,853 --> 00:48:47,855 and that, for this new mentoring program, 847 00:48:47,925 --> 00:48:49,547 we needed their candid assessments of the student. 848 00:48:53,585 --> 00:48:56,830 I remember the day I was sitting at my computer 849 00:48:56,899 --> 00:48:58,832 doing the first pass of data analysis for this, 850 00:48:58,901 --> 00:49:02,456 and I thought I had something miscoded, 851 00:49:02,525 --> 00:49:03,802 because I just didn't expect 852 00:49:03,871 --> 00:49:07,772 to see the same picture over and over again. 853 00:49:07,841 --> 00:49:09,084 The female student 854 00:49:09,153 --> 00:49:11,569 is rated as inferior to the male student 855 00:49:11,638 --> 00:49:13,157 on every dimension that we assessed. 856 00:49:16,505 --> 00:49:20,095 She's rated as less competent. 857 00:49:20,164 --> 00:49:24,547 She's less likely to be hired for a lab manager job, 858 00:49:24,616 --> 00:49:28,103 less likely to be mentored by a faculty member, 859 00:49:28,172 --> 00:49:30,519 and given a lower starting salary 860 00:49:30,588 --> 00:49:33,763 than the identical male student. 861 00:49:33,832 --> 00:49:36,283 The only difference between them is their gender. 862 00:49:36,352 --> 00:49:38,458 And so we're really quantifying gender bias. 863 00:49:44,257 --> 00:49:47,570 Not every woman contends with this identically. 864 00:49:47,639 --> 00:49:48,916 Women of color are targeted 865 00:49:48,986 --> 00:49:52,023 in ways that are more complex, more insidious, 866 00:49:52,092 --> 00:49:53,128 and just more common. 867 00:49:55,406 --> 00:49:59,824 It's not always who you might think 868 00:49:59,893 --> 00:50:01,791 is going to be demonstrating these biases. 869 00:50:04,311 --> 00:50:06,796 Bias comes from normal 870 00:50:06,865 --> 00:50:09,282 cognitive processing mechanisms. 871 00:50:09,351 --> 00:50:12,595 And what that means is that really well-intentioned folks 872 00:50:12,664 --> 00:50:15,598 tend to display these sorts of very pervasive biases. 873 00:50:17,635 --> 00:50:20,465 It's not sort of an evil cartoon of someone 874 00:50:20,534 --> 00:50:22,157 who's delighting in thwarting 875 00:50:22,226 --> 00:50:25,781 the progress of, of smart women-- it's all of us. 876 00:50:29,440 --> 00:50:31,787 Consciously, I could say I have 877 00:50:31,856 --> 00:50:33,720 zero bias. 878 00:50:33,789 --> 00:50:36,999 To me, men and women who perform the same are equal. 879 00:50:37,068 --> 00:50:41,555 But I think we're in those very early moments in the science 880 00:50:41,624 --> 00:50:44,800 where we're able to actually get snapshots 881 00:50:44,869 --> 00:50:46,422 of what's inside our mind 882 00:50:46,491 --> 00:50:48,183 of which we don't know. 883 00:50:48,252 --> 00:50:50,875 So what we're going to do today is, 884 00:50:50,944 --> 00:50:54,016 you are participants in a couple of little exercises. 885 00:50:54,085 --> 00:50:57,088 I hope you find this as 886 00:50:57,157 --> 00:51:00,367 intriguing as I did when I first took this test. 887 00:51:00,436 --> 00:51:02,749 This test is called the I.A.T., 888 00:51:02,818 --> 00:51:04,268 or the Implicit Association Test. 889 00:51:04,337 --> 00:51:06,822 The I.A.T. has a very simple 890 00:51:06,891 --> 00:51:09,169 idea that underlies it. 891 00:51:09,238 --> 00:51:13,380 The idea is that if two things have something in common, 892 00:51:13,449 --> 00:51:16,280 we'll be more easily able to put them together. 893 00:51:16,349 --> 00:51:18,420 And sometimes this just happens in our experience. 894 00:51:18,489 --> 00:51:20,629 Salt and pepper go together. 895 00:51:20,698 --> 00:51:22,665 They're opposites in one sense, but they go together, 896 00:51:22,734 --> 00:51:24,426 because we combine them. 897 00:51:24,495 --> 00:51:26,738 The word "king" and "queen" go together. 898 00:51:26,807 --> 00:51:29,396 This is not a hard idea to imagine. 899 00:51:29,465 --> 00:51:33,020 And so we use this idea to argue that if two things 900 00:51:33,090 --> 00:51:35,644 have come to be associated over and over again 901 00:51:35,713 --> 00:51:38,336 in our experience, whether we know it or not, 902 00:51:38,405 --> 00:51:41,546 we will be faster to put them together. 903 00:51:41,615 --> 00:51:45,447 Nobody has any trouble understanding why this might be. 904 00:51:45,516 --> 00:51:48,864 : It's a no-brainer, as a neuroscientist might say, okay. 905 00:51:48,933 --> 00:51:51,556 So imagine that in the test, 906 00:51:51,625 --> 00:51:53,248 you're asked to do something very simple. 907 00:51:53,317 --> 00:51:55,595 A word is going to pop up in the middle of the screen. 908 00:51:55,664 --> 00:51:58,908 You're going to see names of men and women. 909 00:51:58,977 --> 00:52:00,910 You're also gonna see words that are 910 00:52:00,979 --> 00:52:03,948 in two categories, family and career, 911 00:52:04,017 --> 00:52:05,984 and the career part that I've chosen, 912 00:52:06,053 --> 00:52:07,986 think scientific career. 913 00:52:08,055 --> 00:52:11,542 Words for career are words like "scientist," "laboratory," 914 00:52:11,611 --> 00:52:12,888 "biologist." 915 00:52:12,957 --> 00:52:14,683 Words for home are going to be words like 916 00:52:14,752 --> 00:52:17,444 "marriage," "kitchen," "children." 917 00:52:17,513 --> 00:52:21,483 All you have to do is put the two together, right? 918 00:52:21,552 --> 00:52:25,625 So, if the name is a male name or the word is a career word, 919 00:52:25,694 --> 00:52:27,351 you will say, "Left." 920 00:52:27,420 --> 00:52:29,111 And if it's a female name or a home word, 921 00:52:29,180 --> 00:52:30,664 you will say, "Right." 922 00:52:30,733 --> 00:52:31,976 Okay, you got it? 923 00:52:32,045 --> 00:52:33,184 Keep that in your mind. 924 00:52:33,253 --> 00:52:36,739 Oh, and you have to go super-fast to do this. 925 00:52:36,808 --> 00:52:38,465 By super-fast, I mean, like, 926 00:52:38,534 --> 00:52:40,571 700 milliseconds, 927 00:52:40,640 --> 00:52:43,608 meaning faster than a second to make each response. 928 00:52:43,677 --> 00:52:46,335 Okay, so, simple, ready... 929 00:52:46,404 --> 00:52:47,923 Go. 930 00:52:47,992 --> 00:52:50,960 Left, left, right, right, left, 931 00:52:51,029 --> 00:52:53,377 left, left, right, right, 932 00:52:53,446 --> 00:52:55,448 right, right, right, 933 00:52:55,517 --> 00:52:57,933 left, left, right... 934 00:52:59,866 --> 00:53:03,110 Left, left, left, right, right. 935 00:53:03,180 --> 00:53:04,215 Excellent. 936 00:53:04,284 --> 00:53:06,044 The trouble arises-- 937 00:53:06,113 --> 00:53:10,359 this is what makes it a test-- that we now flip these. 938 00:53:10,428 --> 00:53:12,327 And now we'll do the other version. 939 00:53:12,396 --> 00:53:15,468 If it's a female name or a career word, like "scientist" 940 00:53:15,537 --> 00:53:16,538 or that, you'll say, "Left." 941 00:53:16,607 --> 00:53:18,229 If it's a male name or a house word, 942 00:53:18,298 --> 00:53:20,231 you will say, "Right," okay? 943 00:53:20,300 --> 00:53:22,509 Everybody ready to go? Go. 944 00:53:22,578 --> 00:53:28,239 Left, left, right, left... 945 00:53:39,043 --> 00:53:41,804 : Right, left, right... 946 00:53:51,573 --> 00:53:54,092 Okay. 947 00:53:54,161 --> 00:53:55,542 So, as a colleague of ours said, 948 00:53:55,611 --> 00:53:58,407 you don't need a computer to measure this bias. 949 00:53:58,476 --> 00:54:01,238 A sundial will do. 950 00:54:02,618 --> 00:54:03,550 And that's because 951 00:54:03,619 --> 00:54:05,966 the effect is palpable. 952 00:54:06,035 --> 00:54:08,659 Now, if you were one of the first people in the world 953 00:54:08,728 --> 00:54:11,524 to ever take this test and you made the test, 954 00:54:11,593 --> 00:54:13,215 your first reaction when you take this test should be, 955 00:54:13,284 --> 00:54:16,943 "Something's screwed up with the test." 956 00:54:17,012 --> 00:54:18,531 At least that was my view. 957 00:54:18,600 --> 00:54:20,981 I thought I could do this. 958 00:54:21,050 --> 00:54:25,296 So I take the test, and it turns out I can't do it. 959 00:54:25,365 --> 00:54:28,541 When I say, "I can't do it," I mean that I can, 960 00:54:28,610 --> 00:54:30,957 but with a lot more time 961 00:54:31,026 --> 00:54:34,029 and more errors in what I'm doing. 962 00:54:34,098 --> 00:54:35,824 And the feeling you get as you take this test 963 00:54:35,893 --> 00:54:39,759 is one of utter despair. 964 00:54:39,828 --> 00:54:43,314 I ought to be able to associate female and male 965 00:54:43,383 --> 00:54:44,729 equally with science. 966 00:54:44,798 --> 00:54:47,249 I am, after all, a woman in science. 967 00:54:47,318 --> 00:54:50,287 This should not be so hard for me to do. 968 00:54:50,356 --> 00:54:54,774 To discover that I cannot do that, 969 00:54:54,843 --> 00:54:56,603 I think, is profound. 970 00:55:01,677 --> 00:55:04,266 Recently somebody had showed me an email they'd received 971 00:55:04,335 --> 00:55:05,819 from a very distinguished scientist 972 00:55:05,888 --> 00:55:07,545 who happens to be a colleague of mine-- 973 00:55:07,614 --> 00:55:09,616 so I was particularly upset by it-- saying that 974 00:55:09,685 --> 00:55:12,309 he had looked very carefully and had seen no bias 975 00:55:12,378 --> 00:55:14,725 or prejudice against women during his entire career, 976 00:55:14,794 --> 00:55:15,933 and therefore he was confident 977 00:55:16,002 --> 00:55:18,315 that such a thing did not exist. 978 00:55:18,384 --> 00:55:22,664 And I guess, you know, at this point in time, 2019-- 979 00:55:22,733 --> 00:55:24,562 this email was a few months ago-- 980 00:55:24,631 --> 00:55:26,461 I just was shocked by this. 981 00:55:26,530 --> 00:55:27,876 These are great scientists. 982 00:55:27,945 --> 00:55:29,602 How can they not know this? 983 00:55:29,671 --> 00:55:30,948 How can they not believe this? 984 00:55:31,017 --> 00:55:32,398 If they know it, don't they believe it? 985 00:55:32,467 --> 00:55:33,606 This worries me a lot. 986 00:55:33,675 --> 00:55:37,817 So when I hear stories like the one you tell, 987 00:55:37,886 --> 00:55:40,302 that your male colleague believes that 988 00:55:40,371 --> 00:55:43,512 he's never seen it, I have two kinds of responses to it. 989 00:55:43,581 --> 00:55:46,066 One, I understand that he may be 990 00:55:46,135 --> 00:55:49,138 truly unaware and genuinely believing 991 00:55:49,207 --> 00:55:52,038 that he's looking for it and just not seeing it. 992 00:55:52,107 --> 00:55:55,144 It's in the nature of this beast that we're trying to identify. 993 00:55:55,213 --> 00:55:57,802 It's invisible. 994 00:55:57,871 --> 00:55:59,183 But then I also feel 995 00:55:59,252 --> 00:56:01,772 that he has no business saying what he did, 996 00:56:01,841 --> 00:56:04,430 because today, the evidence 997 00:56:04,499 --> 00:56:07,674 is so much more clear that he need not rely on his own 998 00:56:07,743 --> 00:56:09,055 personal experience. 999 00:56:09,124 --> 00:56:11,057 He just needs to look at the data. 1000 00:56:11,126 --> 00:56:13,508 That's what he'd want us to do for his science. 1001 00:56:13,577 --> 00:56:15,026 He'd say, "Mahzarin, whatever you may think 1002 00:56:15,095 --> 00:56:19,203 "about turbulence or whatever, that doesn't matter. 1003 00:56:19,272 --> 00:56:21,930 "That's your... intuitive experience 1004 00:56:21,999 --> 00:56:23,345 "of the physical world. 1005 00:56:23,414 --> 00:56:25,830 But you need to know the research." 1006 00:56:25,899 --> 00:56:27,487 And I would say the same to him, 1007 00:56:27,556 --> 00:56:30,490 because the time has passed now for saying, 1008 00:56:30,559 --> 00:56:32,492 "I don't see it anywhere." 1009 00:56:32,561 --> 00:56:35,875 And that's why we should be concerned that anybody 1010 00:56:35,944 --> 00:56:40,638 who says it's not happening, or not happening anymore, 1011 00:56:40,707 --> 00:56:42,951 is just made 1012 00:56:43,020 --> 00:56:45,436 to retract those words, 'cause they can say, 1013 00:56:45,505 --> 00:56:48,128 "I, I'm not going to change my behavior, 1014 00:56:48,197 --> 00:56:49,544 I don't care about it," all of that. 1015 00:56:49,613 --> 00:56:50,924 That's their... 1016 00:56:50,993 --> 00:56:54,169 But they cannot say that the evidence doesn't exist. 1017 00:56:58,898 --> 00:57:00,520 My field, broadly speaking, 1018 00:57:00,589 --> 00:57:03,937 is discovering that human beings may not be the people 1019 00:57:04,006 --> 00:57:05,560 they think they are. 1020 00:57:05,629 --> 00:57:10,081 That they are far more fallible than they may have thought. 1021 00:57:10,150 --> 00:57:12,877 Who's competent? 1022 00:57:12,946 --> 00:57:14,603 Who has potential? 1023 00:57:14,672 --> 00:57:16,363 Who's brilliant? 1024 00:57:16,433 --> 00:57:17,882 We find very clear evidence 1025 00:57:17,951 --> 00:57:22,369 that men are preferred to women for the same accomplishments. 1026 00:57:25,959 --> 00:57:29,342 Implicit bias is something that we all carry in our heads. 1027 00:57:29,411 --> 00:57:30,412 How could we not? 1028 00:57:30,481 --> 00:57:32,587 We are creatures of our environment. 1029 00:57:32,656 --> 00:57:35,521 We are creatures who learn. 1030 00:57:41,699 --> 00:57:44,461 When I see a certain set of patterns, 1031 00:57:44,530 --> 00:57:48,223 that impinges on me in some way, and it leaves a trace. 1032 00:57:48,292 --> 00:57:51,088 Bill Nye the Science Guy. 1033 00:57:51,157 --> 00:57:53,090 Okay, now let's let that cook there for a while 1034 00:57:53,159 --> 00:57:54,919 and make some more hydrogen... 1035 00:57:54,988 --> 00:57:58,889 And that trace is now a part of me. 1036 00:57:58,958 --> 00:58:00,960 This is where the power of technology 1037 00:58:01,029 --> 00:58:04,066 actually can be used to advantage to, in a sense, 1038 00:58:04,135 --> 00:58:07,276 program our minds to be what we want them to have in them. 1039 00:58:17,597 --> 00:58:20,600 Before junior high, I would've been really hard-pressed 1040 00:58:20,669 --> 00:58:23,120 to name a woman scientist. 1041 00:58:23,189 --> 00:58:25,881 I would have been extremely hard-pressed to name 1042 00:58:25,950 --> 00:58:28,746 a woman scientist of color. 1043 00:58:28,815 --> 00:58:30,127 'Cause I didn't see any. 1044 00:58:30,196 --> 00:58:32,543 And science is a way to view the world. 1045 00:58:32,612 --> 00:58:34,752 It's also everywhere. 1046 00:58:34,821 --> 00:58:36,651 You can find it anywhere. 1047 00:58:36,720 --> 00:58:40,240 Yes, even in "Game of Thrones." 1048 00:58:40,309 --> 00:58:42,208 Beyond the bench, I'm also a science communicator. 1049 00:58:42,277 --> 00:58:46,557 Video games can be complicated, but they're not rocket science. 1050 00:58:46,626 --> 00:58:49,526 I'll be on podcasts, in different videos, 1051 00:58:49,595 --> 00:58:51,182 and sometimes I get to be on television. 1052 00:58:51,251 --> 00:58:52,977 Roll cameras A, B, and C. 1053 00:58:53,046 --> 00:58:54,082 Tape one, take one. 1054 00:58:54,151 --> 00:58:57,603 Representation always matters. 1055 00:58:57,672 --> 00:58:59,570 You know, there's the whole saying of, 1056 00:58:59,639 --> 00:59:01,676 "If you see it, you can be it," right? 1057 00:59:01,745 --> 00:59:03,643 It's getting better, but there used to be a time, right, 1058 00:59:03,712 --> 00:59:05,818 when you would say, "Okay, 1059 00:59:05,887 --> 00:59:07,233 what does a scientist look like?" 1060 00:59:07,302 --> 00:59:08,752 And it was, like, you know, white guy with crazy hair, 1061 00:59:08,821 --> 00:59:10,443 you know, whatever. 1062 00:59:10,512 --> 00:59:12,549 And now it's, like, "No, it's a Black woman with crazy hair." 1063 00:59:12,618 --> 00:59:14,896 You can only report your sample, then, in a significant... 1064 00:59:14,965 --> 00:59:16,069 By its very nature, 1065 00:59:16,138 --> 00:59:19,659 science itself should always be evolving. 1066 00:59:19,728 --> 00:59:21,765 Who is asking the questions, and how they're asking them, 1067 00:59:21,834 --> 00:59:22,766 and who gets supported 1068 00:59:22,835 --> 00:59:25,872 does determine the field. 1069 00:59:25,941 --> 00:59:29,324 The diversity of people in science 1070 00:59:29,393 --> 00:59:32,258 can really set the outcomes. 1071 00:59:32,327 --> 00:59:34,432 So that's actually emboldened me 1072 00:59:34,501 --> 00:59:37,021 to just be more authentically myself. 1073 00:59:37,090 --> 00:59:38,782 I did it! Yes! 1074 00:59:38,851 --> 00:59:40,887 It took me a while, 'cause Ralph kept distracting me, 1075 00:59:40,956 --> 00:59:43,994 and then Joseph did, and so I'm going to blame them and not me. 1076 00:59:44,063 --> 00:59:45,512 Okay. 1077 00:59:45,582 --> 00:59:47,342 So, yeah, this is what I have right now. 1078 00:59:47,411 --> 00:59:48,515 I have it all prepped and ready... 1079 00:59:48,585 --> 00:59:49,965 I might as well have 1080 00:59:50,034 --> 00:59:55,626 more fun, wear silly clothing, and talk about zombie chemistry 1081 00:59:55,695 --> 00:59:58,940 and wear my hair the way I want. 1082 00:59:59,009 --> 01:00:01,805 Not trying to chase this mythology 1083 01:00:01,874 --> 01:00:04,911 of what a scientist is. 1084 01:00:25,794 --> 01:00:26,726 Hello!- Jane! 1085 01:00:26,795 --> 01:00:28,072 Hey, Sylvie. 1086 01:00:28,141 --> 01:00:29,142 Hi! 1087 01:00:29,211 --> 01:00:30,592 Good to see you. 1088 01:00:30,661 --> 01:00:31,904 Oh, it's been a long time. 1089 01:00:31,973 --> 01:00:33,733 What a great house, oh, my gosh. 1090 01:00:33,802 --> 01:00:35,597 Oh, yeah, well, it's going to be great someday. 1091 01:00:35,666 --> 01:00:38,462 Do you remember walking back that time, when you and I 1092 01:00:38,531 --> 01:00:40,740 and Brett were out there, walking back into the wind? 1093 01:00:40,809 --> 01:00:41,741 : Yes. 1094 01:00:41,810 --> 01:00:42,984 My nose froze, right? 1095 01:00:43,053 --> 01:00:47,436 Yeah, and I got frostbite on my tuchus. Yeah. 1096 01:00:47,505 --> 01:00:48,506 Going to the bathroom. 1097 01:00:48,575 --> 01:00:49,611 That's the worst.Oh, God. 1098 01:00:49,680 --> 01:00:50,612 I'd still be going there. 1099 01:00:50,681 --> 01:00:52,062 I would still be a college professor, 1100 01:00:52,131 --> 01:00:53,477 and I'd still be going there if I didn't have to go 1101 01:00:53,546 --> 01:00:54,478 to the bathroom. 1102 01:00:54,547 --> 01:00:55,824 In Antarctica. 1103 01:00:55,893 --> 01:00:57,274 Yeah. 1104 01:00:57,343 --> 01:00:58,965 You know, when I was writing my 1105 01:00:59,034 --> 01:01:03,729 Title IX complaint, it was incredibly cathartic. 1106 01:01:03,798 --> 01:01:05,662 Mm.I just, like, wrote it, 1107 01:01:05,731 --> 01:01:07,215 and then just started bawling. 1108 01:01:07,284 --> 01:01:10,528 When you're writing them all out, one after another... 1109 01:01:10,597 --> 01:01:11,875 Yeah.You know. 1110 01:01:11,944 --> 01:01:13,117 It's, like, yeah, that happened, 1111 01:01:13,186 --> 01:01:14,843 and then that happened, and then that happened. 1112 01:01:14,912 --> 01:01:17,397 And you start thinking, like, "How did this even..." 1113 01:01:17,466 --> 01:01:19,537 And it's, like, "Well, they were different days, 1114 01:01:19,606 --> 01:01:24,025 and, you know, I had thought it would get better." 1115 01:01:24,094 --> 01:01:26,786 Yeah.And you know, you have, like, this whole mindset of, 1116 01:01:26,855 --> 01:01:29,168 like, hoping for the best, even though you really think 1117 01:01:29,237 --> 01:01:31,170 that it's probably not going to go well.Mm-hmm. 1118 01:01:31,239 --> 01:01:33,241 I never knew how much it bothered you. 1119 01:01:33,310 --> 01:01:34,760 I didn't know. 1120 01:01:34,829 --> 01:01:38,729 You didn't show it to me, so I didn't know. 1121 01:01:38,798 --> 01:01:40,835 I mean, I knew he was being a complete dick to you, 1122 01:01:40,904 --> 01:01:42,388 but I didn't know that it was getting to you. 1123 01:01:42,457 --> 01:01:43,389 Yeah. 1124 01:01:43,458 --> 01:01:44,977 It was hard to navigate. 1125 01:01:45,046 --> 01:01:46,012 Like, I knew, I mean, it's... 1126 01:01:46,081 --> 01:01:47,358 Obviously, it was an issue. 1127 01:01:47,427 --> 01:01:49,360 But it just was, like, "Okay, well, Jane's 1128 01:01:49,429 --> 01:01:52,467 kind of dealing with it," and whatever. 1129 01:01:52,536 --> 01:01:56,229 I do sort of have a tough cookie sort of bravado about me. 1130 01:01:56,298 --> 01:01:58,542 I mean, I should have seen it more. 1131 01:01:58,611 --> 01:02:01,752 I feel a major regret, 'cause I didn't help. 1132 01:02:01,821 --> 01:02:03,996 When I wrote that out, I was, like, 1133 01:02:04,065 --> 01:02:05,066 "God, the pattern is so clear!" 1134 01:02:05,135 --> 01:02:06,550 Some of the things that you tell me 1135 01:02:06,619 --> 01:02:07,965 and that I've heard from other women, 1136 01:02:08,034 --> 01:02:09,346 I just-- it's unfathomable. 1137 01:02:09,415 --> 01:02:10,381 I didn't know. 1138 01:02:10,450 --> 01:02:11,935 And most of the men that I know, 1139 01:02:12,004 --> 01:02:12,936 all these guys that I went 1140 01:02:13,005 --> 01:02:14,420 to Antarctica with and all my 1141 01:02:14,489 --> 01:02:16,111 professor friends, whatever...Mm-hmm. 1142 01:02:16,180 --> 01:02:19,597 We-- they would not do that, right?Mm-hmm, mm-hmm. 1143 01:02:19,666 --> 01:02:21,289 So, when you hear these stories, 1144 01:02:21,358 --> 01:02:22,842 you're just, like, "What?" 1145 01:02:22,911 --> 01:02:24,119 Right. 1146 01:02:24,188 --> 01:02:25,431 I'll tell you a story. 1147 01:02:25,500 --> 01:02:26,397 I think I've told you this before. 1148 01:02:26,466 --> 01:02:27,709 So, I was in Europe 1149 01:02:27,778 --> 01:02:29,573 and I was at this 1150 01:02:29,642 --> 01:02:32,058 glacial conference thing, this EU-run thing.Yeah. 1151 01:02:32,127 --> 01:02:34,095 With a whole bunch of students, 1152 01:02:34,164 --> 01:02:35,890 and there was this old glaciologist there. 1153 01:02:35,959 --> 01:02:37,132 He's, like, about 60 years old. 1154 01:02:37,201 --> 01:02:39,134 Anyway, we were all out 1155 01:02:39,203 --> 01:02:41,861 at the-- in Italy, and we're all out at the bar. 1156 01:02:41,930 --> 01:02:43,932 He takes his hotel room key, 1157 01:02:44,001 --> 01:02:46,486 and he starts just going down the line. 1158 01:02:46,555 --> 01:02:48,178 And you couldn't really hear what he was saying, 1159 01:02:48,247 --> 01:02:50,076 but he would go up to a female student and be, like... 1160 01:02:52,009 --> 01:02:53,804 And then he would put the key on the table, 1161 01:02:53,873 --> 01:02:56,773 and they would all be, like, "Yeah, yeah." 1162 01:02:56,842 --> 01:02:59,292 And they'd just flick the key right back to him.Mm-hmm. 1163 01:02:59,361 --> 01:03:00,707 A couple of minutes later, 1164 01:03:00,777 --> 01:03:02,882 he would sit down at the next table with a, with a girl, 1165 01:03:02,951 --> 01:03:05,540 and he'd be, like, "Yeah, so how are you doing?" 1166 01:03:05,609 --> 01:03:07,093 Key goes out on the table, 1167 01:03:07,162 --> 01:03:08,888 and every time, the girl just was, like... 1168 01:03:08,957 --> 01:03:10,372 : "Yeah." 1169 01:03:10,441 --> 01:03:11,753 : Slaps it right back at him. 1170 01:03:11,822 --> 01:03:13,065 But it didn't deter him at all, 1171 01:03:13,134 --> 01:03:14,860 and he just went to the next one, right? 1172 01:03:14,929 --> 01:03:16,102 Mm-hmm. 1173 01:03:16,171 --> 01:03:18,898 And he's obviously, like, lecherous 1174 01:03:18,967 --> 01:03:20,866 and all that kind of stuff. 1175 01:03:20,935 --> 01:03:23,730 But I always, I was always impressed with those women, 1176 01:03:23,800 --> 01:03:27,424 that they didn't seem to take any... 1177 01:03:27,493 --> 01:03:29,253 They didn't take it in on themselves. 1178 01:03:29,322 --> 01:03:30,289 They were just, like, 1179 01:03:30,358 --> 01:03:31,773 "Yeah, no, no, thanks." 1180 01:03:31,842 --> 01:03:33,119 Right, but it's also, like, 1181 01:03:33,188 --> 01:03:37,814 bad to, like, sort of be proud of them for, 1182 01:03:37,883 --> 01:03:41,162 like, just laughing it off and not making a big scene 1183 01:03:41,231 --> 01:03:44,544 about it, because, really, 1184 01:03:44,613 --> 01:03:47,478 someone should do that.Do you think they should have? 1185 01:03:47,547 --> 01:03:50,481 But what we have is a selection bias of, 1186 01:03:50,550 --> 01:03:52,967 all of the people who make a big scene like that 1187 01:03:53,036 --> 01:03:55,624 are kicked out of science. 1188 01:03:55,693 --> 01:03:57,178 And so it's only the people who, like... 1189 01:03:58,662 --> 01:04:02,597 ...and push the card away that actually are able to, 1190 01:04:02,666 --> 01:04:04,185 like, be the women who stay. 1191 01:04:04,254 --> 01:04:06,049 I see, yeah. 1192 01:04:06,118 --> 01:04:09,569 Imagine getting hit on at a conference, and then, 1193 01:04:09,638 --> 01:04:11,813 like, someone else says, "Hey, do you want to talk about 1194 01:04:11,882 --> 01:04:16,680 your poster over a beer across the street?" 1195 01:04:16,749 --> 01:04:18,440 You think nothing of it, right? 1196 01:04:18,509 --> 01:04:21,202 You're, like, "I'll try to ignore that being hit on 1197 01:04:21,271 --> 01:04:22,720 "earlier in the day. 1198 01:04:22,789 --> 01:04:25,551 "I'll go across the street, have a beer with this, you know, 1199 01:04:25,620 --> 01:04:27,311 big-name guy." 1200 01:04:27,380 --> 01:04:30,004 And then you go across the street, 1201 01:04:30,073 --> 01:04:31,798 and you have a beer with this guy, 1202 01:04:31,868 --> 01:04:35,043 and then he hits on you, too. 1203 01:04:35,112 --> 01:04:40,669 And then you walk back to your room with someone who, 1204 01:04:40,738 --> 01:04:43,707 you know, was your lab mate, and they say, 1205 01:04:43,776 --> 01:04:45,467 "What did you think he wanted? 1206 01:04:45,536 --> 01:04:46,917 "Do you think he was interested 1207 01:04:46,986 --> 01:04:48,954 in talking about science with you?" 1208 01:04:51,232 --> 01:04:52,543 How does that make you feel? 1209 01:04:52,612 --> 01:04:53,890 You know?Yeah, yeah, yeah. 1210 01:04:53,959 --> 01:04:58,515 And then you actually have someone who, you know, 1211 01:04:58,584 --> 01:05:01,690 like, is, behaves completely professionally, 1212 01:05:01,759 --> 01:05:03,623 values your opinion. 1213 01:05:03,692 --> 01:05:06,523 And then you have some success in life, 1214 01:05:06,592 --> 01:05:09,319 and then that same lab mate is, like, 1215 01:05:09,388 --> 01:05:10,837 "Oh, I know why she got that. 1216 01:05:10,907 --> 01:05:14,738 "She had a beer with the guy, and then she probably 1217 01:05:14,807 --> 01:05:16,947 slept with him later on that night." 1218 01:05:17,016 --> 01:05:20,088 And then, even though nothing happened, 1219 01:05:20,157 --> 01:05:23,989 you've been hit on twice, you didn't do anything wrong, 1220 01:05:24,058 --> 01:05:27,544 and now you have this reputation for having some success 1221 01:05:27,613 --> 01:05:31,548 because you were seen having a beer with someone. 1222 01:05:31,617 --> 01:05:35,207 That's the kind of crap that, like, that second group 1223 01:05:35,276 --> 01:05:38,210 of people does. 1224 01:05:40,557 --> 01:05:43,905 It's sort of, like, what is it? 1225 01:05:43,974 --> 01:05:46,908 A ton of feathers is still a ton. 1226 01:06:15,695 --> 01:06:19,285 Looking back on it, these really, really capable women 1227 01:06:19,354 --> 01:06:23,945 are walking into a headwind that I didn't have. 1228 01:06:24,014 --> 01:06:28,018 And sometimes they come up against a real brick wall 1229 01:06:28,087 --> 01:06:33,679 in a guy like David Marchant. 1230 01:06:35,853 --> 01:06:38,787 You know, I saw that Dave was taking some special joy 1231 01:06:38,856 --> 01:06:41,445 in tormenting her, 1232 01:06:41,514 --> 01:06:43,378 calling her "Crazy Jane" all the time. 1233 01:06:43,447 --> 01:06:45,001 "Hey, Crazy Jane, Crazy Jane." 1234 01:06:45,070 --> 01:06:48,176 And I think one of the reasons that he got really into it 1235 01:06:48,245 --> 01:06:51,110 is that she really was good at not showing 1236 01:06:51,179 --> 01:06:52,249 that it was bothering her. 1237 01:06:52,318 --> 01:06:55,356 So then he, he turned the dial up. 1238 01:06:55,425 --> 01:06:56,978 Didn't seem like it bothered her. 1239 01:06:57,047 --> 01:06:58,497 He turned the dial up. 1240 01:06:58,566 --> 01:06:59,981 Didn't seem like it bothered her. 1241 01:07:00,050 --> 01:07:04,054 And so, I'll be honest, I honestly did not... 1242 01:07:04,123 --> 01:07:05,469 I mean, I knew he was being a dick. 1243 01:07:05,538 --> 01:07:08,369 I knew it, but it just didn't seem to bother her. 1244 01:07:08,438 --> 01:07:10,888 She seemed to just laugh it off. 1245 01:07:14,444 --> 01:07:17,481 With the Dave and Jane thing, it comes back to me. 1246 01:07:17,550 --> 01:07:19,414 Many, many other times in my life, 1247 01:07:19,483 --> 01:07:21,865 I have jumped to the defense of the weaker person. 1248 01:07:21,934 --> 01:07:23,211 But with Jane, 1249 01:07:23,280 --> 01:07:25,869 I didn't see it, and it's just pure stupidity. 1250 01:07:25,938 --> 01:07:28,699 It was pure... 1251 01:07:28,768 --> 01:07:31,564 I just didn't open my eyes to what was going on. 1252 01:08:21,545 --> 01:08:24,790 I have reported on sexual harassment 1253 01:08:24,859 --> 01:08:27,448 in the sciences since 2015. 1254 01:08:27,517 --> 01:08:30,209 The frustration with inaction is, is why 1255 01:08:30,278 --> 01:08:33,039 we saw this wave of women coming forward 1256 01:08:33,109 --> 01:08:36,008 to publicize their stories. 1257 01:08:36,077 --> 01:08:38,769 I don't think that most people's first option is to, 1258 01:08:38,838 --> 01:08:41,255 you know, go to a reporter and talk about the problems 1259 01:08:41,324 --> 01:08:43,395 they dealt with as a graduate student, you know? 1260 01:08:43,464 --> 01:08:46,708 I think that very much happened as a result of 1261 01:08:46,777 --> 01:08:50,333 a lot of other failures in the, along the way. 1262 01:08:50,402 --> 01:08:54,613 Many of the women that I've spoken to in the stories 1263 01:08:54,682 --> 01:08:56,166 that we've reported here 1264 01:08:56,235 --> 01:08:58,927 about sexual harassment have left the field. 1265 01:08:58,996 --> 01:09:00,964 And they have said very clearly that this is why 1266 01:09:01,033 --> 01:09:02,379 they've left the field. 1267 01:09:02,448 --> 01:09:05,693 That it was either the experience itself, 1268 01:09:05,762 --> 01:09:10,318 or it was the process of trying to do anything about it 1269 01:09:10,387 --> 01:09:12,872 that eventually made them throw their hands up and be, like, 1270 01:09:12,941 --> 01:09:13,873 "Screw it. 1271 01:09:13,942 --> 01:09:15,220 "This is not... 1272 01:09:15,289 --> 01:09:16,738 I don't have to deal with this." 1273 01:09:21,950 --> 01:09:24,539 Liftoff of America's first space shuttle. 1274 01:09:24,608 --> 01:09:26,886 And the shuttle has cleared the tower. 1275 01:09:26,955 --> 01:09:31,097 I was seven when the space shuttle first went up. 1276 01:09:31,167 --> 01:09:32,892 I decided right then and there 1277 01:09:32,961 --> 01:09:34,894 that I wanted to be an astronaut. 1278 01:09:34,963 --> 01:09:38,035 I don't think I realized how obsessive I was about it. 1279 01:09:38,104 --> 01:09:41,142 It turns out most people didn't spend their nights 1280 01:09:41,211 --> 01:09:45,181 listening to the same recordings of all the Apollo missions, 1281 01:09:45,250 --> 01:09:46,354 you know, time after time. 1282 01:09:46,423 --> 01:09:47,597 2,500 feet. 1283 01:09:47,666 --> 01:09:49,046 Clear. 1284 01:09:49,115 --> 01:09:51,635 I just also loved science in college. 1285 01:09:51,704 --> 01:09:53,568 I wanted to take all the sciences, which I did, 1286 01:09:53,637 --> 01:09:57,814 like, took a class in every science along the way. 1287 01:09:57,883 --> 01:09:59,402 I enjoyed a lot of the other sciences, 1288 01:09:59,471 --> 01:10:01,300 but geology was my passion. 1289 01:10:04,441 --> 01:10:06,547 One of the unspoken rules was that you needed to have 1290 01:10:06,616 --> 01:10:08,894 either a PhD or be coming out of 1291 01:10:08,963 --> 01:10:10,930 the military as a pilot. 1292 01:10:10,999 --> 01:10:15,694 And so that's what put me on the track of, "Must get my PhD." 1293 01:10:15,763 --> 01:10:19,594 Two, one, nose gear is ten feet. 1294 01:10:19,663 --> 01:10:21,424 When I got the call back from B.U., 1295 01:10:21,493 --> 01:10:23,357 they said they would love to have me. 1296 01:10:23,426 --> 01:10:26,222 I was admitted, and I could work in the program 1297 01:10:26,291 --> 01:10:29,570 that I had applied to, but they also had this new professor 1298 01:10:29,639 --> 01:10:30,847 who had just come in 1299 01:10:30,916 --> 01:10:36,059 and was going to be doing Antarctic work. 1300 01:10:36,128 --> 01:10:39,925 So I was the first grad student of Dave Marchant. 1301 01:10:42,272 --> 01:10:44,136 So I arrived in September. 1302 01:10:44,205 --> 01:10:45,379 In my second week, 1303 01:10:45,448 --> 01:10:48,105 Dave told me that he did not want a woman 1304 01:10:48,174 --> 01:10:50,970 as a graduate student. 1305 01:10:51,039 --> 01:10:53,214 I said, "I don't have a gender-neutral name, 1306 01:10:53,283 --> 01:10:57,460 so it was clear that I was a woman when I was applying." 1307 01:10:57,529 --> 01:10:59,703 I can't remember exactly what he said, 1308 01:10:59,772 --> 01:11:01,118 but it was more or less that the department 1309 01:11:01,187 --> 01:11:02,775 had foisted me upon him. 1310 01:11:02,844 --> 01:11:07,642 My experience when I was in Boston 1311 01:11:07,711 --> 01:11:10,714 was fairly atrocious, 1312 01:11:10,783 --> 01:11:12,923 but I really wasn't mentally prepared 1313 01:11:12,992 --> 01:11:16,272 for what would happen when I got down into Antarctica. 1314 01:11:19,516 --> 01:11:24,210 It was bullying from day one. 1315 01:11:24,280 --> 01:11:26,212 He was using epithets all the time, 1316 01:11:26,282 --> 01:11:28,663 "whore," "bitch." 1317 01:11:28,732 --> 01:11:30,596 And then I remember the first time he called me . 1318 01:11:30,665 --> 01:11:35,256 Later on, he would tell me that he did not believe that women 1319 01:11:35,325 --> 01:11:36,844 should be on the ice in Antarctica, 1320 01:11:36,913 --> 01:11:41,400 and we're altering the science on the ice for worse. 1321 01:11:43,368 --> 01:11:45,991 In order to do scientific work down in Antarctica, 1322 01:11:46,060 --> 01:11:47,889 you need to apply for funding 1323 01:11:47,958 --> 01:11:51,307 through the National Science Foundation Polar Programs. 1324 01:11:51,376 --> 01:11:53,723 So there aren't alternate sources for funding 1325 01:11:53,792 --> 01:11:55,311 if you want to do work there. 1326 01:11:55,380 --> 01:11:59,349 And part of how Dave derived his authority 1327 01:11:59,418 --> 01:12:02,732 was because he helped to decide who got the funding. 1328 01:12:05,355 --> 01:12:08,082 It was the middle of the summer in Antarctica, 1329 01:12:08,151 --> 01:12:09,704 and we walked outside of the camp 1330 01:12:09,773 --> 01:12:11,706 because he indicated that he had something 1331 01:12:11,775 --> 01:12:15,503 that he wanted to tell me. 1332 01:12:15,572 --> 01:12:19,369 He told me that he had decided that I would have no future 1333 01:12:19,438 --> 01:12:21,785 in, in any polar studies, 1334 01:12:21,854 --> 01:12:26,549 and that they would make sure that I got no funding. 1335 01:12:26,618 --> 01:12:28,413 My whole world was disintegrating, 1336 01:12:28,482 --> 01:12:32,175 and then he, like, grinned at me, and walked off. 1337 01:12:32,244 --> 01:12:36,352 And when we got back, I went to the chair of the department 1338 01:12:36,421 --> 01:12:39,009 at the time, and explained all the circumstances. 1339 01:12:39,078 --> 01:12:40,632 And it was a woman. 1340 01:12:40,701 --> 01:12:44,705 She was sitting behind a desk in a fairly darkened room, 1341 01:12:44,774 --> 01:12:46,672 and it was a big wooden desk. 1342 01:12:46,741 --> 01:12:50,642 She said, "You can go through this, but Dr. Marchant 1343 01:12:50,711 --> 01:12:51,919 "has a sterling reputation, 1344 01:12:51,988 --> 01:12:54,715 "brings a lot of money into this department, 1345 01:12:54,784 --> 01:12:56,855 "and wouldn't it just be easier if you just finished 1346 01:12:56,924 --> 01:12:59,823 a master's degree and left?" 1347 01:12:59,892 --> 01:13:03,931 And I was floored. 1348 01:13:04,000 --> 01:13:09,177 The department judged that running one woman out of science 1349 01:13:09,246 --> 01:13:14,044 was much less of a hassle than running a man out. 1350 01:13:15,632 --> 01:13:19,705 Leaving without a PhD meant not applying to be an astronaut. 1351 01:13:19,774 --> 01:13:22,950 And it was the end of the dream that I had had. 1352 01:13:23,019 --> 01:13:24,089 Who knows if I'd ever 1353 01:13:24,158 --> 01:13:26,781 actually have become an astronaut? 1354 01:13:26,850 --> 01:13:29,266 But, if it was going to end, 1355 01:13:29,335 --> 01:13:33,305 I would have wanted it to end on my terms. 1356 01:13:43,004 --> 01:13:45,593 For me, it was a conflict that was never to be resolved, 1357 01:13:45,662 --> 01:13:49,045 even though I loved the science 1358 01:13:49,114 --> 01:13:50,495 that was happening. 1359 01:13:50,564 --> 01:13:53,187 So I just couldn't do it any longer. 1360 01:13:53,256 --> 01:13:55,534 I was about 50, and I thought, 1361 01:13:55,603 --> 01:13:57,502 "There are two choices here, either..." 1362 01:13:57,571 --> 01:14:01,298 I could retire, but I'm not rich enough to retire, 1363 01:14:01,367 --> 01:14:02,886 and never work again. 1364 01:14:02,955 --> 01:14:04,923 There's no other thing I'd rather do outside of science. 1365 01:14:04,992 --> 01:14:06,269 I just loved it. 1366 01:14:06,338 --> 01:14:09,237 Somehow, I-- this is worth fighting for. 1367 01:14:09,306 --> 01:14:11,654 I'm going to fight enough that I can go in the lab 1368 01:14:11,723 --> 01:14:13,725 and do an experiment, 1369 01:14:13,794 --> 01:14:16,935 and somebody's not going to come and make it impossible for me 1370 01:14:17,004 --> 01:14:18,868 to do it, or ruin it after I have done it, 1371 01:14:18,937 --> 01:14:21,042 or take all the credit for it once it's done, 1372 01:14:21,111 --> 01:14:22,596 or make sure that something bad... 1373 01:14:22,665 --> 01:14:26,323 I'm going to fight for that because I just have to do this. 1374 01:14:26,392 --> 01:14:28,636 I want to be a scientist. 1375 01:14:28,705 --> 01:14:34,297 If you believe that passion for science, ability in science 1376 01:14:34,366 --> 01:14:38,128 is evenly distributed among the sexes, 1377 01:14:38,197 --> 01:14:39,475 if you don't have women, 1378 01:14:39,544 --> 01:14:42,443 you've lost half the best people. 1379 01:14:51,141 --> 01:14:55,042 Can we really afford to lose those top scientists? 1380 01:15:03,360 --> 01:15:06,122 Often, people talk about the cost to women. 1381 01:15:06,191 --> 01:15:08,020 For now, I want to put that aside and just talk about 1382 01:15:08,089 --> 01:15:09,746 the cost to the world of science. 1383 01:15:09,815 --> 01:15:12,404 I mean, how much are we costing ourselves? 1384 01:15:12,473 --> 01:15:16,995 How many great discoveries have just been lost 1385 01:15:17,064 --> 01:15:21,137 to us because we didn't have the eyes to see? 1386 01:15:26,245 --> 01:15:29,214 A study of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1387 01:15:29,283 --> 01:15:32,182 was launched by female faculty members 1388 01:15:32,251 --> 01:15:33,908 fed up with unequal treatment. 1389 01:15:33,977 --> 01:15:36,290 At M.I.T., female professors have been learning lessons 1390 01:15:36,359 --> 01:15:37,291 the hard way. 1391 01:15:37,360 --> 01:15:38,810 When the women compared notes, 1392 01:15:38,879 --> 01:15:41,295 they found they all had similar problems. 1393 01:15:41,364 --> 01:15:43,746 That triggered a five-year study. 1394 01:15:43,815 --> 01:15:46,162 What they found were salary inequities, 1395 01:15:46,231 --> 01:15:47,681 lack of advancement... 1396 01:15:47,750 --> 01:15:49,303 Mc As the evidence started coming in, 1397 01:15:49,372 --> 01:15:55,102 it was really clear that there were major discrepancies. 1398 01:15:55,171 --> 01:15:59,071 On the average, the laboratory space for women 1399 01:15:59,140 --> 01:16:04,249 was significantly less than the laboratory space for men, 1400 01:16:04,318 --> 01:16:07,355 and it was clear that the women 1401 01:16:07,424 --> 01:16:11,221 were paid a lower salary than the men. 1402 01:16:11,290 --> 01:16:15,571 M.I.T. was losing female faculty hires 1403 01:16:15,640 --> 01:16:17,020 because of the childcare issue. 1404 01:16:17,089 --> 01:16:22,612 There was no childcare anywhere in the central campus. 1405 01:16:22,681 --> 01:16:27,617 I think it took all of that to make it comprehensible story. 1406 01:16:30,689 --> 01:16:33,658 It came to be known as the M.I.T. Report. 1407 01:16:33,727 --> 01:16:37,696 It was just a summary of what we'd done with some data in it. 1408 01:16:41,424 --> 01:16:43,150 I said, "We've got to ask Chuck Vest if he'd like to 1409 01:16:43,219 --> 01:16:44,910 "put a comment to go with the report. 1410 01:16:44,979 --> 01:16:47,292 We don't want anyone to think that we blindsided them." 1411 01:16:59,615 --> 01:17:02,756 It was a long time between the full report 1412 01:17:02,825 --> 01:17:04,896 and then the decision. 1413 01:17:04,965 --> 01:17:06,760 I would think it's almost months. 1414 01:17:06,829 --> 01:17:09,417 Definitely weeks. 1415 01:17:09,486 --> 01:17:12,351 It was very complicated for the university. 1416 01:17:12,420 --> 01:17:13,870 You have to, I think, put this whole thing 1417 01:17:13,939 --> 01:17:15,769 in the context of a university 1418 01:17:15,838 --> 01:17:20,152 that really prided itself on being a meritocracy. 1419 01:17:21,809 --> 01:17:24,294 You thought no president of any university 1420 01:17:24,363 --> 01:17:25,951 would ever understand, 1421 01:17:26,020 --> 01:17:27,850 much less acknowledge publicly. 1422 01:17:27,919 --> 01:17:33,890 He struggled with exactly the criticism that I think 1423 01:17:33,959 --> 01:17:35,340 everyone knew we would get. 1424 01:17:37,066 --> 01:17:40,966 But then something really amazing happened. 1425 01:17:41,035 --> 01:17:43,313 He endorsed the report. 1426 01:17:43,382 --> 01:17:45,177 He wrote this comment, which really is, I think, 1427 01:17:45,246 --> 01:17:47,801 the reason the M.I.T. Report became so well-known. 1428 01:17:47,870 --> 01:17:49,319 "I have always believed 1429 01:17:49,388 --> 01:17:51,390 "that contemporary gender discrimination 1430 01:17:51,459 --> 01:17:56,292 "within universities is part reality and part perception, 1431 01:17:56,361 --> 01:18:00,089 "but I now understand that reality is by far 1432 01:18:00,158 --> 01:18:03,748 the greater part of the balance." 1433 01:18:03,817 --> 01:18:07,303 He came out and said, "There has been discrimination, 1434 01:18:07,372 --> 01:18:09,443 "and there has been bias, 1435 01:18:09,512 --> 01:18:14,241 and we're going to go forward and rectify this." 1436 01:18:14,310 --> 01:18:16,692 What the report made us do is own the problem. 1437 01:18:16,761 --> 01:18:21,455 Because it was based on data, 1438 01:18:21,524 --> 01:18:23,215 you can't refute it. 1439 01:18:25,942 --> 01:18:29,187 It was a ripple that, you could feel that resonance, 1440 01:18:29,256 --> 01:18:31,707 and that's because it was real. 1441 01:18:31,776 --> 01:18:34,192 We all were amazed at the response. 1442 01:18:34,261 --> 01:18:36,815 After the M.I.T. Report, I was invited to give 1443 01:18:36,884 --> 01:18:39,197 so many talks, and I went around the country, 1444 01:18:39,266 --> 01:18:41,199 and I met so many women 1445 01:18:41,268 --> 01:18:43,201 who had put so much time into this problem. 1446 01:18:43,270 --> 01:18:47,515 Mc Women everywhere could go to their department heads, 1447 01:18:47,584 --> 01:18:48,758 to their provosts, 1448 01:18:48,827 --> 01:18:51,450 and say, "Why are we not doing this?" 1449 01:18:51,519 --> 01:18:52,797 And they did. 1450 01:19:10,918 --> 01:19:15,785 The last 20 years for me have been 1451 01:19:15,854 --> 01:19:20,583 sort of a slow continuous change. 1452 01:19:20,652 --> 01:19:22,585 I was a graduate student at M.I.T. in the '90s. 1453 01:19:22,654 --> 01:19:25,761 I was one of very few women. 1454 01:19:25,830 --> 01:19:29,212 And then when I came back to be on the faculty of 2005, 1455 01:19:29,281 --> 01:19:30,455 every step of the way, 1456 01:19:30,524 --> 01:19:32,595 someone has been quietly watching my salary, 1457 01:19:32,664 --> 01:19:34,942 making sure that it was equal. 1458 01:19:35,011 --> 01:19:38,325 So I have benefited from the work that they did. 1459 01:19:38,394 --> 01:19:41,811 And I try to do, you know, that for the next generation. 1460 01:19:44,365 --> 01:19:48,991 It was a turning point for me as a university administrator. 1461 01:19:49,060 --> 01:19:53,650 I remember going to a meeting of provosts not long after that 1462 01:19:53,719 --> 01:19:56,205 and getting browbeat by a number of provosts-- 1463 01:19:56,274 --> 01:19:58,586 I'm not going to say who-- 1464 01:19:58,655 --> 01:20:01,555 who said, "It's not in my institution." 1465 01:20:04,075 --> 01:20:05,317 There still is bias. 1466 01:20:05,386 --> 01:20:08,665 People still have implicit bias and explicit bias. 1467 01:20:08,734 --> 01:20:11,634 You know, these are tough societal problems, 1468 01:20:11,703 --> 01:20:14,257 and you can't lose the energy, 1469 01:20:14,326 --> 01:20:18,710 because you won't solve the problem unless you build in, 1470 01:20:18,779 --> 01:20:22,093 you know, systematic structural change 1471 01:20:22,162 --> 01:20:27,132 that can keep working over a long timeframe. 1472 01:20:31,619 --> 01:20:32,586 Nancy, hi! 1473 01:20:32,655 --> 01:20:34,001 How are you, Nancy? 1474 01:20:34,070 --> 01:20:36,348 So good to see you. How are you? 1475 01:20:36,417 --> 01:20:38,834 I can't remember the last time I saw you. 1476 01:20:38,903 --> 01:20:41,146 How are you, how are you? Good to see you. 1477 01:20:41,215 --> 01:20:44,046 You're wearing a different costume! 1478 01:20:44,115 --> 01:20:47,739 Oh, so good to see you.Nancy, this is such a crazy thing. 1479 01:20:47,808 --> 01:20:50,604 It took that group working together 1480 01:20:50,673 --> 01:20:52,192 to take this problem on. 1481 01:20:52,261 --> 01:20:54,021 It really couldn't have been done otherwise. 1482 01:20:54,090 --> 01:20:56,852 MALANOTTE- Sylvia, myself, Penny, 1483 01:20:56,921 --> 01:20:59,061 Nancy, Vicki. 1484 01:20:59,130 --> 01:21:00,303 We were much younger. 1485 01:21:01,926 --> 01:21:02,961 Everyone was. 1486 01:21:03,030 --> 01:21:06,206 20 years. 1487 01:21:06,275 --> 01:21:09,485 You know, this kind of thing takes somebody who's passionate, 1488 01:21:09,554 --> 01:21:10,831 who's willing to give their life to it, 1489 01:21:10,900 --> 01:21:12,074 and who has tremendous courage. 1490 01:21:12,143 --> 01:21:13,385 The first toast 1491 01:21:13,454 --> 01:21:16,699 is to Nancy, and the second toast is to all of us. 1492 01:21:20,634 --> 01:21:23,085 If you go back and read the things that we wrote, 1493 01:21:23,154 --> 01:21:24,569 they're brilliant! 1494 01:21:38,721 --> 01:21:39,998 So we are in Quebec City 1495 01:21:40,067 --> 01:21:43,691 for the Canadian Chemical Society meeting. 1496 01:21:43,760 --> 01:21:46,522 I am speaking at the meeting. 1497 01:21:46,591 --> 01:21:47,764 I always get really, really nervous. 1498 01:21:47,833 --> 01:21:50,733 A skosh of it might be impostor syndrome, 1499 01:21:50,802 --> 01:21:53,425 which a lot of people get. 1500 01:21:53,494 --> 01:21:54,737 But I also think part of it 1501 01:21:54,806 --> 01:21:59,535 is the expectations sometimes for speakers 1502 01:21:59,604 --> 01:22:02,227 from historically marginalized groups are higher. 1503 01:22:04,022 --> 01:22:05,782 "The Washington Post," "Chemistry World," 1504 01:22:05,851 --> 01:22:07,129 and "Scientific American" 1505 01:22:07,198 --> 01:22:09,786 have all featured her pop-culture chemistry writing. 1506 01:22:09,855 --> 01:22:11,409 And if you haven't yet checked out her blogs 1507 01:22:11,478 --> 01:22:15,965 and podcasts, they make really excellent content for lectures. 1508 01:22:16,034 --> 01:22:18,864 Please join me in welcoming Dr. Raychelle Burks to the stage. 1509 01:22:24,663 --> 01:22:25,630 So I want to kick off my talk 1510 01:22:25,699 --> 01:22:27,908 by first talking about code-switching. 1511 01:22:27,977 --> 01:22:30,807 So how many folks are familiar with code-switching? 1512 01:22:30,876 --> 01:22:33,258 And so it's a linguistic term. 1513 01:22:33,327 --> 01:22:37,021 Oftentimes in linguistics, it's considered between languages. 1514 01:22:37,090 --> 01:22:39,609 Definitely when you're learning a new language, right? 1515 01:22:39,678 --> 01:22:42,198 But in the last ten to 15 years, this has really been expanded, 1516 01:22:42,267 --> 01:22:43,406 and this is actually 1517 01:22:43,475 --> 01:22:45,270 a great visual of what code-switching is. 1518 01:22:45,339 --> 01:22:48,273 So look at how he's doing this handshake... 1519 01:22:48,342 --> 01:22:50,724 And then with Durant, right? 1520 01:22:50,793 --> 01:22:52,070 There's a familiarity there. 1521 01:22:52,139 --> 01:22:54,279 You code-switch, right? 1522 01:22:54,348 --> 01:22:55,763 If you're at work, 1523 01:22:55,832 --> 01:22:58,766 talking to your colleagues, talking to the dean, or at home, 1524 01:22:58,835 --> 01:23:00,665 you switch your styles. 1525 01:23:00,734 --> 01:23:01,907 You may also switch your language. 1526 01:23:01,977 --> 01:23:03,426 Even though we all do it, 1527 01:23:03,495 --> 01:23:05,290 the historically marginalized do it sometimes 1528 01:23:05,359 --> 01:23:07,189 for a different reason, right? 1529 01:23:07,258 --> 01:23:10,709 We do it because we're told in implicit and explicit ways 1530 01:23:10,778 --> 01:23:13,057 that basically everything you are, 1531 01:23:13,126 --> 01:23:14,851 from the top of your head to the bottom of your toes, 1532 01:23:14,920 --> 01:23:16,405 needs to change. 1533 01:23:16,474 --> 01:23:19,201 Your hair, your "ethnic dress," 1534 01:23:19,270 --> 01:23:22,859 your mannerisms, they got to go, right? 1535 01:23:22,928 --> 01:23:24,344 And we often do it 1536 01:23:24,413 --> 01:23:27,209 by calling it "professional" 1537 01:23:27,278 --> 01:23:29,521 or "professional standards," right? 1538 01:23:29,590 --> 01:23:32,697 And what we need to realize is that our so-called 1539 01:23:32,766 --> 01:23:35,424 professional standards or professionalism, 1540 01:23:35,493 --> 01:23:37,736 who got to decide that? 1541 01:23:37,805 --> 01:23:41,257 Who got to make those rules, right? 1542 01:23:41,326 --> 01:23:43,501 'Cause I don't recall making a rule that my hair 1543 01:23:43,570 --> 01:23:45,123 needed to be straight. 1544 01:23:45,192 --> 01:23:47,677 And I have absolutely been told, you know, 1545 01:23:47,746 --> 01:23:49,334 "Before you go to that talk, 1546 01:23:49,403 --> 01:23:52,475 are you going to make your hair look more professional?" 1547 01:23:52,544 --> 01:23:54,512 K through 12, college, 1548 01:23:54,581 --> 01:23:56,893 graduate school, 1549 01:23:56,962 --> 01:23:58,240 and now we hear this kind of thing. 1550 01:23:58,309 --> 01:23:59,551 "Science is apolitical," right? 1551 01:23:59,620 --> 01:24:01,139 "It's objective." 1552 01:24:01,208 --> 01:24:03,659 "It's free from bias where only the best rise to the top." 1553 01:24:03,728 --> 01:24:07,214 And I did believe that, okay? 1554 01:24:07,283 --> 01:24:09,044 And maybe there are some of you sitting in the audience 1555 01:24:09,113 --> 01:24:11,149 that are, like, "No, that's absolutely true. 1556 01:24:11,218 --> 01:24:12,668 And I refuse to hear differently." 1557 01:24:12,737 --> 01:24:16,706 And it's not true, because science is a human endeavor, 1558 01:24:16,775 --> 01:24:18,812 and that means that it contains and is subject to 1559 01:24:18,881 --> 01:24:22,264 all of our brilliance and all of our bias. 1560 01:24:22,333 --> 01:24:25,301 And we tend to focus on the brilliance part, but remember, 1561 01:24:25,370 --> 01:24:28,097 there's an "and bias." 1562 01:24:28,166 --> 01:24:32,515 This is advice that I've gotten, and I'm passing it on. 1563 01:24:32,584 --> 01:24:33,827 Take care of yourself. 1564 01:24:33,896 --> 01:24:35,380 Take care of you, take care of others. 1565 01:24:35,449 --> 01:24:40,005 You cannot do everything on your own. 1566 01:24:40,075 --> 01:24:43,043 You need enough of your allies, well positioned, 1567 01:24:43,112 --> 01:24:45,045 to make something happen. 1568 01:24:45,114 --> 01:24:47,530 It's about doing. 1569 01:24:47,599 --> 01:24:49,394 The correction requires action. 1570 01:24:49,463 --> 01:24:52,190 We can do better, we can get better, 1571 01:24:52,259 --> 01:24:54,537 and we will be better together. 1572 01:24:54,606 --> 01:24:56,574 Thank you. 1573 01:25:20,391 --> 01:25:22,289 Awesome. 1574 01:25:22,358 --> 01:25:25,775 There you go.Perfect. 1575 01:25:25,844 --> 01:25:28,847 So we're going to take a sample, take it back to the lab, 1576 01:25:28,916 --> 01:25:33,921 and crush it, and then we do all kinds of things to it. 1577 01:25:36,027 --> 01:25:39,341 You'll take that tiny little powder that you end up with, 1578 01:25:39,410 --> 01:25:42,792 and you'll pack that into a little target 1579 01:25:42,861 --> 01:25:46,313 that you send to the accelerator mass spectrometer, 1580 01:25:46,382 --> 01:25:48,798 and the whole sample that you end up with 1581 01:25:48,867 --> 01:25:50,593 is, like, the head of a pin. 1582 01:25:50,662 --> 01:25:51,629 Sometimes we use 1583 01:25:51,698 --> 01:25:54,114 kilograms of samples, 1584 01:25:54,183 --> 01:25:57,497 and we'll end up with just this little tiny thing 1585 01:25:57,566 --> 01:26:00,431 that will disappear if you sneeze, so we don't do that. 1586 01:26:03,227 --> 01:26:07,679 One of my goals in mentoring is 1587 01:26:07,748 --> 01:26:12,305 to be someone that I needed when I was younger. 1588 01:26:12,374 --> 01:26:13,823 All right, so do we measure or should we keep going? 1589 01:26:13,892 --> 01:26:15,170 Maybe a little bit more. 1590 01:26:17,137 --> 01:26:18,690 Jane's a great adviser. 1591 01:26:18,759 --> 01:26:21,831 She really is somebody who I can admire and look up to 1592 01:26:21,900 --> 01:26:26,871 and take as a role model in many different ways. 1593 01:26:26,940 --> 01:26:29,045 Oh, that's the money right there. 1594 01:26:29,114 --> 01:26:31,151 Ah, perfect. 1595 01:26:31,220 --> 01:26:33,947 If you hit it a couple of more times. 1596 01:26:37,433 --> 01:26:40,540 I think about what would have led the faculty committee 1597 01:26:40,609 --> 01:26:46,270 to have come to that decision to let him back on. 1598 01:26:46,339 --> 01:26:49,963 They said that he would be able to resume his normal activities 1599 01:26:50,032 --> 01:26:52,552 after a certain period of time. 1600 01:26:52,621 --> 01:26:54,968 So I was in sort of disbelief. 1601 01:26:58,109 --> 01:27:02,665 But the president, fortunately, thought something different. 1602 01:27:02,734 --> 01:27:04,011 I'm Bob Brown. 1603 01:27:04,080 --> 01:27:07,049 I'm president of Boston University, 1604 01:27:07,118 --> 01:27:09,362 and before that, was provost at M.I.T. 1605 01:27:14,815 --> 01:27:17,024 Boston University has fired a professor 1606 01:27:17,093 --> 01:27:18,888 accused of sexual harassment. 1607 01:27:18,957 --> 01:27:20,545 In a letter to the faculty Friday, 1608 01:27:20,614 --> 01:27:22,582 B.U. president Robert Brown announced 1609 01:27:22,651 --> 01:27:25,067 that after a 13-month investigation, 1610 01:27:25,136 --> 01:27:27,172 the board of trustees voted to terminate 1611 01:27:27,242 --> 01:27:29,036 Dr. David Marchant's employment. 1612 01:27:29,105 --> 01:27:32,247 When I heard the news, 1613 01:27:32,316 --> 01:27:35,388 I was a little bit conflicted, because on the one hand, 1614 01:27:35,457 --> 01:27:37,148 it was great that he was fired 1615 01:27:37,217 --> 01:27:39,357 and wouldn't be able to do anything 1616 01:27:39,426 --> 01:27:43,258 to other female trainees. 1617 01:27:43,327 --> 01:27:48,608 But on the other hand, in so many cases, 1618 01:27:48,677 --> 01:27:52,474 there's not that justice that happens. 1619 01:27:57,513 --> 01:28:01,621 A lot of people, especially male scientists, 1620 01:28:01,690 --> 01:28:04,348 you know, when they heard about my story, 1621 01:28:04,417 --> 01:28:07,730 I received a diversity of responses. 1622 01:28:07,799 --> 01:28:09,732 Some people avoided eye contact. 1623 01:28:09,801 --> 01:28:14,496 Some people wanted to have nothing to do with me. 1624 01:28:14,565 --> 01:28:18,534 Some people wanted to talk about it and ask what they could do, 1625 01:28:18,603 --> 01:28:20,260 which I think is a great response. 1626 01:28:23,919 --> 01:28:27,440 One thing that's been really impressive has been 1627 01:28:27,509 --> 01:28:31,685 how much people have wanted to make change as a result. 1628 01:28:34,688 --> 01:28:37,450 The Science and Technology Committee opened an inquiry. 1629 01:28:37,519 --> 01:28:42,351 They were shocked that someone who'd been harassing women 1630 01:28:42,420 --> 01:28:45,665 for decades had received millions of dollars 1631 01:28:45,734 --> 01:28:49,047 in National Science Foundation funding. 1632 01:28:49,116 --> 01:28:50,842 The Committee on Science, Space, and Technology 1633 01:28:50,911 --> 01:28:52,982 will come to order. 1634 01:28:53,051 --> 01:28:55,364 And I now recognize Dr. Clancy for five minutes 1635 01:28:55,433 --> 01:28:57,193 to present her testimony. 1636 01:28:57,262 --> 01:29:00,093 We scientists do this work because we want to give 1637 01:29:00,162 --> 01:29:03,199 the best of ourselves to the advancement of science. 1638 01:29:03,268 --> 01:29:05,616 Women keep trying to give us their best, 1639 01:29:05,685 --> 01:29:08,998 and we blow ash in their faces and push them down mountains. 1640 01:29:09,067 --> 01:29:11,380 The way we've tried to fix this problem isn't working. 1641 01:29:11,449 --> 01:29:13,796 We have decades of evidence to prove it. 1642 01:29:13,865 --> 01:29:15,695 Let's move away from a culture of compliance 1643 01:29:15,764 --> 01:29:17,386 and towards a culture of change. 1644 01:29:45,207 --> 01:29:49,004 Despite all the progress, and it's tremendous progress, 1645 01:29:49,073 --> 01:29:52,870 women still grapple with these problems. 1646 01:29:52,939 --> 01:29:55,424 People had never really looked at the data 1647 01:29:55,493 --> 01:29:58,013 in the way that we looked at it as a committee. 1648 01:29:58,082 --> 01:30:01,844 So I kept memos, just copies of memos. 1649 01:30:01,913 --> 01:30:04,847 And what's astonishing to me when I look at all of this 1650 01:30:04,916 --> 01:30:07,919 is the amount of time and the amount of work 1651 01:30:07,988 --> 01:30:10,612 that went into doing this, 1652 01:30:10,681 --> 01:30:12,855 asking people to come to meetings 1653 01:30:12,924 --> 01:30:16,031 and the amount of effort it took to try to see... 1654 01:30:16,100 --> 01:30:18,136 And I think about, you know... 1655 01:30:18,205 --> 01:30:21,795 it makes me realize, you know, that at the time, 1656 01:30:21,864 --> 01:30:23,832 I was spending 20 hours a week or something on this 1657 01:30:23,901 --> 01:30:26,628 and then doing my job the rest of the time. 1658 01:30:26,697 --> 01:30:28,008 It makes me sad. 1659 01:30:28,077 --> 01:30:29,216 It really does. 1660 01:30:29,285 --> 01:30:31,978 You know, you sort of wonder in your life, 1661 01:30:32,047 --> 01:30:33,980 would you have done it differently? 1662 01:30:34,049 --> 01:30:36,707 And, gosh, I don't know. 1663 01:30:36,776 --> 01:30:38,363 I couldn't have lived without science, 1664 01:30:38,433 --> 01:30:40,227 but I wouldn't live through this again, I'll tell you. 1665 01:30:40,296 --> 01:30:41,884 So I don't know what the answer should have been, 1666 01:30:41,953 --> 01:30:43,092 would have been. 1667 01:30:43,161 --> 01:30:44,508 I still don't know. 1668 01:30:44,577 --> 01:30:49,167 It can still... Even now, just, just thinking about it, 1669 01:30:49,236 --> 01:30:52,308 you know, that it was this way. 1670 01:30:52,377 --> 01:30:54,241 Such a waste of time and energy, 1671 01:30:54,310 --> 01:30:56,071 when all you wanted to do was be a scientist. 1672 01:30:56,140 --> 01:30:58,211 What on Earth? 1673 01:31:10,844 --> 01:31:13,951 Look at the talent of these women. 1674 01:31:14,020 --> 01:31:18,749 This is what you lose when you do not solve this problem. 1675 01:31:23,926 --> 01:31:26,170 And that's really what it's about. 1676 01:31:26,239 --> 01:31:29,069 It's about the science.