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Downloaded from
YTS.MX

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(mellow music)

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Official YIFY movies site:
YTS.MX

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I'm not only a pacifist,

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but a militant pacifist, militant.

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I'm willing to fight, to fight for peace.

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(voice echoing)

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(static crackling)

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I do not know how the Third World War will be fought,

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but I can tell you what they'll use in the Fourth:

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rocks.

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The myth of Einstein was created in 1919.

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You can date it very specifically.

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(elegant classical music)

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The British astronomer Stanley Eddington

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confirmed Einstein's general theory of relativity

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through observations of a solar eclipse.

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He announced them in a very dramatic fashion

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in November 1919 to a joint session of the Royal Society

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and the Royal Astronomical Society.

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And that was then followed by sensational headlines

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in "The Times of London" and "New York Times."

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There was almost a conspiracy

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of the great newspapers

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to elevate this man into the firmament.

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When Einstein's general theory of relativity was confirmed

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by Eddington in 1919,

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this really was the start for big public enthusiasm

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but also for a big public controversy.

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The English-speaking world was quicker to accept him

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as this greater-than-life figure.

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Much more so, interestingly enough, than in Germany.

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They were making jokes about the theory of relativity,

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saying when people go dancing, when they dance waltz,

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then you will lose weight

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when you dance in the direction where the Earth rotates

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or you gain weight

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when you dance turning in the other direction.

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So the theory of relativity was really present

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in the public sphere everywhere.

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(playful twangy music)

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The theory of relativity was really a topic

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in all areas in the public that you can think of.

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This world is a strange mad house.

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Every coachman and every baker

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is debating whether relativity theory is correct.

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As a consequence

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of his celebrity status overnight,

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photographers and journalists

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started besieging his apartment,

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and from that moment on, basically,

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every public utterance that he would make

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and every trip that he undertook

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would be reported in great detail.

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With me, every peep becomes a trumpet solo.

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(triumphant fanfare)

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(bright music)

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(choir singing)

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Einstein!

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(choir chanting)

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Einstein!

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(crowd cheering)

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Professor and Mrs. Einstein,

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it is my pleasure to welcome you to the City of San Diego

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and to the State of California.

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(Albert speaking German)

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When Einstein came to America,

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there were parades turned out to meet him,

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and there were parades in several places,

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and he was invited here, there, and everywhere.

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He was the first intellectual pop star.

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People go out into the streets to greet him.

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He's a big celebrity.

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Everybody knows what Einstein looks like.

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(elegant classical music)

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A young Einstein felt encouraged to enter science.

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He had a teacher at his home, Max Talmud,

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later called Talmey, who was a medical student,

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enthusiastic about science,

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and who took the younger Einstein as an equal,

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discussing with him science.

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Science was not the esoteric world to be admired from below.

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It was a time of development,

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of sophisticated industrialization, of electrotechnology,

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of technology conquering the world.

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It was a world in which one could enter,

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actively contribute, become part of it.

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And so, the young Einstein did.

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And he went to Italy and experienced the freedom there

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and the great culture but also the open mindedness

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towards exactly this kind of development.

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With his uncle,

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he communicated about electrotechnical developments.

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My dear uncle,

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I'm really very glad that you are still interested

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in my humble doings.

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It is rather naive and imperfect.

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This might be expected from such a young fellow like myself.

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And was quite familiar with this growing world,

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which really extended from technical equipments

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that were changing the daily life,

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electric lighting was being spread in the cities,

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to the intellectual challenges this implied.

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You could have the feeling, as a young person,

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of challenging the foundation of your world,

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and this gave Einstein a lot of courage

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that there was something to be achieved,

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you could make a difference.

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Even if you were not born into the center of the world

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and if you came from the margins,

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there was this way of entering the big world.

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The class of people that made it,

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people who were open-minded, who were believing in progress

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and not just in technological but also in social progress,

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in a bright, international, communicative world.

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And that's the world in which Einstein grew up.

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His parents were from a rural Southern German,

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more of a egalitarian ethos

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than the typical Prussian military ethos

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that we're familiar with when we think of German culture.

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Part of Einstein's support for social justice

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comes from his experiences of anti-Semitism at school

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from quite an early age.

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He would be bullied on the way to school,

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even physically assaulted sometimes.

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A Catholic teacher once brought a nail to school

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and presented it to the children and said, "This is the nail

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with which the Jews killed our Lord and Savior."

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And then everybody turned to Einstein,

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and he was quite mortified.

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Ever since Einstein was very little,

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he was a revolutionary.

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He revolted against the way German teaching

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basically crushed imagination out of young children,

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the tedious memorization.

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You weren't supposed to question the teacher.

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The teacher was god in the classroom.

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As a teenager,

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Einstein had to confront the issue of war and peace.

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Einstein did not want to go into the German Army,

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and so, he became a draft dodger.

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How many 16-year-old kids have the political maturity

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to say to themselves that they are against war

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so they're gonna renounce their citizenship?

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Young Einstein leaves Germany for Italy

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to reunite with his parents

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because he cannot stomach the idea

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of being part of a war machine.

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Einstein had a political learning curve

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at the end of the 19th century,

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a son of a liberal Jewish family.

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So his family went to Italy, he studied in Switzerland.

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It was an important place for him, also,

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to experience what a democracy is like,

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gave him an internationalist outlook

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that portrayed to him the model republic.

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When he came to Berlin at the eve of the First World War,

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most of his colleague were German nationalist,

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considered German militarism as a necessity

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to defend German culture.

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Einstein was taken aback by it, and he had other views

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on the basis of this different background that he had.

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That vilest offspring of the herd mind,

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the odious militia.

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He wasn't a political animal at this time

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but he mobilized some of the intellectual moral resources

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that his education had give him to become more and more

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of a politically conscious human being.

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And so, his strong sense of justice,

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his strong sense of universal and globalism,

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and his participation as a Jew

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are the foundation of his morality.

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Only morality in our actions

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can give beauty and dignity to life.

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And he, like in physics, is a revolutionary thinker.

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He could identify with the underdog.

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Following his studies,

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when he was then looking around desperately for a position,

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he was the only one in his class who, ironically,

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did not secure a position as an assistant,

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the first step on the ladder of an academic career.

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To some extent, he blamed anti-Semitism for that.

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It was also probably to do with his personality

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of not really getting on with the powers that be.

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In 1914, Einstein came to Berlin, where he discovered,

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as he said, for the first time, Jews.

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When there was a influx of Eastern European Jews

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into Germany as a consequence of the war in the East,

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he identified with their plight.

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(sorrowful music)

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German voices are increasingly heard

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that demand legal measures against Eastern European truce.

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Measures that devastate so many individuals

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must not be triggered by slogan-like assertions.

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Agitation by demagogues diverts from the true problems.

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The expulsion of the Eastern European Jews,

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resulting in unspeakable misery,

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would only appear to the whole world

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as new evidence of German barbarism.

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Because, of course, in his childhood,

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he had been one of an outsider minority.

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Now in Berlin, he found very large numbers,

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especially from Eastern Europe,

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who did not have access to higher education.

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He was very concerned

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that young Eastern European Jewish academic talent

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was going to waste.

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For him, the most important thing was free,

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uninhibited research, scientific research.

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His sister later described his sense of justice

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to that very thing in founding the Hebrew University,

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a place where people like himself, young Jews,

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could be educated.

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This institution of research and scholarship,

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the Hebrew University in Jerusalem,

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was founded long before the establishment

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of the independent State of Israel.

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But Einstein wasn't quite yet the political animal

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that he was to become.

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That developed only over time.

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He early on saw the dangers of the Nazi regime.

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He knew his German colleagues,

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both their strength in terms of scientific competence

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and their weaknesses in terms of willing to cooperate,

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to subordinate themselves under the authorities.

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I have always found repulsive

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the undignified addiction to conformity of many of my peers.

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At times like this,

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one realizes what a sorry species one belongs to.

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He was politically unconventional.

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I mean, his taking a stand on the First World War

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already was an extremely courageous thing

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for someone in his position.

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Remember, there are so few Jewish professors

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in Germany and Austria at that point

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that somebody had to write a letter

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claiming he was free of unpleasant Jewish characteristics.

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So, he could have retreated,

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and it would have been the easiest thing in the world

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for him to do, to not be outspoken.

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I think we all, as humans, to some extent,

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compartmentalize domains of our lives.

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We separate work from friendship from family.

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So, compartmentalization is just the usual way

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of dealing with complex situations one experiences in life.

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Haber is just an extreme case.

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Haber really was enthusiastically supporting the war

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and putting science at its service.

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But Einstein certainly felt close to Haber intellectually.

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He was one of the leading physical chemists of the time.

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Einstein made great contributions

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to the foundations of physical chemistry.

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Both had Jewish backgrounds, and both problematic marriages.

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So these two men certainly were like-minded in many ways

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on an intellectual level, but Haber was no exception.

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Other close friends of Einstein

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also were signing the famous declaration

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in favor of German militarism and the occupation of Belgium

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and of the cruelties that the German Army committed.

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("Es braust ein Ruf wie Donnerhall")

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That was the way

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that all of Einstein's colleagues were thinking.

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Einstein really was the great exception.

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How do you deal with the fact

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if you are so incredibly lonely in your political position?

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You are not there as a political ambassador,

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you are called there as a scientist.

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Feeling that your colleagues were doing excellent work,

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and some of the leading scientists were there.

270
00:15:54,150 --> 00:15:58,070
Most of them were nationalist conservatives,

271
00:15:58,070 --> 00:15:59,340
to say the least.

272
00:15:59,340 --> 00:16:02,420
Some, like Fritz Haber, war criminals.

273
00:16:02,420 --> 00:16:03,670
From our perspective,

274
00:16:03,670 --> 00:16:05,540
Einstein should have broken with Haber,

275
00:16:05,540 --> 00:16:08,530
should have told him to stop his war efforts,

276
00:16:08,530 --> 00:16:13,370
but that was an unthinkable breaching of wars at the time.

277
00:16:13,370 --> 00:16:15,810
If people are working on dubious issues

278
00:16:15,810 --> 00:16:17,480
in the military industry,

279
00:16:17,480 --> 00:16:20,743
and they see consequences, dangerous consequences,

280
00:16:21,660 --> 00:16:23,290
do they have the courage

281
00:16:23,290 --> 00:16:25,570
of becoming what they call whistleblowers?

282
00:16:25,570 --> 00:16:26,650
So, whistleblowing,

283
00:16:26,650 --> 00:16:28,510
that's what we would have expected from Einstein.

284
00:16:28,510 --> 00:16:32,210
But I think it is, again, not just our general way,

285
00:16:32,210 --> 00:16:34,730
and certainly not the specific way of Einstein,

286
00:16:34,730 --> 00:16:36,870
but it's the particular situation of the time

287
00:16:36,870 --> 00:16:39,796
that people were just more compartmentalizing

288
00:16:39,796 --> 00:16:41,670
than we do today.

289
00:16:41,670 --> 00:16:44,410
It's really one of the historical lessons

290
00:16:44,410 --> 00:16:47,040
that Einstein learned, that we have learned,

291
00:16:47,040 --> 00:16:49,813
that there is a danger in such compartmentalization.

292
00:16:50,810 --> 00:16:54,300
To come to the extreme, many Nazis,

293
00:16:54,300 --> 00:16:56,090
it seems we were friendly to their dogs

294
00:16:56,090 --> 00:16:58,170
and even to their family.

295
00:16:58,170 --> 00:17:01,010
Isn't that an extreme form of this compartmentalization,

296
00:17:01,010 --> 00:17:02,890
and don't we despise this today?

297
00:17:02,890 --> 00:17:06,100
Yes, but it's a historical lesson that we have learned

298
00:17:06,100 --> 00:17:09,400
that we should look across such boundaries

299
00:17:09,400 --> 00:17:12,010
and see what the full personality is,

300
00:17:12,010 --> 00:17:15,960
the full implications in the public life

301
00:17:15,960 --> 00:17:17,820
or in the private life are.

302
00:17:17,820 --> 00:17:21,350
I think Einstein wasn't at the point of having drawn

303
00:17:21,350 --> 00:17:23,660
or having taken in all those lessons yet,

304
00:17:23,660 --> 00:17:25,440
but he soon was to do that.

305
00:17:25,440 --> 00:17:29,023
(soothing classical music)

306
00:17:33,090 --> 00:17:35,860
Nationalism is an infantile disease.

307
00:17:35,860 --> 00:17:37,893
It is the measles of mankind.

308
00:17:39,350 --> 00:17:42,410
Anti-Semitism in all of Europe and also in Germany

309
00:17:42,410 --> 00:17:44,170
has a long history, of course.

310
00:17:44,170 --> 00:17:47,740
I saw worthy Jews basely caricatured

311
00:17:47,740 --> 00:17:50,900
and the sight make my heart bleed.

312
00:17:50,900 --> 00:17:54,000
The gentile majority undermines the confidence

313
00:17:54,000 --> 00:17:57,334
even of the best of my fellow Jews,

314
00:17:57,334 --> 00:17:59,993
and I felt this could not be allowed to continue.

315
00:18:01,880 --> 00:18:02,890
And in Germany,

316
00:18:02,890 --> 00:18:07,140
it was accentuated by the spectacular success of some Jews

317
00:18:07,140 --> 00:18:09,520
in the German political and economic system,

318
00:18:09,520 --> 00:18:11,540
which didn't compensate in any way

319
00:18:11,540 --> 00:18:14,180
for the repression that was still ongoing

320
00:18:14,180 --> 00:18:17,210
at other layers of social life,

321
00:18:17,210 --> 00:18:20,300
but it made the Jews so much more visible.

322
00:18:20,300 --> 00:18:23,610
And in the crisis of the First World War

323
00:18:23,610 --> 00:18:24,840
and after the crisis,

324
00:18:24,840 --> 00:18:27,423
after the German defeat in the First World War,

325
00:18:28,470 --> 00:18:30,420
people needed to find scapegoats,

326
00:18:30,420 --> 00:18:33,360
and the Jews were quite appropriate, in a way,

327
00:18:33,360 --> 00:18:37,160
because they were so internationally-minded,

328
00:18:37,160 --> 00:18:39,000
much more than the rest of the German averages

329
00:18:39,000 --> 00:18:40,880
and they were so exposed.

330
00:18:40,880 --> 00:18:42,970
Some of them were highly visible

331
00:18:42,970 --> 00:18:45,690
as part of the political and intellectual elite

332
00:18:45,690 --> 00:18:49,040
of the Weimar Republic, so they were targets, easy targets.

333
00:18:49,040 --> 00:18:52,050
Ever since the abominable murder of Rathenau,

334
00:18:52,050 --> 00:18:55,323
I myself am being constantly warned to be cautious.

335
00:18:56,560 --> 00:18:59,356
Anti-Semitism is very widespread.

336
00:18:59,356 --> 00:19:02,189
(sorrowful music)

337
00:19:09,176 --> 00:19:12,800
By 1922, there are over 300 political murders

338
00:19:12,800 --> 00:19:17,600
by right-wing radical groups, and this was

339
00:19:17,600 --> 00:19:20,100
a particularly dangerous time, also, for Einstein.

340
00:19:22,000 --> 00:19:25,017
Einstein was, in the '20s,

341
00:19:25,017 --> 00:19:27,460
Weimar's prized public intellectual,

342
00:19:27,460 --> 00:19:28,730
one of the very few people

343
00:19:28,730 --> 00:19:31,770
who'd spoken out against the First World War,

344
00:19:31,770 --> 00:19:34,150
and he was very happy to put himself

345
00:19:34,150 --> 00:19:36,520
in the services of the Weimar Republic

346
00:19:36,520 --> 00:19:38,320
and do whatever could be done to strengthen it,

347
00:19:38,320 --> 00:19:43,003
the first democratic republic in Germany.

348
00:19:44,084 --> 00:19:46,630
(scoffs) Funny people, these Germans.

349
00:19:46,630 --> 00:19:48,870
To them, I'm a stinking flower,

350
00:19:48,870 --> 00:19:52,560
yet they put me into their lapel time and again.

351
00:19:52,560 --> 00:19:54,240
And it was a brave stand

352
00:19:54,240 --> 00:19:58,240
because the Foreign Minister of Weimar, Walter Rathenau,

353
00:19:58,240 --> 00:20:02,710
was actually murdered as a Jew, and a left-leaning Jew,

354
00:20:02,710 --> 00:20:06,470
and some of the same group who murdered him

355
00:20:06,470 --> 00:20:09,420
offered to pay a reward to anyone who would murder Einstein.

356
00:20:09,420 --> 00:20:11,570
Einstein, he received warnings

357
00:20:11,570 --> 00:20:14,690
that he's on the list of that group

358
00:20:14,690 --> 00:20:17,480
that murdered Walter Rathenau.

359
00:20:17,480 --> 00:20:21,310
And he was withdrawing from all public appearances

360
00:20:21,310 --> 00:20:24,560
at that time, he canceled his lectures.

361
00:20:24,560 --> 00:20:27,160
It seems I belong to that group of people

362
00:20:27,160 --> 00:20:29,853
whom the radical right plan to assassinate.

363
00:20:31,690 --> 00:20:34,180
There was a grand big lecture he was supposed to give

364
00:20:34,180 --> 00:20:35,390
that was a centennial

365
00:20:35,390 --> 00:20:38,610
of the German Society of Natural Sciences and Physicians,

366
00:20:38,610 --> 00:20:42,800
it was their 100th anniversary celebration,

367
00:20:42,800 --> 00:20:45,520
and Einstein's lecture had to be rescheduled, I guess.

368
00:20:45,520 --> 00:20:47,580
It was a big lecture for that celebration,

369
00:20:47,580 --> 00:20:49,340
and he had to cancel that.

370
00:20:49,340 --> 00:20:52,400
Many scientists, like Max Planck and von Laue,

371
00:20:52,400 --> 00:20:55,080
couldn't believe that it was possible

372
00:20:55,080 --> 00:20:58,310
that one of the most important scientists in Germany,

373
00:20:58,310 --> 00:21:02,990
Einstein, that he was somehow forced to withdraw

374
00:21:02,990 --> 00:21:05,710
from giving this lecture by right-wing radicals

375
00:21:05,710 --> 00:21:07,520
who threatened his life.

376
00:21:07,520 --> 00:21:11,270
And it extended, one may be surprised at that,

377
00:21:11,270 --> 00:21:12,700
also to the field of science.

378
00:21:12,700 --> 00:21:16,730
There were different groups of people

379
00:21:16,730 --> 00:21:18,760
opposing the theory of relativity.

380
00:21:18,760 --> 00:21:21,118
There was a political opposition.

381
00:21:21,118 --> 00:21:26,118
Einstein, as a democrat, as a Jew in the Weimar Republic,

382
00:21:26,770 --> 00:21:28,800
he was a target of many people

383
00:21:28,800 --> 00:21:32,830
who had nationalistic motivation, who were anti-Semites,

384
00:21:32,830 --> 00:21:35,457
attacking Einstein as a person.

385
00:21:35,457 --> 00:21:38,800
And there was also an opposition which mainly motivated

386
00:21:38,800 --> 00:21:41,960
by different understandings of science.

387
00:21:41,960 --> 00:21:46,700
It was not Einstein who put the topic of anti-Semitism

388
00:21:46,700 --> 00:21:48,020
on the agenda.

389
00:21:48,020 --> 00:21:51,690
He was responding to a widespread anti-Semitism

390
00:21:51,690 --> 00:21:56,300
in the public area but also among his academic colleagues.

391
00:21:56,300 --> 00:21:59,520
The Einstein opponents established their own academy.

392
00:21:59,520 --> 00:22:02,330
So, an academy of the Einstein opponents.

393
00:22:02,330 --> 00:22:03,730
So, this was a network

394
00:22:03,730 --> 00:22:06,658
mainly between the United States and Germany.

395
00:22:06,658 --> 00:22:10,075
(bright classical music)

396
00:22:14,540 --> 00:22:16,470
Under the pretentious name

397
00:22:16,470 --> 00:22:19,437
Association of German Natural Scientists

398
00:22:19,437 --> 00:22:22,340
for the Preservation of Pure Science,

399
00:22:22,340 --> 00:22:26,160
a society has assembled whose purpose of existence

400
00:22:26,160 --> 00:22:29,730
seems to be to degrade the theory of relativity

401
00:22:29,730 --> 00:22:31,843
as well as me as its originator.

402
00:22:34,390 --> 00:22:35,743
He left town,

403
00:22:36,640 --> 00:22:40,630
but it did not deter him from continuing to speak out.

404
00:22:40,630 --> 00:22:43,840
People who survey the situation in Germany well

405
00:22:43,840 --> 00:22:45,400
are indeed of the opinion

406
00:22:45,400 --> 00:22:48,420
that a certain threat to my life does exist.

407
00:22:48,420 --> 00:22:50,240
A yearning for the Far East

408
00:22:50,240 --> 00:22:53,280
led me to accept the invitation to Japan.

409
00:22:53,280 --> 00:22:56,455
Another part was the need to get away for a while

410
00:22:56,455 --> 00:22:59,090
from the tense atmosphere in our homeland

411
00:22:59,090 --> 00:23:01,040
for a period of time.

412
00:23:01,040 --> 00:23:04,300
After the murder of Rathenau, I was certainly relieved

413
00:23:04,300 --> 00:23:08,360
to have an opportunity for a long absence from Germany,

414
00:23:08,360 --> 00:23:11,974
taking me away from the temporarily heightened danger.

415
00:23:11,974 --> 00:23:14,557
(gentle music)

416
00:23:19,020 --> 00:23:23,090
I seek solace in Mozart, but when I am improvising

417
00:23:23,090 --> 00:23:25,530
and it appears that something may come of it,

418
00:23:25,530 --> 00:23:28,063
I require the clear construction of Bach.

419
00:23:29,740 --> 00:23:31,660
The picture of Einstein

420
00:23:31,660 --> 00:23:35,250
that gets presented by so many Einstein specialists

421
00:23:35,250 --> 00:23:37,010
is yes, he was absolutely brilliant,

422
00:23:37,010 --> 00:23:41,033
but he was a sort of childish, sad fool.

423
00:23:41,033 --> 00:23:43,520
The things that were most important to him

424
00:23:43,520 --> 00:23:47,530
are described as being the sort of ideas of a childish fool,

425
00:23:47,530 --> 00:23:48,363
of a luftmensch.

426
00:23:49,303 --> 00:23:52,730
A luftmensch being a Yiddish expression,

427
00:23:52,730 --> 00:23:54,570
not a German expression,

428
00:23:54,570 --> 00:23:58,900
which basically means somebody who has a lot of ideas

429
00:23:58,900 --> 00:24:01,410
but keeps his head in the air, luft,

430
00:24:01,410 --> 00:24:05,640
without keeping his feet on the ground, a naive person.

431
00:24:05,640 --> 00:24:10,640
Is actually a way of undermining, dare I say castrating him.

432
00:24:12,130 --> 00:24:14,600
Einstein, who was often portrayed

433
00:24:14,600 --> 00:24:18,913
as somebody who kept a distance from other people,

434
00:24:19,940 --> 00:24:22,570
which he certainly tried to do and needed to do

435
00:24:22,570 --> 00:24:24,670
in order to be able to keep working,

436
00:24:24,670 --> 00:24:27,033
given that he was such a public celebrity,

437
00:24:28,200 --> 00:24:31,210
but I think he was a realist of a way.

438
00:24:31,210 --> 00:24:35,880
He had experience enough about people and their weaknesses

439
00:24:35,880 --> 00:24:40,620
not just to dream about a utopian, peaceful world.

440
00:24:40,620 --> 00:24:45,100
If you think when he was talking against militarism,

441
00:24:45,100 --> 00:24:50,100
against the wrong way to be a nationalist,

442
00:24:50,400 --> 00:24:53,901
before we knew that there's the First World War,

443
00:24:53,901 --> 00:24:57,611
there will be a second one, there will be the atomic bomb,

444
00:24:57,611 --> 00:24:59,350
(bomb rumbling)

445
00:24:59,350 --> 00:25:01,293
beware of what can happen.

446
00:25:02,410 --> 00:25:05,780
It's a realistic political thinking.

447
00:25:05,780 --> 00:25:09,530
One should be impressed that he could say these things

448
00:25:09,530 --> 00:25:13,317
so early and he was one of the very few people who said,

449
00:25:13,317 --> 00:25:15,340
"Oh, be aware."

450
00:25:15,340 --> 00:25:16,920
It is strange that science,

451
00:25:16,920 --> 00:25:19,660
which in the old days seemed harmless,

452
00:25:19,660 --> 00:25:21,820
should have evolved into a nightmare

453
00:25:21,820 --> 00:25:24,110
that causes everyone to tremble.

454
00:25:24,110 --> 00:25:28,220
He was very distressed by his celebrity status

455
00:25:28,220 --> 00:25:29,420
at the beginning.

456
00:25:29,420 --> 00:25:33,240
It's dangerous, because if you admire someone,

457
00:25:33,240 --> 00:25:36,450
you follow him without thinking about it, really,

458
00:25:36,450 --> 00:25:39,410
without using your own responsibility.

459
00:25:39,410 --> 00:25:42,700
So, without doing what Einstein always did,

460
00:25:42,700 --> 00:25:47,700
thinking himself and thinking in a responsible way,

461
00:25:48,790 --> 00:25:51,130
thinking in a political way, also.

462
00:25:51,130 --> 00:25:55,490
So I think this is the reason why famousness in general

463
00:25:55,490 --> 00:25:59,820
was not something he could admire

464
00:25:59,820 --> 00:26:02,010
or he could tolerate, really.

465
00:26:02,010 --> 00:26:04,990
Einstein really lends himself

466
00:26:04,990 --> 00:26:07,319
to that kind of mythologization

467
00:26:07,319 --> 00:26:12,160
insofar as he was a great ham and the press loved him.

468
00:26:12,160 --> 00:26:15,421
What do you think of prohibition, Professor?

469
00:26:15,421 --> 00:26:18,325
(Albert speaking German)

470
00:26:18,325 --> 00:26:21,170
(all laughing)

471
00:26:21,170 --> 00:26:22,003
He doesn't drink at all,

472
00:26:22,003 --> 00:26:23,577
so he's not interested in this question.

473
00:26:23,577 --> 00:26:24,560
And he would laugh,

474
00:26:24,560 --> 00:26:27,863
and he apparently had a laugh like a barking seal.

475
00:26:28,910 --> 00:26:31,530
He was ideal as a kind of matinee idol.

476
00:26:31,530 --> 00:26:35,517
Mr. George Bernard Shaw in honor of Professor Einstein.

477
00:26:35,517 --> 00:26:38,684
(audience applauding)

478
00:26:43,460 --> 00:26:47,379
There's an order of men who are makers of universes.

479
00:26:47,379 --> 00:26:50,970
(audience applauding)

480
00:26:50,970 --> 00:26:55,633
Ptolemy made a universe which lasted 1,400 years.

481
00:26:57,041 --> 00:27:02,041
Newton also made a universe which has lasted 300 years.

482
00:27:02,570 --> 00:27:04,283
Einstein has made a universe,

483
00:27:05,179 --> 00:27:07,144
and I can't tell you how long that will last.

484
00:27:07,144 --> 00:27:09,180
(all laughing)

485
00:27:09,180 --> 00:27:13,300
He was not naive but he saw very well

486
00:27:13,300 --> 00:27:17,260
it's useful for his goals, for his political goals,

487
00:27:17,260 --> 00:27:19,370
for helping people.

488
00:27:19,370 --> 00:27:22,830
He saw it, basically, as a curse.

489
00:27:22,830 --> 00:27:24,020
Worshiped today,

490
00:27:24,020 --> 00:27:26,293
scorned or even crucified tomorrow,

491
00:27:27,290 --> 00:27:30,510
that is the fate of people whom, God knows why,

492
00:27:30,510 --> 00:27:33,070
the bored public has taken possession of.

493
00:27:33,070 --> 00:27:36,070
He didn't quite understand why, of all the scientists,

494
00:27:36,070 --> 00:27:37,450
he'd kind of been singled out

495
00:27:37,450 --> 00:27:42,140
for this unpleasant development,

496
00:27:42,140 --> 00:27:46,500
but eventually he learned how to use his celebrity status

497
00:27:46,500 --> 00:27:48,891
to promote causes that were important to him.

498
00:27:48,891 --> 00:27:51,641
(singer humming)

499
00:28:03,492 --> 00:28:05,320
As it contradicts the image of him as being naive,

500
00:28:05,320 --> 00:28:08,220
he became quite shrewd in deciding what he would approve.

501
00:28:08,220 --> 00:28:11,310
We scientists who released this immense power

502
00:28:11,310 --> 00:28:13,690
have overwhelming responsibility

503
00:28:13,690 --> 00:28:17,893
in this world life-and-death struggle to harness atom.

504
00:28:19,150 --> 00:28:20,530
I agree.

505
00:28:20,530 --> 00:28:22,340
Which petition he would sign,

506
00:28:22,340 --> 00:28:26,360
which committee he would become the honorary chairman of.

507
00:28:26,360 --> 00:28:30,633
He was pretty discretionary about it and selective.

508
00:28:31,570 --> 00:28:33,610
I have tried to be very economical

509
00:28:33,610 --> 00:28:35,310
with my public utterances.

510
00:28:35,310 --> 00:28:36,590
This is the best way

511
00:28:36,590 --> 00:28:39,390
not to lose the small beneficial influence

512
00:28:39,390 --> 00:28:41,350
one is able to exercise.

513
00:28:41,350 --> 00:28:42,217
He thought,

514
00:28:42,217 --> 00:28:45,530
"Okay, if my famousness is part of my moral capital,

515
00:28:45,530 --> 00:28:50,530
I can use it to help or to have a political influence."

516
00:28:52,200 --> 00:28:56,160
He was a political human being before his American years.

517
00:28:56,160 --> 00:28:58,630
It would be sad to waste much energy

518
00:28:58,630 --> 00:29:01,614
on the meager soil of politics.

519
00:29:01,614 --> 00:29:03,479
From time to time, however,

520
00:29:03,479 --> 00:29:06,600
the moment arrives when I cannot help myself.

521
00:29:06,600 --> 00:29:11,600
If you read his texts about peace, about human rights,

522
00:29:12,090 --> 00:29:17,090
about human beings in the world, it's easy to think,

523
00:29:17,307 --> 00:29:21,357
"Okay, this is very fundamental."

524
00:29:22,280 --> 00:29:26,550
But it's really a political engagement because, for him,

525
00:29:26,550 --> 00:29:29,163
the point of all things is the human being.

526
00:29:30,010 --> 00:29:34,600
It's not the German one, the American one, the French,

527
00:29:34,600 --> 00:29:37,370
it's the human being's right for freedom,

528
00:29:37,370 --> 00:29:38,803
for his individuality.

529
00:29:40,020 --> 00:29:42,410
He's being besieged all the time

530
00:29:42,410 --> 00:29:46,282
for requests to give a kosher stamp to (chuckling)

531
00:29:46,282 --> 00:29:49,950
or an un-kosher stamp to all kinds of enterprises.

532
00:29:49,950 --> 00:29:52,477
Magnus Hirschfeld had a very important institute in Berlin

533
00:29:52,477 --> 00:29:53,610
in the '20s,

534
00:29:53,610 --> 00:29:56,190
when people were becoming more open about sexuality,

535
00:29:56,190 --> 00:29:58,520
but there was still a lot of pushback,

536
00:29:58,520 --> 00:30:01,730
and Hirschfeld's institute was one of the first things

537
00:30:01,730 --> 00:30:03,030
the Nazis closed.

538
00:30:03,030 --> 00:30:04,770
They described him as decadent.

539
00:30:04,770 --> 00:30:07,740
He was gay, and not simply in favor

540
00:30:07,740 --> 00:30:09,670
of what we came to call gay liberation,

541
00:30:09,670 --> 00:30:13,140
but women's rights to open sexuality

542
00:30:13,140 --> 00:30:15,850
and a whole host of other things

543
00:30:15,850 --> 00:30:18,270
that were quite controversial at the time.

544
00:30:18,270 --> 00:30:23,270
When asked to support Hirschfeld's institute, Einstein said:

545
00:30:24,760 --> 00:30:27,840
Abortion up till a certain stage of pregnancy

546
00:30:27,840 --> 00:30:30,882
should be permissible at the request of the woman.

547
00:30:30,882 --> 00:30:33,060
(jazzy music)

548
00:30:33,060 --> 00:30:36,483
Homosexuality should be exempt from punishment.

549
00:30:41,410 --> 00:30:45,313
In regard to sex education, no secretiveness.

550
00:30:46,650 --> 00:30:49,777
Exactly the right things that are as valid, I think,

551
00:30:49,777 --> 00:30:53,840
and important today as they were in 1929.

552
00:30:53,840 --> 00:30:55,580
Einstein is often criticized,

553
00:30:55,580 --> 00:30:58,060
and I'm sometimes asked how can I, as a woman,

554
00:30:58,060 --> 00:31:02,520
defend Einstein's relationship toward women and his wives.

555
00:31:02,520 --> 00:31:07,273
Einstein's first wife, Mileva, was older than him,

556
00:31:08,320 --> 00:31:13,320
partly crippled, not Jewish, and anathema to his parents.

557
00:31:16,110 --> 00:31:21,110
She was the only woman physics student in Zurich.

558
00:31:21,200 --> 00:31:23,820
Einstein fell in love with a woman

559
00:31:23,820 --> 00:31:26,390
who could share his intellectual passions,

560
00:31:26,390 --> 00:31:29,510
and he only got permission to marry her

561
00:31:29,510 --> 00:31:31,860
on his father's deathbed.

562
00:31:31,860 --> 00:31:34,080
They had a daughter out of wedlock

563
00:31:34,080 --> 00:31:37,480
before his parents would permit them to marry.

564
00:31:37,480 --> 00:31:39,300
My dearest sweetheart,

565
00:31:39,300 --> 00:31:41,550
it's such a shame that our dear Lieserl

566
00:31:41,550 --> 00:31:44,620
must be introduced to the world in this way.

567
00:31:44,620 --> 00:31:48,300
I love her so much and don't even know her yet.

568
00:31:48,300 --> 00:31:51,060
She probably gave the daughter,

569
00:31:51,060 --> 00:31:53,830
all we really know about her is that she was named Lieserl,

570
00:31:53,830 --> 00:31:58,830
up for adoption, and not only did they never see her again,

571
00:31:58,980 --> 00:32:01,860
no one, and many Einstein researchers

572
00:32:01,860 --> 00:32:04,883
have tried to find out what happened to Lieserl, no one has.

573
00:32:05,870 --> 00:32:08,810
Diagnoses at a distance are always a problem,

574
00:32:08,810 --> 00:32:13,810
but that was probably a trigger for Mileva's depressions,

575
00:32:14,240 --> 00:32:18,570
which continued and became more serious

576
00:32:18,570 --> 00:32:22,340
and more tinged with rage as the marriage went on.

577
00:32:22,340 --> 00:32:25,990
She wound up failing her PhD exam in physics,

578
00:32:25,990 --> 00:32:29,140
which cannot have been easy for her

579
00:32:29,140 --> 00:32:30,990
to be living with someone

580
00:32:30,990 --> 00:32:34,493
who was writing world historical physics papers.

581
00:32:35,620 --> 00:32:38,700
And the marriage fell apart.

582
00:32:38,700 --> 00:32:40,800
There's a letter that he wrote for Mileva

583
00:32:40,800 --> 00:32:43,490
in which he tells her to keep her distance

584
00:32:43,490 --> 00:32:45,740
and it is harsh and it is hostile.

585
00:32:45,740 --> 00:32:49,050
You will renounce all personal relations with me

586
00:32:49,050 --> 00:32:50,720
as far as maintaining them

587
00:32:50,720 --> 00:32:54,420
is not absolutely required for social reasons.

588
00:32:54,420 --> 00:32:59,420
And all that I would say to that,

589
00:32:59,720 --> 00:33:02,043
he did take care of her financially.

590
00:33:02,931 --> 00:33:05,700
He knew he was gonna get the Nobel Prize eventually.

591
00:33:05,700 --> 00:33:09,270
He gave it almost in its entirety to her.

592
00:33:09,270 --> 00:33:10,967
So then, people say,

593
00:33:10,967 --> 00:33:14,120
"Ah, well, what do you say about his marriage to Elsa?"

594
00:33:14,120 --> 00:33:15,730
Elsa was his cousin.

595
00:33:15,730 --> 00:33:19,270
I suppose they had some kind of familial bond.

596
00:33:19,270 --> 00:33:22,180
She was a divorced woman with two daughters

597
00:33:22,180 --> 00:33:24,050
whom Einstein treated as his own.

598
00:33:24,050 --> 00:33:29,050
She cared for him when he nearly died in Berlin.

599
00:33:29,290 --> 00:33:32,010
I have to have someone to love.

600
00:33:32,010 --> 00:33:33,643
Otherwise, life is miserable.

601
00:33:34,490 --> 00:33:36,353
And this someone is you.

602
00:33:37,240 --> 00:33:38,470
He was just in the process

603
00:33:38,470 --> 00:33:41,690
of getting out of a really crazy marriage,

604
00:33:41,690 --> 00:33:44,410
so it seemed like stability

605
00:33:44,410 --> 00:33:49,410
and something that he could feel happy and comfortable in.

606
00:33:49,720 --> 00:33:51,510
She also does, in those pictures,

607
00:33:51,510 --> 00:33:54,310
really look more like his mother than his lover,

608
00:33:54,310 --> 00:33:57,500
and Einstein was a man on fire all his life,

609
00:33:57,500 --> 00:34:00,630
and he needed to connect with other women

610
00:34:00,630 --> 00:34:02,903
in ways that he simply couldn't with Elsa.

611
00:34:04,490 --> 00:34:07,970
He made two completely different bad marriages.

612
00:34:07,970 --> 00:34:09,433
He was sad about that.

613
00:34:10,520 --> 00:34:13,440
What I admired in him the most as a person

614
00:34:13,440 --> 00:34:17,280
is that he succeeded in living for many years,

615
00:34:17,280 --> 00:34:18,620
not just in peace,

616
00:34:18,620 --> 00:34:22,430
but in constant consonance with one woman,

617
00:34:22,430 --> 00:34:27,143
an endeavor in which I failed twice, quite ignominiously.

618
00:34:28,710 --> 00:34:30,560
For his 50th birthday,

619
00:34:30,560 --> 00:34:35,560
the City of Berlin decided to give him as a gift

620
00:34:35,680 --> 00:34:38,400
a house in the woods where he could go sailing,

621
00:34:38,400 --> 00:34:42,210
which everybody knew was his favorite way of relaxing,

622
00:34:42,210 --> 00:34:44,580
and a group of right-wing people

623
00:34:44,580 --> 00:34:48,560
highly objected to the City of Berlin

624
00:34:48,560 --> 00:34:52,690
giving a birthday gift to that socialist Jew.

625
00:34:52,690 --> 00:34:56,755
Einstein said, "Okay, I'll buy it myself."

626
00:34:56,755 --> 00:35:00,005
(playful twangy music)

627
00:35:07,040 --> 00:35:11,300
What attracted and appealed to Elsa about Einstein's life

628
00:35:11,300 --> 00:35:14,010
was exactly what Einstein did not want,

629
00:35:14,010 --> 00:35:17,160
the social celebrity, the being invited to aristocrat's,

630
00:35:17,160 --> 00:35:18,550
and so on.

631
00:35:18,550 --> 00:35:21,970
She had no pretension of trying to understand his physics,

632
00:35:21,970 --> 00:35:26,970
but she really wanted to be a sort of high bourgeois wife.

633
00:35:27,080 --> 00:35:30,910
The house was not only used for him to get away from Berlin.

634
00:35:30,910 --> 00:35:33,900
It was a place where, really,

635
00:35:33,900 --> 00:35:37,600
some of the great minds of his generation came to.

636
00:35:37,600 --> 00:35:41,040
Rabindranath Tagore came from India,

637
00:35:41,040 --> 00:35:45,143
Heinrich Mann, Chaim Weizmann, Max Planck,

638
00:35:46,590 --> 00:35:50,530
just a whole row of people came out to discuss,

639
00:35:50,530 --> 00:35:53,350
as they say in German, God and the world,

640
00:35:53,350 --> 00:35:57,360
or sometimes to play string quartets on the terrace.

641
00:35:57,360 --> 00:36:00,480
Mozart's music is so pure and beautiful

642
00:36:00,480 --> 00:36:02,460
that I see it as a reflection

643
00:36:02,460 --> 00:36:05,193
of the inner beauty of the universe.

644
00:36:06,310 --> 00:36:11,310
There is a rumor that describes Einstein as antisocial.

645
00:36:11,380 --> 00:36:14,460
I've even seen him described as autistic.

646
00:36:14,460 --> 00:36:15,533
This is nuts.

647
00:36:16,440 --> 00:36:21,440
Einstein was an extremely socially engaged person

648
00:36:22,260 --> 00:36:26,263
when he wanted to be, but he did not like formalities.

649
00:36:27,230 --> 00:36:30,320
A delegation of ministers was coming out to visit him

650
00:36:30,320 --> 00:36:34,067
from Berlin, and Elsa said,

651
00:36:34,067 --> 00:36:35,540
"Albert, the ministers are coming.

652
00:36:35,540 --> 00:36:38,710
It's time to put on your suit."

653
00:36:38,710 --> 00:36:43,220
And Einstein said, "If they wanna see me, I'm here.

654
00:36:43,220 --> 00:36:45,983
If they wanna see my clothes, you can open the closet."

655
00:36:45,983 --> 00:36:49,390
(chuckling) So, that says something

656
00:36:49,390 --> 00:36:52,590
about the way that he dealt with people.

657
00:36:52,590 --> 00:36:55,960
Einstein preferred to spend as much time as possible

658
00:36:55,960 --> 00:36:57,810
in the house in Caputh

659
00:36:57,810 --> 00:37:00,363
in those four years before he left Germany.

660
00:37:02,628 --> 00:37:05,461
(patriotic music)

661
00:37:12,553 --> 00:37:15,303
(crowd cheering)

662
00:37:21,347 --> 00:37:24,930
(Adolf shouting in German)

663
00:37:28,162 --> 00:37:30,374
(crowd cheering)

664
00:37:30,374 --> 00:37:31,820
I cannot understand

665
00:37:31,820 --> 00:37:35,110
the passive response of the whole civilized world

666
00:37:35,110 --> 00:37:37,010
to this modern barbarism.

667
00:37:37,010 --> 00:37:40,497
Doesn't the world see that Hitler is aiming for war?

668
00:37:42,811 --> 00:37:45,644
(crowd clamoring)

669
00:38:00,626 --> 00:38:03,376
(dramatic music)

670
00:38:05,483 --> 00:38:08,233
(woman laughing)

671
00:38:13,634 --> 00:38:16,141
(woman laughing)

672
00:38:16,141 --> 00:38:19,224
(train bell ringing)

673
00:38:25,028 --> 00:38:27,945
(crowd chattering)

674
00:38:36,918 --> 00:38:39,918
(suspenseful music)

675
00:38:47,302 --> 00:38:50,263
(gentle music)

676
00:38:50,263 --> 00:38:54,870
In all these years, I have only enhanced Germany's prestige

677
00:38:54,870 --> 00:38:57,540
and never allowed myself to be alienated

678
00:38:57,540 --> 00:39:01,113
by the systematic attacks on me in the rightist press,

679
00:39:04,750 --> 00:39:06,850
especially those in recent years

680
00:39:06,850 --> 00:39:10,083
in which no one took the trouble to stand up for me.

681
00:39:13,940 --> 00:39:16,780
Is not the destruction of German truce by starvation

682
00:39:16,780 --> 00:39:20,163
the official program of the present German government?

683
00:39:20,163 --> 00:39:22,913
(dramatic music)

684
00:40:08,230 --> 00:40:10,127
Einstein definitely was a realist,

685
00:40:10,127 --> 00:40:13,280
and he moved from pacifism to militant pacifism

686
00:40:13,280 --> 00:40:14,890
and then he abandoned it, of course,

687
00:40:14,890 --> 00:40:18,280
when confronted with Hitlerism.

688
00:40:18,280 --> 00:40:22,360
It was pacifism that, when confronted with odds

689
00:40:22,360 --> 00:40:26,460
that were overwhelming, would make concessions.

690
00:40:26,460 --> 00:40:30,330
I'm not only a pacifist, but a militant pacifist.

691
00:40:30,330 --> 00:40:32,483
I am willing to fight for peace.

692
00:40:33,520 --> 00:40:35,400
He felt that the danger,

693
00:40:35,400 --> 00:40:37,720
after the discovery of nuclear fission,

694
00:40:37,720 --> 00:40:40,100
of building atomic bombs, was a real one.

695
00:40:40,100 --> 00:40:42,590
He was right that there was such a danger,

696
00:40:42,590 --> 00:40:44,660
and it was hard to assess how realistic

697
00:40:44,660 --> 00:40:48,940
and how long it would take, actually, to build such a bomb.

698
00:40:48,940 --> 00:40:52,720
So that he supported it by the famous letter to Roosevelt,

699
00:40:52,720 --> 00:40:54,240
which he signed.

700
00:40:54,240 --> 00:40:55,360
In the letter itself,

701
00:40:55,360 --> 00:40:57,020
it talks about the bomb being so heavy

702
00:40:57,020 --> 00:41:00,230
that it would have to be delivered by ship

703
00:41:00,230 --> 00:41:01,973
and exploded in the harbor,

704
00:41:03,370 --> 00:41:06,250
so there was no concept of feasibility, then,

705
00:41:06,250 --> 00:41:08,640
of transporting it by plane.

706
00:41:08,640 --> 00:41:10,990
The American engagement in building the bomb

707
00:41:10,990 --> 00:41:14,240
was quite understandable, given the situation.

708
00:41:14,240 --> 00:41:16,720
Therefore, I'm saying Einstein had become,

709
00:41:16,720 --> 00:41:19,020
I think he didn't change his fundamental positions,

710
00:41:19,020 --> 00:41:22,010
but he was becoming more and more of a realist.

711
00:41:22,010 --> 00:41:25,160
And so, he found that this was an important move to take

712
00:41:25,160 --> 00:41:26,040
at the time.

713
00:41:26,040 --> 00:41:28,150
Organized power can be opposed

714
00:41:28,150 --> 00:41:30,290
only by organized power.

715
00:41:30,290 --> 00:41:33,920
Much as I regret this, there is no other way.

716
00:41:33,920 --> 00:41:35,880
Einstein deeply regretted, eventually,

717
00:41:35,880 --> 00:41:38,150
writing the famous letter to FDR.

718
00:41:38,150 --> 00:41:40,690
He thought that it was very instrumental

719
00:41:40,690 --> 00:41:43,760
in setting up the Manhattan Project.

720
00:41:43,760 --> 00:41:47,192
He thought that that was his major contribution

721
00:41:47,192 --> 00:41:51,640
to the dawning of the atomic era.

722
00:41:51,640 --> 00:41:53,580
He didn't think that his formula

723
00:41:53,580 --> 00:41:55,758
had played any role in that.

724
00:41:55,758 --> 00:41:59,341
(dramatic classical music)

725
00:42:06,000 --> 00:42:09,930
Albert Einstein felt very much his responsibility

726
00:42:09,930 --> 00:42:14,930
for young scientists who want to came to America

727
00:42:14,930 --> 00:42:19,930
or didn't have an affidavit or any help to get a job there,

728
00:42:20,900 --> 00:42:25,900
and he tried whatever he could to help other emigres,

729
00:42:27,450 --> 00:42:32,450
other scientists, and a lot of time, a lot of power,

730
00:42:32,950 --> 00:42:37,030
a lot of money, he gave to these people,

731
00:42:37,030 --> 00:42:41,450
and he tried nearly to help all he could help.

732
00:42:41,450 --> 00:42:45,930
He had something like a little grove for emigres.

733
00:42:45,930 --> 00:42:47,570
I think it's a very important part

734
00:42:47,570 --> 00:42:50,260
of the man Albert Einstein,

735
00:42:50,260 --> 00:42:55,260
of the immigrant Albert Einstein, of the exiled,

736
00:42:58,356 --> 00:43:02,240
and of the political human being Albert Einstein too

737
00:43:02,240 --> 00:43:06,550
because I think this engagement for other emigres

738
00:43:06,550 --> 00:43:10,030
is part of his responsibility, of course,

739
00:43:10,030 --> 00:43:13,289
because he was a famous one and he could help them, really.

740
00:43:13,289 --> 00:43:16,830
But it's also part of his political thinking

741
00:43:16,830 --> 00:43:19,150
that this is now what one should do

742
00:43:20,684 --> 00:43:24,860
to make it possible for them to come to America,

743
00:43:24,860 --> 00:43:27,370
to get a chance to get a job there.

744
00:43:27,370 --> 00:43:31,220
My dad had left Germany in December '35

745
00:43:31,220 --> 00:43:32,250
to come to the United States.

746
00:43:32,250 --> 00:43:34,000
The idea was the family would follow.

747
00:43:34,000 --> 00:43:37,520
In May of '36, we all went to the American consulate.

748
00:43:37,520 --> 00:43:39,920
My mother and my brother each got their visa,

749
00:43:39,920 --> 00:43:44,420
but I was turned down, allegedly for having tuberculosis.

750
00:43:44,420 --> 00:43:45,960
My dad was a physician.

751
00:43:45,960 --> 00:43:49,790
The likelihood that I had tuberculosis was just very remote.

752
00:43:49,790 --> 00:43:53,210
My mother had me examined by German physicians,

753
00:43:53,210 --> 00:43:56,170
colleagues of my dad, and they all said,

754
00:43:56,170 --> 00:43:59,040
"There's no evidence of tuberculosis.

755
00:43:59,040 --> 00:44:00,230
This must be a mistake."

756
00:44:00,230 --> 00:44:03,260
My mother and my brother left to come to the United States

757
00:44:03,260 --> 00:44:04,210
and join my dad.

758
00:44:04,210 --> 00:44:09,210
The idea was that you could reapply after three months

759
00:44:10,440 --> 00:44:15,270
for a visa, and since this obviously was a mistake,

760
00:44:15,270 --> 00:44:16,720
I would get the visa then.

761
00:44:16,720 --> 00:44:17,690
After three months,

762
00:44:17,690 --> 00:44:22,040
my grandmother now took me to the American consulate again,

763
00:44:22,040 --> 00:44:24,240
and I even had some medical statements

764
00:44:24,240 --> 00:44:26,920
that there was no evidence of tuberculosis

765
00:44:26,920 --> 00:44:30,960
but, much to everybody's surprise, I was turned down again.

766
00:44:30,960 --> 00:44:33,270
This went on for a total of four times.

767
00:44:33,270 --> 00:44:35,090
Each time I was turned down

768
00:44:35,090 --> 00:44:36,970
by a physician from the American consulate.

769
00:44:36,970 --> 00:44:39,220
My parents, of course, were in the United States,

770
00:44:39,220 --> 00:44:42,410
they were getting frantic about all this.

771
00:44:42,410 --> 00:44:44,220
They enlisted all kinds of help.

772
00:44:44,220 --> 00:44:48,330
Finally, Albert Einstein got interested in this.

773
00:44:48,330 --> 00:44:52,330
Einstein then wrote two letters, very strong letters,

774
00:44:52,330 --> 00:44:55,956
one to the Surgeon General Thomas Parran.

775
00:44:55,956 --> 00:44:59,456
(elegant classical music)

776
00:45:05,330 --> 00:45:07,080
I shall spare no effort

777
00:45:07,080 --> 00:45:08,853
to straighten out this matter.

778
00:45:11,650 --> 00:45:14,770
And one to an assistant secretary of state

779
00:45:14,770 --> 00:45:16,320
by the name of Messersmith.

780
00:45:16,320 --> 00:45:19,456
And he wrote them himself because in one case, at least,

781
00:45:19,456 --> 00:45:22,903
I have the handwritten original draft.

782
00:45:23,780 --> 00:45:27,400
My dad was able to get the consul in Zurich

783
00:45:27,400 --> 00:45:28,410
to make an exception.

784
00:45:28,410 --> 00:45:31,535
An aunt of mine brought me to Switzerland.

785
00:45:31,535 --> 00:45:34,370
I got my physical examination, I passed it,

786
00:45:34,370 --> 00:45:38,973
and I arrived in the United States on March 4th, 1938.

787
00:45:40,070 --> 00:45:44,710
I finally had an opportunity to visit him in Princeton.

788
00:45:44,710 --> 00:45:47,830
He had never met me before but he remembered the case.

789
00:45:47,830 --> 00:45:48,970
The way we talked

790
00:45:48,970 --> 00:45:53,970
was the way I might talk to just a nice elderly gentleman,

791
00:45:55,290 --> 00:45:57,900
I mean, to my grandfather.

792
00:45:57,900 --> 00:46:00,820
I was already working in industry at that time,

793
00:46:00,820 --> 00:46:03,130
and he wanted to know exactly what I was doing.

794
00:46:03,130 --> 00:46:04,810
He was very interested in it

795
00:46:04,810 --> 00:46:07,932
and we sorta discussed technical details.

796
00:46:07,932 --> 00:46:11,820
We talked just like we were colleagues, I mean,

797
00:46:11,820 --> 00:46:16,820
in a very warm and simple kind of friendly way.

798
00:46:18,750 --> 00:46:20,230
Einstein apparently worked very hard

799
00:46:20,230 --> 00:46:23,030
on behalf of German Jewish immigrants all along,

800
00:46:23,030 --> 00:46:25,420
so my case was not that unusual.

801
00:46:25,420 --> 00:46:26,770
There's a little anecdote

802
00:46:26,770 --> 00:46:31,770
that four young men came to a hospital to get a job there

803
00:46:32,850 --> 00:46:37,020
and each of them had a letter of Albert Einstein (chuckling)

804
00:46:37,020 --> 00:46:39,840
telling, "Yes, you should give him this job."

805
00:46:39,840 --> 00:46:41,360
Of course, this is an anecdote.

806
00:46:41,360 --> 00:46:45,140
I think it's not true because he knew very well

807
00:46:45,140 --> 00:46:48,360
if you do it like this, it won't help anybody.

808
00:46:48,360 --> 00:46:52,220
His recommendations are serious.

809
00:46:52,220 --> 00:46:53,670
They did try and actively save

810
00:46:53,670 --> 00:46:56,770
and did actively save individuals

811
00:46:56,770 --> 00:47:00,440
from the claws of Hitler and of Nazism.

812
00:47:00,440 --> 00:47:02,900
So he knows that Jews have to go some place,

813
00:47:02,900 --> 00:47:05,410
he sees the great tragedy.

814
00:47:05,410 --> 00:47:07,990
With respect to his political attitudes

815
00:47:07,990 --> 00:47:11,260
toward Israel and the Palestinian problem,

816
00:47:11,260 --> 00:47:15,820
some of his ideas of how to solve the problem

817
00:47:15,820 --> 00:47:18,690
seem unrealistic to our modern ear,

818
00:47:18,690 --> 00:47:21,500
given the intransigence of both sides.

819
00:47:21,500 --> 00:47:26,270
He was opposed to the establishment of a Jewish state.

820
00:47:26,270 --> 00:47:29,950
He had advocated vociferously against it for decades,

821
00:47:29,950 --> 00:47:32,170
even after the Holocaust.

822
00:47:32,170 --> 00:47:37,170
By '33, Einstein can see the disaster that's unfolding

823
00:47:37,550 --> 00:47:38,910
because of nationalism.

824
00:47:38,910 --> 00:47:40,973
And even in the First World War,

825
00:47:41,876 --> 00:47:44,610
he can see the great conflict of it.

826
00:47:44,610 --> 00:47:46,470
So, in that context,

827
00:47:46,470 --> 00:47:50,160
why support a national expression for the Jews?

828
00:47:50,160 --> 00:47:52,620
He had been very concerned already,

829
00:47:52,620 --> 00:47:57,010
even from his first visit to Palestine in 1923,

830
00:47:57,010 --> 00:48:00,980
of tendencies towards narrow nationalism

831
00:48:00,980 --> 00:48:04,370
and what he termed to be chauvinism.

832
00:48:04,370 --> 00:48:06,150
And he saw that being played out

833
00:48:06,150 --> 00:48:07,560
even in the early years of the state,

834
00:48:07,560 --> 00:48:12,450
and even in pre-state Jewish community in Palestine.

835
00:48:12,450 --> 00:48:16,010
He was in favor of more of a binational solution.

836
00:48:16,010 --> 00:48:18,593
I should much rather see a reasonable agreement

837
00:48:18,593 --> 00:48:21,463
with the Arabs on living together in peace

838
00:48:21,463 --> 00:48:24,240
than the creation of a Jewish state.

839
00:48:24,240 --> 00:48:26,270
He was in favor of a Jewish homeland

840
00:48:26,270 --> 00:48:29,940
and he was in favor of joint institutions and, basically,

841
00:48:29,940 --> 00:48:32,970
of the formation of a committee of technocrats.

842
00:48:32,970 --> 00:48:34,830
He wanted the politicians out of the picture

843
00:48:34,830 --> 00:48:36,866
and he wanted technocrats from both sides

844
00:48:36,866 --> 00:48:41,680
to make the important decisions in a most objective,

845
00:48:41,680 --> 00:48:45,160
neutral, unbiased, unemotional manner.

846
00:48:45,160 --> 00:48:48,550
The state idea is not according to my heart.

847
00:48:48,550 --> 00:48:51,210
It is connected with many difficulties

848
00:48:51,210 --> 00:48:53,453
and a narrow mindedness.

849
00:48:53,453 --> 00:48:55,640
I believe it is bad.

850
00:48:55,640 --> 00:48:58,590
After the establishment of the state, he resigned himself

851
00:48:59,660 --> 00:49:01,763
to, basically, to the fait accompli.

852
00:49:02,770 --> 00:49:07,770
Wasn't happy with it, to lend the state his support,

853
00:49:08,020 --> 00:49:12,223
but became very critical of certain policies,

854
00:49:13,430 --> 00:49:14,710
even in the early years.

855
00:49:14,710 --> 00:49:15,760
He cosigned a letter

856
00:49:15,760 --> 00:49:20,030
together with other prominent Jewish intellectuals in 1948

857
00:49:20,030 --> 00:49:20,863
to "The New York Times,"

858
00:49:20,863 --> 00:49:23,330
in which he protested the visit of Menachem Begin

859
00:49:23,330 --> 00:49:26,070
to the U.S. and called him a terrorist leader.

860
00:49:26,070 --> 00:49:29,647
At the time he was here, he was the head of the Irgun.

861
00:49:31,870 --> 00:49:34,330
It only plays into the more conflict

862
00:49:34,330 --> 00:49:38,330
and, of course, if you look at the current sadness

863
00:49:38,330 --> 00:49:39,480
about the State of Israel,

864
00:49:39,480 --> 00:49:41,767
you could congratulate Einstein, you could say,

865
00:49:41,767 --> 00:49:43,350
"Yes, look at it, you were right."

866
00:49:43,350 --> 00:49:46,010
Nationalism is, no matter what kind of nationalism,

867
00:49:46,010 --> 00:49:47,000
is gonna be difficult.

868
00:49:47,000 --> 00:49:50,850
The absolute disaster of not having a Jewish state

869
00:49:50,850 --> 00:49:52,620
is in front of his eyes.

870
00:49:52,620 --> 00:49:56,030
My awareness of the essential nature of Judaism

871
00:49:56,030 --> 00:50:00,090
resists the idea of a Jewish state with borders, an army,

872
00:50:00,090 --> 00:50:02,170
and a measure of temporal power.

873
00:50:02,170 --> 00:50:04,010
Einstein is the poster child

874
00:50:04,010 --> 00:50:05,340
for everything in the universe

875
00:50:05,340 --> 00:50:07,670
but also for Jewish peoplehood.

876
00:50:07,670 --> 00:50:10,550
He needs a nation to back up the people.

877
00:50:10,550 --> 00:50:11,383
I really believe

878
00:50:11,383 --> 00:50:13,570
he thought that all the nations would get together

879
00:50:13,570 --> 00:50:15,900
and just start to dissolve nationalism.

880
00:50:15,900 --> 00:50:17,590
The United Nations General Assembly,

881
00:50:17,590 --> 00:50:19,580
which helped to create the State of Israel,

882
00:50:19,580 --> 00:50:21,740
now elects her a member nation.

883
00:50:21,740 --> 00:50:24,340
Assembly President Evatt announces.

884
00:50:24,340 --> 00:50:26,610
Formally declare Israel admitted to membership

885
00:50:26,610 --> 00:50:28,490
in the United Nations.
(crowd cheering)

886
00:50:28,490 --> 00:50:29,890
The young republic, born of war,

887
00:50:29,890 --> 00:50:31,950
now joins the Council of Peace.

888
00:50:31,950 --> 00:50:33,820
The blue and white Star of David.

889
00:50:33,820 --> 00:50:37,130
So, once we participated in it, we could understand it,

890
00:50:37,130 --> 00:50:39,041
we could be a complete people.

891
00:50:39,041 --> 00:50:41,610
Complete peoples have a land, a language,

892
00:50:41,610 --> 00:50:42,690
a history, a culture.

893
00:50:42,690 --> 00:50:44,370
And then we could,

894
00:50:44,370 --> 00:50:46,930
as Jewish participants in the human family,

895
00:50:46,930 --> 00:50:49,550
to begin to reduce nationalism

896
00:50:49,550 --> 00:50:52,020
and bring more global harmony.

897
00:50:52,020 --> 00:50:53,760
Prime Minister Ben-Gurion of Israel

898
00:50:53,760 --> 00:50:55,220
arrives at Princeton, New Jersey

899
00:50:55,220 --> 00:50:56,967
to call on Dr. Albert Einstein.

900
00:50:56,967 --> 00:50:58,780
The man whose physics formula

901
00:50:58,780 --> 00:51:01,030
led the way to the atomic explosion

902
00:51:01,030 --> 00:51:03,270
plays host to the leader who played a great part

903
00:51:03,270 --> 00:51:05,111
in the creation of the Israeli nation.

904
00:51:05,111 --> 00:51:08,528
(bright classical music)

905
00:51:17,590 --> 00:51:18,840
I am deeply moved

906
00:51:18,840 --> 00:51:21,470
by the offer from our State of Israel,

907
00:51:21,470 --> 00:51:23,311
and at once sad and abashed

908
00:51:23,311 --> 00:51:26,490
that it is impossible for me to accept it.

909
00:51:26,490 --> 00:51:29,465
All my life, I have dealt with objective matters.

910
00:51:29,465 --> 00:51:33,380
Hence, I lack the natural aptitude and the experience

911
00:51:33,380 --> 00:51:35,420
to deal properly with people

912
00:51:35,420 --> 00:51:38,320
and to exercise official functions.

913
00:51:38,320 --> 00:51:39,230
For these reasons,

914
00:51:39,230 --> 00:51:42,210
I do not feel able to fulfill the requirements

915
00:51:42,210 --> 00:51:43,603
of this great task.

916
00:51:44,640 --> 00:51:47,770
I am the more distressed over these circumstances

917
00:51:47,770 --> 00:51:50,490
because my relationship to the Jewish people

918
00:51:50,490 --> 00:51:52,793
has become my strongest human bond.

919
00:51:55,530 --> 00:51:57,200
If I were to be president,

920
00:51:57,200 --> 00:52:00,160
sometimes I would have to say to the Israeli people

921
00:52:00,160 --> 00:52:01,913
things they would not like to hear.

922
00:52:04,350 --> 00:52:07,330
He saw the humor in situations,

923
00:52:07,330 --> 00:52:09,620
he saw the irony in situations,

924
00:52:09,620 --> 00:52:12,190
and it ties in partly with his playfulness.

925
00:52:12,190 --> 00:52:16,154
He had a very playful, childlike appreciation of things.

926
00:52:16,154 --> 00:52:19,987
(interviewer speaking German)

927
00:52:25,064 --> 00:52:28,647
(Einstein speaking German)

928
00:52:40,878 --> 00:52:44,128
(Elsa speaking German)

929
00:52:53,240 --> 00:52:55,810
One of the things that makes him very appealing,

930
00:52:55,810 --> 00:52:57,980
aside from his great sense of humor,

931
00:52:57,980 --> 00:53:01,083
is that he was genuinely a modest human being.

932
00:53:01,940 --> 00:53:05,970
You can tell just by looking at his eyes,

933
00:53:05,970 --> 00:53:10,570
this is a man with incredible spark.

934
00:53:10,570 --> 00:53:13,210
I like to call it a sense of being alive,

935
00:53:13,210 --> 00:53:18,030
a sense of intense curiosity about the real world.

936
00:53:18,030 --> 00:53:22,010
The ability to relate to all kinds of different people,

937
00:53:22,010 --> 00:53:25,860
from kings and queens to small children, when he wanted to.

938
00:53:25,860 --> 00:53:29,820
He hated hierarchy, hated class distinctions,

939
00:53:29,820 --> 00:53:32,770
and that was obvious, also, then, in America,

940
00:53:32,770 --> 00:53:35,510
where he was outraged by racism.

941
00:53:35,510 --> 00:53:36,740
The distinctions

942
00:53:36,740 --> 00:53:40,030
separating the social classes are false.

943
00:53:40,030 --> 00:53:43,360
In the last analysis, they rest on force.

944
00:53:43,360 --> 00:53:44,670
Many people don't realize

945
00:53:44,670 --> 00:53:46,590
that Albert Einstein was at the forefront

946
00:53:46,590 --> 00:53:50,010
of the struggle for racial equality in the United States.

947
00:53:50,010 --> 00:53:53,687
It pained him to see the plight of African Americans.

948
00:53:53,687 --> 00:53:58,687
♪ When Israel was in Egypt's land ♪

949
00:54:00,099 --> 00:54:03,016
♪ Let my people go ♪

950
00:54:04,030 --> 00:54:05,520
He was right there,

951
00:54:05,520 --> 00:54:07,480
right there with W. E. B. Du Bois,

952
00:54:07,480 --> 00:54:11,780
right there with Paul Robeson, right there with the struggle

953
00:54:11,780 --> 00:54:14,354
of African Americans for equality.

954
00:54:14,354 --> 00:54:15,520
♪ Let my people ♪

955
00:54:15,520 --> 00:54:17,400
In order for the American people

956
00:54:17,400 --> 00:54:20,840
to wake up to the plight of discrimination

957
00:54:20,840 --> 00:54:25,840
here in our own backyard.
♪ Moses ♪

958
00:54:27,207 --> 00:54:28,552
The race problem

959
00:54:28,552 --> 00:54:30,750
is a disease of the white people.

960
00:54:30,750 --> 00:54:35,750
♪ In Egypt's land ♪

961
00:54:36,053 --> 00:54:38,970
♪ Tell old Pharaoh ♪

962
00:54:44,229 --> 00:54:46,814
I say segregation now,
♪ Let my people ♪

963
00:54:46,814 --> 00:54:48,442
segregation tomorrow,

964
00:54:48,442 --> 00:54:52,765
and segregation forever!
(crowd clamoring)

965
00:54:52,765 --> 00:54:54,515
♪ Go ♪

966
00:54:57,820 --> 00:54:59,310
There is a somber point

967
00:54:59,310 --> 00:55:01,870
in the social outlook of Americans.

968
00:55:01,870 --> 00:55:04,840
Their sense of equality and human dignity

969
00:55:04,840 --> 00:55:08,390
is mainly limited to men of white skins.

970
00:55:08,390 --> 00:55:10,390
The more I feel an American,

971
00:55:10,390 --> 00:55:13,240
the more the situation pains me.

972
00:55:13,240 --> 00:55:15,760
I can escape the feeling of complicity in it

973
00:55:15,760 --> 00:55:17,233
only by speaking out.

974
00:55:20,120 --> 00:55:23,360
Albert Einstein not only pioneered new strategies,

975
00:55:23,360 --> 00:55:25,500
new ways of looking at the heavens,

976
00:55:25,500 --> 00:55:27,440
not only did he open up new pathways

977
00:55:27,440 --> 00:55:30,840
by which we can oppose fascism, he also was at the forefront

978
00:55:30,840 --> 00:55:34,460
for the struggle for racial equality in the United States.

979
00:55:34,460 --> 00:55:37,523
When he moved to Princeton,

980
00:55:38,550 --> 00:55:42,923
Marian Anderson was playing a sold-out concert in Princeton

981
00:55:44,480 --> 00:55:48,014
but the Nassau Inn would not allow her to stay there.

982
00:55:48,014 --> 00:55:51,264
(Marian singing opera)

983
00:55:56,883 --> 00:55:59,670
(audience applauding)

984
00:55:59,670 --> 00:56:01,210
When Einstein found out about it,

985
00:56:01,210 --> 00:56:03,480
he invited her to stay at his place

986
00:56:03,480 --> 00:56:05,993
and they became friends for the rest of his life.

987
00:56:07,130 --> 00:56:10,580
Similar stories with Paul Robeson.

988
00:56:10,580 --> 00:56:14,220
There's a story the first time Robeson came to meet him

989
00:56:14,220 --> 00:56:15,960
at his house in Princeton,

990
00:56:15,960 --> 00:56:20,960
the man accompanying Robeson, whose name I now forget, said,

991
00:56:21,137 --> 00:56:23,330
"Oh, Mr. Einstein, it's such a privilege

992
00:56:23,330 --> 00:56:25,380
to meet a great man."

993
00:56:25,380 --> 00:56:28,140
And Einstein said, "You just came with a great man."

994
00:56:28,140 --> 00:56:32,560
So, enormous respect for Robeson

995
00:56:32,560 --> 00:56:37,560
and enormous commitment to civil rights as human rights.

996
00:56:38,160 --> 00:56:42,230
He accommodated to the realities of the situation,

997
00:56:42,230 --> 00:56:44,330
and he was not an ideologue.

998
00:56:44,330 --> 00:56:49,330
Most important for Einstein in the political sphere

999
00:56:49,530 --> 00:56:51,483
was the need for human beings

1000
00:56:51,483 --> 00:56:53,350
to have peace with one another.

1001
00:56:53,350 --> 00:56:57,780
And this comes, really, from Einstein's own background

1002
00:56:57,780 --> 00:56:59,170
and his physics career.

1003
00:56:59,170 --> 00:57:03,050
He is someone who realizes that scientific progress

1004
00:57:03,050 --> 00:57:05,360
can only be made through cooperation,

1005
00:57:05,360 --> 00:57:09,130
can only be made through the sharing of information,

1006
00:57:09,130 --> 00:57:11,260
through the sharing of sensibilities

1007
00:57:11,260 --> 00:57:13,640
and the taking into account

1008
00:57:13,640 --> 00:57:16,870
what the wishes and the views of others are.

1009
00:57:16,870 --> 00:57:21,260
He was, of course, not a man of the people,

1010
00:57:21,260 --> 00:57:24,550
although he certainly was presented as such,

1011
00:57:24,550 --> 00:57:26,590
but he was an elitist.

1012
00:57:26,590 --> 00:57:28,900
And for him, the elite that mattered

1013
00:57:28,900 --> 00:57:31,430
was the elite of intellectuals

1014
00:57:31,430 --> 00:57:35,730
who live in a society in which the exchange of information,

1015
00:57:35,730 --> 00:57:37,780
the exchange of knowledge, is everything.

1016
00:57:37,780 --> 00:57:40,260
Don't think it was anything peculiar

1017
00:57:40,260 --> 00:57:41,960
about Einstein's character

1018
00:57:41,960 --> 00:57:46,230
that made him reject any membership of German institutions

1019
00:57:46,230 --> 00:57:47,250
after the war.

1020
00:57:47,250 --> 00:57:49,730
It has to more to do with Germany that with Einstein.

1021
00:57:49,730 --> 00:57:51,340
All the scientific institutions,

1022
00:57:51,340 --> 00:57:53,200
the academic institutions in Germany

1023
00:57:53,200 --> 00:57:55,470
have gotten deeply involved,

1024
00:57:55,470 --> 00:57:58,590
and not necessarily under external force

1025
00:57:58,590 --> 00:58:03,590
but most often also voluntarily, with the Nazi regime,

1026
00:58:04,240 --> 00:58:07,400
and at the time when Einstein, after the war,

1027
00:58:07,400 --> 00:58:10,880
had interactions with them, hadn't cleansed themselves

1028
00:58:10,880 --> 00:58:14,090
from these interactions, hadn't worked up their own history.

1029
00:58:14,090 --> 00:58:19,050
It was the most natural and understandable position

1030
00:58:19,050 --> 00:58:20,369
that Einstein took.

1031
00:58:20,369 --> 00:58:23,786
(bright classical music)

1032
00:59:28,185 --> 00:59:31,602
(gentle classical music)

1033
01:00:44,980 --> 01:00:48,350
So I don't think he didn't even need to be

1034
01:00:48,350 --> 01:00:50,970
a particularly upright man, which, of course, he was,

1035
01:00:50,970 --> 01:00:52,270
in order to take that position.

1036
01:00:52,270 --> 01:00:57,270
It was just a position of good common sense that he took.

1037
01:00:57,460 --> 01:00:59,450
Einstein was prescient

1038
01:00:59,450 --> 01:01:02,910
on every political issue he ever engaged with,

1039
01:01:02,910 --> 01:01:05,660
with one exception: he thought Germany was irredeemable.

1040
01:01:05,660 --> 01:01:07,610
Germany had started two world wars

1041
01:01:07,610 --> 01:01:12,610
and there was no way to atone for that sin.

1042
01:01:13,740 --> 01:01:16,343
He never wanted to set foot there again.

1043
01:01:18,000 --> 01:01:20,920
But about the mid-'60s,

1044
01:01:20,920 --> 01:01:24,320
the Germans did a look at their history.

1045
01:01:24,320 --> 01:01:28,340
People were outraged, as they came of age

1046
01:01:28,340 --> 01:01:32,470
and saw the Auschwitz trials or the Eichmann trial,

1047
01:01:32,470 --> 01:01:36,190
that their parents had, at the very least, been bystanders,

1048
01:01:36,190 --> 01:01:38,360
and at the very worst, been Nazis.

1049
01:01:38,360 --> 01:01:42,897
To the point where the government would actually say,

1050
01:01:42,897 --> 01:01:46,530
"This is our identity, we do not forget."

1051
01:01:46,530 --> 01:01:51,210
And the slogan is not collective guilt

1052
01:01:51,210 --> 01:01:54,090
but collective responsibility for the future

1053
01:01:54,090 --> 01:01:56,560
by continuing to look at the past.

1054
01:01:56,560 --> 01:01:59,273
Einstein could not have seen that coming.

1055
01:02:01,658 --> 01:02:05,075
(gentle classical music)

1056
01:02:12,720 --> 01:02:16,530
And so, I don't see him there as a dreamy scientist

1057
01:02:16,530 --> 01:02:18,450
who didn't see the realities.

1058
01:02:18,450 --> 01:02:19,910
He saw the dangers

1059
01:02:19,910 --> 01:02:22,450
that were connected with nuclear armaments,

1060
01:02:22,450 --> 01:02:24,870
and he could foresee such dangers

1061
01:02:24,870 --> 01:02:27,570
as they come with the uncontrolled spreading

1062
01:02:27,570 --> 01:02:29,203
of radioactive materials.

1063
01:02:30,040 --> 01:02:33,060
This is the "CBS Evening News," Dan Rather reporting.

1064
01:02:33,060 --> 01:02:37,080
Every indication is that it was a serious nuclear accident.

1065
01:02:37,080 --> 01:02:39,640
Chernobyl is a string of four nuclear reactors

1066
01:02:39,640 --> 01:02:43,290
some 80 miles north of the Ukrainian capital of Kiev,

1067
01:02:43,290 --> 01:02:44,310
an urbanized region

1068
01:02:44,310 --> 01:02:47,650
believed populated by 2 1/2 million people.

1069
01:02:47,650 --> 01:02:48,483
Several hours

1070
01:02:48,483 --> 01:02:50,680
before the Soviets admitted the accident,

1071
01:02:50,680 --> 01:02:52,750
increased radiation was first detected

1072
01:02:52,750 --> 01:02:55,170
at this nuclear power plant North of Stockholm.

1073
01:02:55,170 --> 01:02:56,930
600 workers were evacuated

1074
01:02:56,930 --> 01:02:58,720
after one of them set off an alarm

1075
01:02:58,720 --> 01:03:01,380
while passing through a routine radiation check.

1076
01:03:01,380 --> 01:03:03,390
Soon, there were reports of higher than usual

1077
01:03:03,390 --> 01:03:05,950
radiation levels throughout Scandinavia.

1078
01:03:05,950 --> 01:03:08,030
Winds blowing in a northwesterly direction

1079
01:03:08,030 --> 01:03:09,980
apparently carried the radioactive pollution

1080
01:03:09,980 --> 01:03:12,477
nearly 1,000 miles from the Ukraine.

1081
01:03:12,477 --> 01:03:13,407
"That," say experts,

1082
01:03:13,407 --> 01:03:16,217
"indicates the accident was extremely serious."

1083
01:03:17,120 --> 01:03:19,350
And the danger that small conflicts

1084
01:03:19,350 --> 01:03:21,620
might escalate into larger ones,

1085
01:03:21,620 --> 01:03:26,620
and so, his only hope, his only perspective was control,

1086
01:03:28,230 --> 01:03:33,230
was understanding communication on a global scale.

1087
01:03:33,680 --> 01:03:35,670
Human beings are not condemned

1088
01:03:35,670 --> 01:03:38,300
because of their biological constitution

1089
01:03:38,300 --> 01:03:40,030
to annihilate each other

1090
01:03:40,030 --> 01:03:43,733
or to be at the mercy of our cruel self-inflicted fate.

1091
01:03:43,733 --> 01:03:46,566
(sorrowful music)

1092
01:03:47,710 --> 01:03:49,550
He was one of the first intellectuals

1093
01:03:49,550 --> 01:03:53,390
to clearly see the full dimension of a globalized world

1094
01:03:53,390 --> 01:03:55,810
because the world became globalized

1095
01:03:55,810 --> 01:04:00,810
once these arms had the potential of destroying the planet.

1096
01:04:01,610 --> 01:04:04,920
However, later, when he saw what the consequences were,

1097
01:04:04,920 --> 01:04:08,140
he felt, first of all, even more compelled

1098
01:04:08,140 --> 01:04:11,720
to take an explicit public stance

1099
01:04:11,720 --> 01:04:13,680
in regard to political measures

1100
01:04:14,770 --> 01:04:17,540
in terms of nuclear armaments.

1101
01:04:17,540 --> 01:04:20,780
The war is won, but the peace is not.

1102
01:04:20,780 --> 01:04:23,980
The great powers, united in fighting,

1103
01:04:23,980 --> 01:04:27,120
are now divided over the peace settlements.

1104
01:04:27,120 --> 01:04:29,850
He took it on as a deep moral obligation

1105
01:04:29,850 --> 01:04:33,100
and he saw it as a moral obligation for all scientists

1106
01:04:33,100 --> 01:04:36,430
to become responsible for their deeds, for the knowledge,

1107
01:04:36,430 --> 01:04:37,950
for the use of their knowledge.

1108
01:04:37,950 --> 01:04:39,780
This is the political learning curve

1109
01:04:39,780 --> 01:04:40,960
that Einstein had undergone.

1110
01:04:40,960 --> 01:04:43,290
His capacity to take up challenges,

1111
01:04:43,290 --> 01:04:44,630
to deal with those challenges,

1112
01:04:44,630 --> 01:04:49,120
to intellectually digest them, and to draw consequence.

1113
01:04:49,120 --> 01:04:52,020
He is known as a proponent of a world government

1114
01:04:52,020 --> 01:04:54,890
that one needed to establish a peaceful world order.

1115
01:04:54,890 --> 01:04:57,410
And this in the midst of the period of the Cold War

1116
01:04:57,410 --> 01:05:00,240
when he became engaged with these issues

1117
01:05:00,240 --> 01:05:02,130
in a very strong way,

1118
01:05:02,130 --> 01:05:06,053
arguing against nuclear armament and against the arms race.

1119
01:05:08,430 --> 01:05:12,850
Mr. Welch talks about this being cruel and reckless.

1120
01:05:12,850 --> 01:05:14,050
He was just baiting.

1121
01:05:14,050 --> 01:05:16,763
He has been baiting Mr. Cohn here for hours,

1122
01:05:18,217 --> 01:05:20,960
requesting that Mr. Cohn before sundown

1123
01:05:22,000 --> 01:05:24,740
get out of any department of the government

1124
01:05:25,780 --> 01:05:27,880
anyone who is serving the Communist cause.

1125
01:05:29,780 --> 01:05:34,170
Now, I just give this man's record,

1126
01:05:34,170 --> 01:05:39,170
and I want to say, Mr. Welch, that it has been labeled

1127
01:05:40,900 --> 01:05:45,260
long before he became a member, as early as 1944-

1128
01:05:46,944 --> 01:05:48,845
Senator, may we not drop this?

1129
01:05:48,845 --> 01:05:50,868
We know he belongs to the Lawyers Guild.

1130
01:05:50,868 --> 01:05:52,515
Let me finish-
Let us not

1131
01:05:52,515 --> 01:05:55,420
assassinate this man further, Senator.

1132
01:05:55,420 --> 01:05:57,400
Let's, let's-
You've done enough.

1133
01:05:57,400 --> 01:06:01,400
Have you no sense of decency, sir, at long last?

1134
01:06:02,897 --> 01:06:05,730
Have you left no sense of decency?

1135
01:06:07,448 --> 01:06:10,531
(gentle piano music)

1136
01:06:23,400 --> 01:06:25,910
Because of the alleged external danger

1137
01:06:25,910 --> 01:06:29,530
to our country, freedom of the press is obstructed.

1138
01:06:29,530 --> 01:06:32,070
This is done by creating a situation

1139
01:06:32,070 --> 01:06:35,560
in which people fear their economic positions endangered.

1140
01:06:35,560 --> 01:06:37,510
This is a state of affairs

1141
01:06:37,510 --> 01:06:40,900
which a democratic government cannot survive.

1142
01:06:40,900 --> 01:06:43,690
The U.S. is no longer a free country.

1143
01:06:43,690 --> 01:06:48,520
My house is closely watched.
(sorrowful music)

1144
01:06:48,520 --> 01:06:51,460
He not only spoke out against the blacklist,

1145
01:06:51,460 --> 01:06:55,460
but encouraged younger people to do the same.

1146
01:06:55,460 --> 01:06:57,100
You may appear with flowers

1147
01:06:57,100 --> 01:07:00,820
on the day when the last witch hunter has been silenced,

1148
01:07:00,820 --> 01:07:01,863
but not before.

1149
01:07:02,922 --> 01:07:04,730
And the beautiful thing about it is,

1150
01:07:04,730 --> 01:07:08,140
he didn't just encourage people to refuse to testify,

1151
01:07:08,140 --> 01:07:10,660
he tried to help them find jobs afterwards

1152
01:07:10,660 --> 01:07:13,183
and did what he could to leverage his name.

1153
01:07:16,880 --> 01:07:18,460
Reactionary politicians

1154
01:07:18,460 --> 01:07:20,730
have managed to instill suspicion

1155
01:07:20,730 --> 01:07:23,800
of all intellectual efforts into the public.

1156
01:07:23,800 --> 01:07:27,400
They are now proceeding to suppress the freedom of teaching

1157
01:07:27,400 --> 01:07:29,300
and to deprive of their positions

1158
01:07:29,300 --> 01:07:32,290
all of those who do not prove submissive,

1159
01:07:32,290 --> 01:07:34,383
in effect, to starve them.

1160
01:07:35,516 --> 01:07:38,210
What to do against this evil?

1161
01:07:38,210 --> 01:07:40,447
Frankly, I can only see

1162
01:07:40,447 --> 01:07:43,640
the revolutionary way of non-cooperation

1163
01:07:43,640 --> 01:07:46,863
in the sense of Gandhi's refuse to testify.

1164
01:07:48,170 --> 01:07:52,360
He must be prepared for jail and economic ruin,

1165
01:07:52,360 --> 01:07:54,940
for the sacrifice of his personal welfare

1166
01:07:54,940 --> 01:07:57,793
in the interest of the welfare of his country.

1167
01:07:59,500 --> 01:08:02,000
It is shameful for a blameless citizen

1168
01:08:02,000 --> 01:08:04,420
to submit to such an inquisition

1169
01:08:04,420 --> 01:08:07,740
that violates the spirit of the Constitution.

1170
01:08:07,740 --> 01:08:09,530
I believe that older people

1171
01:08:09,530 --> 01:08:11,810
who have scarcely anything to lose

1172
01:08:11,810 --> 01:08:13,540
ought to be willing to speak out

1173
01:08:13,540 --> 01:08:15,690
on behalf of those who are young

1174
01:08:15,690 --> 01:08:18,910
and who are subject to much greater restraint.

1175
01:08:18,910 --> 01:08:21,920
We're really talking about the character feature

1176
01:08:21,920 --> 01:08:25,440
of Einstein, and I don't think it's so much the loneliness

1177
01:08:25,440 --> 01:08:27,693
or the aloofness of Einstein.

1178
01:08:28,930 --> 01:08:31,990
If you see pictures, movies of the '20s,

1179
01:08:31,990 --> 01:08:34,420
Einstein was quite a party animal.

1180
01:08:34,420 --> 01:08:36,940
He was talkative, communicative.

1181
01:08:36,940 --> 01:08:40,810
He had, from his early days, an incredible self-confidence,

1182
01:08:40,810 --> 01:08:42,880
and I think that is the self-confidence

1183
01:08:42,880 --> 01:08:44,723
that gave him so much inner freedom.

1184
01:08:45,610 --> 01:08:48,390
And it was, of course, confirmed by his life's achievement,

1185
01:08:48,390 --> 01:08:52,870
which gave him even greater freedom, and it made him capable

1186
01:08:52,870 --> 01:08:57,313
of sustaining contradictions, rejections.

1187
01:08:58,490 --> 01:09:00,200
The loneliness that he experienced

1188
01:09:00,200 --> 01:09:02,960
in his political positions in the First World War

1189
01:09:02,960 --> 01:09:05,490
was a loneliness that he didn't choose.

1190
01:09:05,490 --> 01:09:09,490
How vile and despicable war seems to me.

1191
01:09:09,490 --> 01:09:11,930
I would rather be hacked into pieces

1192
01:09:11,930 --> 01:09:14,763
than take part in such an abominable business.

1193
01:09:15,780 --> 01:09:16,890
But this self-confidence

1194
01:09:16,890 --> 01:09:18,952
into his intellectual capabilities,

1195
01:09:18,952 --> 01:09:21,770
into his own moral autonomy,

1196
01:09:21,770 --> 01:09:25,520
gave him the strength to sustain those differences.

1197
01:09:25,520 --> 01:09:27,820
One needs courage not to go with the crowd,

1198
01:09:27,820 --> 01:09:29,550
but to stay different.

1199
01:09:29,550 --> 01:09:32,230
One is, and I think that's very important,

1200
01:09:32,230 --> 01:09:34,100
never quite alone in these things

1201
01:09:34,100 --> 01:09:38,320
because there is, on the one hand, an intellectual community

1202
01:09:38,320 --> 01:09:41,000
of the great people with whom one communicates,

1203
01:09:41,000 --> 01:09:44,493
the people one reads and one identifies with,

1204
01:09:45,330 --> 01:09:47,070
the great scientists of the past

1205
01:09:47,070 --> 01:09:50,200
but also the great moral thinkers of the past.

1206
01:09:50,200 --> 01:09:52,161
Einstein loved Spinoza.

1207
01:09:52,161 --> 01:09:55,790
He had this world of philosophical and intellectual thinking

1208
01:09:55,790 --> 01:09:57,660
with which he communicated,

1209
01:09:57,660 --> 01:09:59,810
but there were also the real friends

1210
01:09:59,810 --> 01:10:02,130
that were not necessarily the famous scientists

1211
01:10:02,130 --> 01:10:04,580
but people like Michele Besso,

1212
01:10:04,580 --> 01:10:06,880
with whom he maintained a lifelong friendship,

1213
01:10:07,750 --> 01:10:11,880
with whom he shared many views about life and science.

1214
01:10:11,880 --> 01:10:13,420
And from the early days on,

1215
01:10:13,420 --> 01:10:17,050
from the famous Olympia Academy youth club,

1216
01:10:17,050 --> 01:10:20,620
Akademie Olympia, the friends, the Habicht, the Solovine,

1217
01:10:20,620 --> 01:10:23,260
Einstein had a group of people that actually,

1218
01:10:23,260 --> 01:10:24,700
in certain occasions of his life,

1219
01:10:24,700 --> 01:10:27,233
also helped him to stay stubborn.

1220
01:10:28,380 --> 01:10:30,350
Einstein thinks about the world

1221
01:10:30,350 --> 01:10:32,260
from Spinoza's perspective,

1222
01:10:32,260 --> 01:10:36,030
which is that the world is radically one because God is one

1223
01:10:36,030 --> 01:10:39,100
and, therefore, he has to be able to come up with a theory

1224
01:10:39,100 --> 01:10:40,793
to explain everything.

1225
01:10:41,840 --> 01:10:45,830
Spinoza believed that the universe was God

1226
01:10:45,830 --> 01:10:49,420
and, therefore, he believed that every part of the universe

1227
01:10:49,420 --> 01:10:52,410
had the impact of God.

1228
01:10:52,410 --> 01:10:54,050
This is different than atheism.

1229
01:10:54,050 --> 01:10:56,480
This would be called pantheism.

1230
01:10:56,480 --> 01:10:58,820
All the aspects of the world are determined

1231
01:10:58,820 --> 01:11:01,900
and all of them are God.

1232
01:11:01,900 --> 01:11:03,650
You think about Spinoza,

1233
01:11:03,650 --> 01:11:07,570
he is a completely independent thinker,

1234
01:11:07,570 --> 01:11:10,590
he's a Jew without community, he's a Jew without constraint,

1235
01:11:10,590 --> 01:11:14,350
he's a Jew without tradition, he's a Jew without ritual.

1236
01:11:14,350 --> 01:11:16,040
And Einstein also.

1237
01:11:16,040 --> 01:11:17,840
Albert Einstein is a Jew,

1238
01:11:17,840 --> 01:11:20,430
he's called that in a consistent way.

1239
01:11:20,430 --> 01:11:23,240
And so, Albert Einstein sees himself very much

1240
01:11:23,240 --> 01:11:26,077
as a secular Jew, of the Jewish people,

1241
01:11:26,077 --> 01:11:29,460
and this is an understanding of his that's indelible.

1242
01:11:29,460 --> 01:11:30,940
I will never not be a Jew.

1243
01:11:30,940 --> 01:11:31,773
And he's happy,

1244
01:11:31,773 --> 01:11:34,900
eventually becoming more and more happy to be a Jew.

1245
01:11:34,900 --> 01:11:37,090
From a philosophical or religious

1246
01:11:37,090 --> 01:11:39,530
or, in particularly, physics perspective,

1247
01:11:39,530 --> 01:11:44,230
think about Spinoza and the idea that the universe is God.

1248
01:11:44,230 --> 01:11:47,160
There can be no random action in the universe.

1249
01:11:47,160 --> 01:11:49,380
Einstein is reading Spinoza

1250
01:11:49,380 --> 01:11:51,920
and he's saying nothing can be random.

1251
01:11:51,920 --> 01:11:55,250
If I have a theory, it has to explain everything.

1252
01:11:55,250 --> 01:11:58,700
And it has to be the most simple explanation

1253
01:11:58,700 --> 01:11:59,890
that you can come up with.

1254
01:11:59,890 --> 01:12:03,220
Einstein believes if you can figure out the cause,

1255
01:12:03,220 --> 01:12:04,890
you can figure out the effect.

1256
01:12:04,890 --> 01:12:07,630
His morality is based on that.

1257
01:12:07,630 --> 01:12:10,420
We have to be a cause for good.

1258
01:12:10,420 --> 01:12:11,300
He doesn't believe

1259
01:12:11,300 --> 01:12:13,650
that following Jewish tradition and rituals

1260
01:12:13,650 --> 01:12:16,830
is going to be the heart of his morality.

1261
01:12:16,830 --> 01:12:19,310
I myself am non-observant,

1262
01:12:19,310 --> 01:12:21,433
yet consider myself a loyal Jew.

1263
01:12:22,300 --> 01:12:25,480
He thinks that the Jewish tradition and rituals

1264
01:12:25,480 --> 01:12:29,970
were for the theocracy that existed in the land of Israel

1265
01:12:29,970 --> 01:12:31,590
thousands of years before,

1266
01:12:31,590 --> 01:12:34,500
and they're no longer relevant in their details,

1267
01:12:34,500 --> 01:12:38,240
but they are relevant in their impact.

1268
01:12:38,240 --> 01:12:41,380
So if we are going to be citizens of the world,

1269
01:12:41,380 --> 01:12:45,610
part of the people who are thinking rigorously for justice,

1270
01:12:45,610 --> 01:12:48,370
then that justice has to be worked on.

1271
01:12:48,370 --> 01:12:52,870
And Einstein worked hard on that justice.

1272
01:12:52,870 --> 01:12:55,990
He can make, and does make, lots of moral pronouncements

1273
01:12:55,990 --> 01:12:58,530
because he thinks they're for the betterment of the world.

1274
01:12:58,530 --> 01:13:00,780
The most important human endeavor

1275
01:13:00,780 --> 01:13:04,400
is the striving for morality in our actions.

1276
01:13:04,400 --> 01:13:08,960
Our inner balance and even our very existence depend on it.

1277
01:13:08,960 --> 01:13:11,200
Only morality in our actions

1278
01:13:11,200 --> 01:13:13,910
can give beauty and dignity to life.

1279
01:13:13,910 --> 01:13:15,440
And he does live

1280
01:13:15,440 --> 01:13:18,710
at one of the most extraordinary times of change,

1281
01:13:18,710 --> 01:13:22,480
both disaster and creation, in Jewish history.

1282
01:13:22,480 --> 01:13:26,240
Einstein says, and I quote, "I believe in Spinoza's God,

1283
01:13:26,240 --> 01:13:29,950
who reveals himself in the lawful harmony of the world,

1284
01:13:29,950 --> 01:13:32,310
not in a God who concerns himself

1285
01:13:32,310 --> 01:13:34,830
with the faith and the doings of mankind."

1286
01:13:34,830 --> 01:13:37,930
It's a beautiful sentence, it's an elegant sentence.

1287
01:13:37,930 --> 01:13:40,160
We don't have a God sitting on cloud.

1288
01:13:40,160 --> 01:13:43,100
We don't have a God that's making for human progress.

1289
01:13:43,100 --> 01:13:45,750
We don't have a God that's going to stop evil.

1290
01:13:45,750 --> 01:13:49,130
And in Einstein's life, there's plenty of evil in the world.

1291
01:13:49,130 --> 01:13:51,280
He's alive during some of the greatest evil

1292
01:13:51,280 --> 01:13:52,800
in the history of humankind.

1293
01:13:52,800 --> 01:13:56,560
Einstein knows the terrible disasters of the world,

1294
01:13:56,560 --> 01:13:58,690
of the 20th century.

1295
01:13:58,690 --> 01:14:00,850
But he also thinks that the God that he believes in

1296
01:14:00,850 --> 01:14:04,100
is Spinoza's God, which is about the harmony of the world,

1297
01:14:04,100 --> 01:14:07,940
and it's his job, both in physics and morality

1298
01:14:07,940 --> 01:14:10,400
and even in politics, to build a world

1299
01:14:10,400 --> 01:14:14,230
which is more harmonious, and that is God.

1300
01:14:14,230 --> 01:14:15,640
If something is in me

1301
01:14:15,640 --> 01:14:17,010
that can be called religious,

1302
01:14:17,010 --> 01:14:19,610
then it is the unbounded admiration

1303
01:14:19,610 --> 01:14:21,470
for the structure of the world,

1304
01:14:21,470 --> 01:14:23,890
as far as science can reveal it.

1305
01:14:23,890 --> 01:14:25,900
It's very empowering to humanity,

1306
01:14:25,900 --> 01:14:27,190
it doesn't give you the sense

1307
01:14:27,190 --> 01:14:28,970
that God will intervene at the last minute.

1308
01:14:28,970 --> 01:14:33,030
After all, in the '30s and the early '40s,

1309
01:14:33,030 --> 01:14:35,280
if God could've, He really should've.

1310
01:14:35,280 --> 01:14:40,040
For you to pray for the change of some kind of physical law

1311
01:14:40,040 --> 01:14:44,690
or that the gas or bullets don't kill the people,

1312
01:14:44,690 --> 01:14:45,990
this is worthless.

1313
01:14:45,990 --> 01:14:48,011
You have to stop the war.

1314
01:14:48,011 --> 01:14:50,760
There is no other salvation for civilization

1315
01:14:50,760 --> 01:14:52,870
and even for the human race

1316
01:14:52,870 --> 01:14:56,160
than in the creation of a world government.

1317
01:14:56,160 --> 01:15:00,010
And for Einstein, this is a very significant,

1318
01:15:00,010 --> 01:15:03,210
and I think one could say, significant religious belief.

1319
01:15:03,210 --> 01:15:06,970
I think that Einstein has the most benevolent image

1320
01:15:06,970 --> 01:15:11,710
of any philosopher, theologian, or physicist

1321
01:15:11,710 --> 01:15:13,210
of the 20th century.

1322
01:15:13,210 --> 01:15:18,210
He was, in some ways, fearless, he was deep, he was active.

1323
01:15:19,630 --> 01:15:21,600
He believed that his imagination

1324
01:15:21,600 --> 01:15:23,880
was the most important of all of his tools.

1325
01:15:23,880 --> 01:15:27,130
Not his reason, not his learned intellect,

1326
01:15:27,130 --> 01:15:29,203
not his schooling, not his degrees.

1327
01:15:30,540 --> 01:15:34,570
Imagination is more important than knowledge.

1328
01:15:34,570 --> 01:15:39,153
Knowledge is limited, imagination encircles the world.

1329
01:15:40,007 --> 01:15:44,990
Einstein was described much later

1330
01:15:44,990 --> 01:15:49,990
by the last woman in his life as a revolutionary to the end.

1331
01:15:51,610 --> 01:15:54,560
There was so much more to Einstein besides physics.

1332
01:15:54,560 --> 01:15:59,560
There were his humanitarian endeavors, his love of music,

1333
01:15:59,870 --> 01:16:04,440
his love of children and animals and ice cream

1334
01:16:04,440 --> 01:16:06,950
and just talking to everybody

1335
01:16:06,950 --> 01:16:10,410
who was not necessarily on the faculty or higher up.

1336
01:16:10,410 --> 01:16:13,390
He made himself available to all kinds of people.

1337
01:16:13,390 --> 01:16:17,200
He is, in some ways, the victorious child.

1338
01:16:17,200 --> 01:16:19,530
A lucky boy, oh he was a lucky boy, yeah.

1339
01:16:19,530 --> 01:16:21,403
Eventually, in the final years,

1340
01:16:22,240 --> 01:16:24,779
mellowing to a certain extent

1341
01:16:24,779 --> 01:16:28,580
and then he becomes that kind of chubby teddy bear figure

1342
01:16:28,580 --> 01:16:31,670
that we all like and love.

1343
01:16:31,670 --> 01:16:33,487
Not the real Einstein, but (chuckling),

1344
01:16:35,060 --> 01:16:36,653
but a nice mythical figure.

1345
01:16:42,080 --> 01:16:45,150
Abortion, up till a certain stage of pregnancy,

1346
01:16:45,150 --> 01:16:48,550
should be permissible at the request of the woman.

1347
01:16:48,550 --> 01:16:52,093
Homosexuality should be exempt from punishment.

1348
01:16:52,970 --> 01:16:54,470
It is strange that science,

1349
01:16:54,470 --> 01:16:56,805
which in the old days seemed harmless,

1350
01:16:56,805 --> 01:16:59,370
should have evolved into a nightmare

1351
01:16:59,370 --> 01:17:01,690
that causes everyone to tremble.

1352
01:17:03,193 --> 01:17:06,552
The race problem is a disease of the white people.

1353
01:17:06,552 --> 01:17:09,140
Their sense of equality and human dignity

1354
01:17:09,140 --> 01:17:11,987
is mainly limited to men of white skins.

1355
01:17:11,987 --> 01:17:14,570
(mellow music)

1356
01:17:16,140 --> 01:17:19,990
Reactionary politicians have managed to instill suspicion

1357
01:17:19,990 --> 01:17:22,813
of all intellectual efforts into the public.

1358
01:17:29,488 --> 01:17:32,988
(elegant classical music)

1359
01:17:35,000 --> 01:17:37,230
Yes, I'm an old revolutionary.

1360
01:17:37,230 --> 01:17:40,923
Politically, I'm still a fire-spewing Vesuvius.

1361
01:17:59,071 --> 01:18:02,571
(elegant classical music)