1
00:00:02,000 --> 00:00:07,000
Downloaded from
YTS.MX
2
00:00:08,000 --> 00:00:13,000
Official YIFY movies site:
YTS.MX
3
00:00:10,635 --> 00:00:13,179
[Stephen Hawking] A black hole
is stranger than anything
4
00:00:13,263 --> 00:00:15,849
dreamed up by science fiction writers.
5
00:00:18,101 --> 00:00:19,561
A region of space
6
00:00:19,978 --> 00:00:21,938
where gravity is so strong
7
00:00:22,647 --> 00:00:24,607
that nothing can escape.
8
00:00:29,320 --> 00:00:31,406
Once you are over the edge,
9
00:00:32,574 --> 00:00:34,242
there's no way back.
10
00:00:39,122 --> 00:00:41,082
[rooster crows]
11
00:00:41,166 --> 00:00:43,251
-[dog barking]
-[bells clanging]
12
00:00:50,759 --> 00:00:53,762
[birds chirping]
13
00:00:58,475 --> 00:01:00,060
[coyote barking]
14
00:01:06,816 --> 00:01:08,193
[horn honking]
15
00:01:16,576 --> 00:01:17,535
Wow.
16
00:01:18,119 --> 00:01:21,539
It never ceases to get me,
seeing these two mountains up here.
17
00:01:23,750 --> 00:01:25,043
It's a bit deceptive.
18
00:01:25,126 --> 00:01:28,046
It looks as though you can just hike up
there in a couple of hours.
19
00:01:30,048 --> 00:01:33,885
But that is a big
elevation shift from where we are now.
20
00:01:40,892 --> 00:01:42,852
[Shep Doeleman]
I was not a boy astronomer,
21
00:01:43,061 --> 00:01:45,021
I didn't have a telescope growing up...
22
00:01:46,731 --> 00:01:49,234
but I do remember seeing
what a black hole was.
23
00:01:50,693 --> 00:01:53,029
I thought there are
very interesting things
24
00:01:53,113 --> 00:01:54,864
in the universe to be explored.
25
00:02:00,870 --> 00:02:04,165
The Event Horizon Telescope
is a new instrument
26
00:02:04,332 --> 00:02:06,543
that a global team is assembling...
27
00:02:08,002 --> 00:02:11,506
that will have
the magnifying power to resolve
28
00:02:11,923 --> 00:02:14,425
the region immediately
around a black hole.
29
00:02:16,136 --> 00:02:17,554
That's never been done before.
30
00:02:24,144 --> 00:02:26,813
We are chasing down
something that struggles
31
00:02:27,147 --> 00:02:29,274
with all of its might to be unseen.
32
00:02:31,693 --> 00:02:33,486
And we're saying "we're gonna catch you".
33
00:02:40,910 --> 00:02:42,912
When you get to about 15,000 feet,
34
00:02:42,996 --> 00:02:45,165
you're-you're above
quite a bit of the atmosphere.
35
00:02:49,752 --> 00:02:52,463
You really need to be above
the atmosphere to see through
36
00:02:53,256 --> 00:02:54,674
to the emptiness of space.
37
00:03:09,606 --> 00:03:11,107
The goal of the Event Horizon Telescope
38
00:03:11,190 --> 00:03:13,276
is really easy to state,
39
00:03:15,737 --> 00:03:18,573
we're gonna take
the first picture of a black hole.
40
00:03:24,996 --> 00:03:27,874
{\an8}What I had yesterday as of noon,
41
00:03:28,082 --> 00:03:31,628
was every part of the system
of the front end working...
42
00:03:32,295 --> 00:03:34,881
[Shep] We've come to
the LMT here in January
43
00:03:35,215 --> 00:03:38,343
specifically to do
what's called a dry run.
44
00:03:39,260 --> 00:03:41,137
And we're discovering problems.
45
00:03:41,888 --> 00:03:45,475
Then, we tried to replace the Gunn,
now we've lost power,
46
00:03:45,558 --> 00:03:47,227
and that's what we're
troubleshooting upstairs now.
47
00:03:47,310 --> 00:03:50,521
Today I'm going to try to get
the Gunn working again, the old Gunn...
48
00:03:50,605 --> 00:03:52,232
[Shep] But if we went back
to this old Gunn...
49
00:03:52,315 --> 00:03:53,191
-then...
-Yeah.
50
00:03:53,983 --> 00:03:56,194
we're still compatible with the EHT...
51
00:03:56,486 --> 00:04:00,031
-By doing a double-down conversion. Yes.
-for January and April.
52
00:04:00,573 --> 00:04:04,577
April is when we're going to have
all the telescopes around the world,
53
00:04:04,869 --> 00:04:06,246
the full EHT working,
54
00:04:06,329 --> 00:04:08,957
and it's our best shot
at imaging a black hole.
55
00:04:09,290 --> 00:04:12,377
But before we get there, we've got
to make sure that everything is working.
56
00:04:12,460 --> 00:04:16,214
So the first goal is to try to get
the 232.1 gigahertz
57
00:04:16,297 --> 00:04:18,007
-working again with the old Gunn.
-Yeah. right.
58
00:04:18,091 --> 00:04:19,092
If that doesn't work...
59
00:04:19,259 --> 00:04:21,594
-My plan B... My plan B...
-then what?
60
00:04:21,844 --> 00:04:23,763
is that... [audio fades out]
61
00:04:23,846 --> 00:04:24,889
[birds chirping]
62
00:04:27,100 --> 00:04:31,604
[Gopal] The larger the telescope,
the better it's able to see tiny objects.
63
00:04:32,772 --> 00:04:36,234
{\an8}To resolve the black hole
in the center of our galaxy
64
00:04:36,401 --> 00:04:40,280
{\an8}or the bigger black hole in M87,
65
00:04:40,446 --> 00:04:42,949
{\an8}we need a telescope
nearly the size of the earth.
66
00:04:45,952 --> 00:04:47,787
Well, that's clearly impossible.
67
00:04:49,664 --> 00:04:51,165
So we do the next best thing.
68
00:04:54,210 --> 00:04:56,504
We take telescopes
scattered around the world
69
00:04:56,838 --> 00:05:00,216
and make them all look simultaneously
at the black hole.
70
00:05:05,596 --> 00:05:08,182
[Shep] Imagine taking a mirror
71
00:05:08,725 --> 00:05:10,393
and smashing it with a hammer
72
00:05:11,102 --> 00:05:14,230
and distributing these shards
all over the world.
73
00:05:16,482 --> 00:05:19,360
And then recording what happens
on each of those shards
74
00:05:19,444 --> 00:05:20,737
and then bringing them together
75
00:05:20,820 --> 00:05:23,865
and reconstructing that mirror
in a supercomputer.
76
00:05:24,240 --> 00:05:26,409
That's what the
Event Horizon Telescope is doing.
77
00:05:27,535 --> 00:05:31,372
So at every site,
everything has to work perfectly.
78
00:05:32,874 --> 00:05:34,292
I think this thing took quite a hit.
79
00:05:35,918 --> 00:05:37,086
In shipping?
80
00:05:39,130 --> 00:05:41,340
If it turns on and it smokes then
we'll know there's something wrong.
81
00:05:41,424 --> 00:05:42,425
Yeah.
82
00:05:46,179 --> 00:05:47,764
[Shep] We still have to make some tests.
83
00:05:48,556 --> 00:05:50,850
Tomorrow we are going to trigger
a real observation.
84
00:05:51,350 --> 00:05:55,396
And that's gonna involve
the South Pole, Spain, Chile,
85
00:05:55,730 --> 00:05:57,607
and God willing, the LMT.
86
00:05:58,149 --> 00:05:59,776
[producer]
You've got a clock ticking.
87
00:06:00,318 --> 00:06:01,194
I know.
88
00:06:01,736 --> 00:06:03,404
Cue the Mission Impossible theme.
89
00:06:08,826 --> 00:06:11,662
[Gopal] Look at-- That's the telescope,
buried underneath that
90
00:06:11,954 --> 00:06:13,873
uh, S-H-I-T, if I may say so.
91
00:06:13,956 --> 00:06:15,333
Wait, what happened here?
92
00:06:17,794 --> 00:06:20,129
-What-What happened?
-Weather happened to us.
93
00:06:22,090 --> 00:06:23,591
Wait, you're shitting me.
94
00:06:23,674 --> 00:06:26,427
Last 16 hours it's been beautiful
95
00:06:26,511 --> 00:06:29,180
and as soon as we come up,
like the gods hammer us?
96
00:06:32,767 --> 00:06:33,810
That's crap.
97
00:06:34,477 --> 00:06:37,021
[Gopal] Well we can't point and focus
through this weather right now
98
00:06:37,897 --> 00:06:39,482
[Shep] The schedule is supposed to start
99
00:06:39,565 --> 00:06:41,359
In 40 minutes...
100
00:06:42,693 --> 00:06:44,570
In, uh, 35 now.
101
00:06:45,113 --> 00:06:48,366
If we're still in the clouds
and it gets really cold,
102
00:06:48,449 --> 00:06:50,409
-it's going to be an ice situation.
-[Gopal] Yeah.
103
00:06:51,536 --> 00:06:52,787
That's a possibility.
104
00:06:52,954 --> 00:06:56,249
-[Gopal] That's what I'm worrying about.
-Yeah, I'm really worrying about that.
105
00:06:56,582 --> 00:06:59,919
Everybody cross their fingers,
use your favorite incantations,
106
00:07:00,002 --> 00:07:01,629
and we'll clear through this.
107
00:07:02,213 --> 00:07:04,382
[Shep] Okay, so we're gonna
set levels in the other room
108
00:07:04,465 --> 00:07:05,800
-and then we'll be ready to go.
-I need to adjust the power level
109
00:07:05,883 --> 00:07:07,260
of the upstairs a little bit.
110
00:07:07,343 --> 00:07:09,512
[Shep] You realize
that we're firing this thing off
111
00:07:09,595 --> 00:07:13,224
-in exactly 14 minutes and 15 seconds.
-[Gopal] Yeah, yeah, yeah, I know but...
112
00:07:17,812 --> 00:07:19,188
Ah, jeez.
113
00:07:25,862 --> 00:07:27,655
Did you say 65-73?
114
00:07:27,738 --> 00:07:30,199
So it's RCP and LCP high, right?
115
00:07:30,324 --> 00:07:31,159
We got one minute.
116
00:07:31,242 --> 00:07:33,661
[Gopal] Here we go, people,
hold onto your hats.
117
00:07:33,828 --> 00:07:35,246
Okay, we're ready.
118
00:07:37,081 --> 00:07:42,086
[Gopal] Four, three, two, one, zero!
119
00:07:42,336 --> 00:07:43,546
Blast off.
120
00:08:48,319 --> 00:08:49,278
[Ramesh Narayan] Oh boy.
121
00:08:50,613 --> 00:08:51,948
What is a black hole?
122
00:08:53,991 --> 00:08:55,368
It is so deep,
123
00:08:55,952 --> 00:09:01,457
it's so hard to fully appreciate
all of the physics that's going on.
124
00:09:02,333 --> 00:09:05,211
You can spend your life studying this.
125
00:09:11,342 --> 00:09:15,680
Imagine an object
where gravity has become so strong
126
00:09:16,430 --> 00:09:18,683
it has compressed all of the material
127
00:09:18,849 --> 00:09:21,561
with which it started down into a point.
128
00:09:25,565 --> 00:09:28,568
This object develops
what's called an event horizon.
129
00:09:29,193 --> 00:09:31,529
And this event horizon
has this amazing property
130
00:09:31,612 --> 00:09:33,072
that it's a one-way street.
131
00:09:33,531 --> 00:09:37,660
You can go from the outside to the inside,
but nothing will ever get out.
132
00:09:40,830 --> 00:09:43,666
The gravitational pull is so strong
133
00:09:44,458 --> 00:09:48,796
that anything that comes close enough
to it will just vanish inside.
134
00:09:53,801 --> 00:09:57,555
If something disappears
over the event horizon it's gone.
135
00:09:58,055 --> 00:10:00,057
And we no longer
have any knowledge of it.
136
00:10:02,268 --> 00:10:04,854
It is no longer detectable,
it's no longer knowable.
137
00:10:07,648 --> 00:10:08,816
It might still exist,
138
00:10:08,899 --> 00:10:11,319
it might not still exist,
we have no way of knowing.
139
00:10:13,487 --> 00:10:16,157
We have a contact
with a kind of phenomenon
140
00:10:16,240 --> 00:10:18,034
that we don't fully understand.
141
00:10:25,374 --> 00:10:29,629
[Janna Levin] It's like a vortex
in the universe in space and time.
142
00:10:31,005 --> 00:10:35,593
The darkest object we can imagine
mathematically fundamentally
143
00:10:35,760 --> 00:10:37,511
emits no light, reflects no light.
144
00:10:40,389 --> 00:10:42,183
But it becomes the engine
145
00:10:42,266 --> 00:10:45,394
of the most powerful events
we now observe in the universe.
146
00:10:53,402 --> 00:10:55,279
There's something about them
147
00:10:56,781 --> 00:10:59,575
that really pushes the mind. [laughs]
148
00:11:05,998 --> 00:11:07,416
[Hawking] Can you hear me?
149
00:11:08,209 --> 00:11:09,919
[audience] Yes.
150
00:11:12,713 --> 00:11:16,550
It is said that fact
is sometimes stranger than fiction,
151
00:11:16,634 --> 00:11:20,346
but nowhere is that more true
than in the case of black holes.
152
00:11:22,681 --> 00:11:26,977
Currently I'm working
with my Cambridge colleague Malcolm Perry,
153
00:11:27,103 --> 00:11:29,397
and Andy Strominger from Harvard,
154
00:11:29,522 --> 00:11:32,274
on a new theory to explain the mechanism
155
00:11:32,358 --> 00:11:35,861
by which information is returned
out of the black hole.
156
00:11:37,321 --> 00:11:38,823
Watch this space...
157
00:11:44,412 --> 00:11:46,372
[Andy Strominger] I met Stephen in 1982.
158
00:11:47,665 --> 00:11:52,878
Over the years we coincided on a number
of topics, a surprising number,
159
00:11:54,463 --> 00:11:58,342
but the very kind of intense thing
that's grown over the last,
160
00:11:58,426 --> 00:12:00,845
-what is it now, three years? Yeah.
-Three years. Yeah.
161
00:12:01,470 --> 00:12:07,226
Has been a whole new, wonderful level.
162
00:12:07,601 --> 00:12:10,104
-[Malcolm] And quite different.
-[Andy] Quite different, yeah.
163
00:12:12,356 --> 00:12:15,776
[Malcolm] It was a fabulous warm day,
164
00:12:16,694 --> 00:12:18,362
kind of unusual in England for April,
165
00:12:19,029 --> 00:12:20,698
so we had a lecture outside.
166
00:12:22,074 --> 00:12:24,243
This was in a place
called Great Brampton House.
167
00:12:25,161 --> 00:12:30,708
[Andy] For the last 10 years, Stephen
and friends organized a small retreat.
168
00:12:33,127 --> 00:12:36,213
I had these ideas about
169
00:12:36,297 --> 00:12:38,757
the structure
of the edges of infinity and...
170
00:12:39,341 --> 00:12:42,470
how they could store information.
171
00:12:42,928 --> 00:12:45,806
[Malcolm] I was simply listening
to this lecture and I felt
172
00:12:45,890 --> 00:12:47,808
that the phenomenon he was describing
173
00:12:47,892 --> 00:12:49,810
could be happening
on the surface of the black hole.
174
00:12:51,353 --> 00:12:53,898
[Andy] Stephen picked up
on that immediately.
175
00:12:54,523 --> 00:12:58,652
He said, this is it, this is the piece
that we've been missing.
176
00:12:59,653 --> 00:13:02,781
He is very eager to unravel the paradox
177
00:13:02,865 --> 00:13:06,410
that he unleashed on the world in 1975.
178
00:13:07,578 --> 00:13:09,455
{\an8}[Malcolm] Something called
the information paradox,
179
00:13:10,748 --> 00:13:14,084
{\an8}which basically says that black holes
annihilate information,
180
00:13:14,793 --> 00:13:18,130
{\an8}which should not be possible.
That's the paradox.
181
00:13:18,797 --> 00:13:20,508
It implies that there's a breakdown
182
00:13:20,591 --> 00:13:23,135
of laws of physics
in the presence of black holes.
183
00:13:24,887 --> 00:13:26,388
[Sasha Haco] This is why
we're chasing this problem,
184
00:13:26,597 --> 00:13:28,933
because if information is lost,
then that contradicts
185
00:13:29,517 --> 00:13:31,644
almost everything we know about physics.
186
00:13:32,228 --> 00:13:35,105
Something's gone wrong
understanding how black holes work.
187
00:13:37,107 --> 00:13:41,612
From the outside you can't tell
what is inside a black hole.
188
00:13:42,780 --> 00:13:45,866
When you look at a black hole,
all you can tell about it
189
00:13:46,033 --> 00:13:49,161
are its mass, its charge
and its state of rotation.
190
00:13:49,495 --> 00:13:52,665
And that's the same for any black hole
no matter what it was made out of.
191
00:13:53,123 --> 00:13:57,169
This means that a black hole contains
a lot of information
192
00:13:57,253 --> 00:13:59,880
that is hidden from the outside world.
193
00:14:01,423 --> 00:14:04,843
That was a very weird thing people
to get to grips with and then
194
00:14:04,927 --> 00:14:06,804
Stephen Hawking made
this amazing discovery
195
00:14:06,887 --> 00:14:08,847
of Hawking Radiation, that says actually
196
00:14:09,056 --> 00:14:10,307
stuff comes out of a black hole,
197
00:14:11,016 --> 00:14:13,060
and that's where
the problem really started.
198
00:14:17,731 --> 00:14:20,150
{\an8}[Laura Ruetsche] It turns out
they're not black, they radiate.
199
00:14:21,735 --> 00:14:25,322
And as they radiate they lose mass
and eventually disappear.
200
00:14:28,617 --> 00:14:31,328
An equivalent mass of elephants
could form a black hole,
201
00:14:31,495 --> 00:14:34,540
an equivalent mass of Encyclopedia
Britannica could form a black hole.
202
00:14:34,832 --> 00:14:36,834
The black hole evaporates
and what's left behind
203
00:14:36,917 --> 00:14:38,711
is the same sea of Hawking Radiation.
204
00:14:40,796 --> 00:14:44,842
It appears that the information
about what fell in is lost.
205
00:14:46,302 --> 00:14:49,013
The particles that
come out of a black hole
206
00:14:49,096 --> 00:14:51,098
seem to be completely random
207
00:14:51,682 --> 00:14:54,393
and to bear no relation to what fell in.
208
00:14:58,898 --> 00:15:03,319
[Andy] If what Hawking said were correct,
it can spit out anything.
209
00:15:03,944 --> 00:15:07,239
It can spit out a piano,
it can spit out a trombone, it--
210
00:15:07,448 --> 00:15:10,034
It can-- Anything can come out.
211
00:15:16,123 --> 00:15:20,127
That means that
the basic nature of the universe
212
00:15:20,753 --> 00:15:23,047
is just random.
213
00:15:26,759 --> 00:15:31,305
There aren't really physical laws
which govern the entire universe.
214
00:15:33,515 --> 00:15:35,726
This is every physicist's nightmare.
215
00:15:39,813 --> 00:15:41,857
[James Weatherall]
Much of our knowledge of the universe
216
00:15:42,650 --> 00:15:44,193
is grounded on
217
00:15:44,777 --> 00:15:48,280
our belief that we can reliably predict
using the laws of nature.
218
00:15:49,531 --> 00:15:53,035
We have a physical theory,
we make predictions using that theory,
219
00:15:53,118 --> 00:15:57,498
we do experiments or observations
to see if those predictions were realized.
220
00:16:00,042 --> 00:16:03,796
We understand the early universe
by using the laws of physics
221
00:16:04,421 --> 00:16:07,883
to predict backwards and say
what the world must have been like.
222
00:16:10,886 --> 00:16:13,472
If those laws break down,
223
00:16:16,308 --> 00:16:19,520
it's about the limits of knowledge.
224
00:16:22,523 --> 00:16:25,901
What sorts of things
could we possibly know about the world?
225
00:16:35,202 --> 00:16:37,830
[Hawking] If the predictability
of the universe
226
00:16:37,913 --> 00:16:39,873
breaks down with black holes,
227
00:16:40,040 --> 00:16:42,835
it could break down in other situations.
228
00:16:44,712 --> 00:16:47,965
Even worse, if information is lost,
229
00:16:48,048 --> 00:16:51,093
we can't be sure
of our past history either.
230
00:16:53,220 --> 00:16:56,974
The history books and our memories
could just be illusions.
231
00:16:59,309 --> 00:17:02,187
It is the past that tells us who we are.
232
00:17:04,898 --> 00:17:07,901
Without it we lose our identity.
233
00:17:12,281 --> 00:17:13,532
[dishes clattering]
234
00:17:19,413 --> 00:17:21,040
[mixing]
235
00:17:22,249 --> 00:17:26,128
[Andy] Since I was a graduate student,
the information paradox
236
00:17:26,503 --> 00:17:29,173
has been central in my thinking.
237
00:17:34,470 --> 00:17:36,722
It's a sort of 24/7 thing.
238
00:17:39,183 --> 00:17:43,395
I get up, I make myself a cup of coffee,
I sit down with a pad of paper.
239
00:17:45,147 --> 00:17:48,442
I'm thinking about it
when I brush my teeth,
240
00:17:49,151 --> 00:17:50,402
dream about it.
241
00:17:55,324 --> 00:18:00,871
It is the most interesting,
well-posed question
242
00:18:01,330 --> 00:18:02,664
in modern physics.
243
00:18:06,418 --> 00:18:07,920
So interesting that
244
00:18:09,421 --> 00:18:13,467
I was ready to devote my life
to trying to understand it.
245
00:18:14,551 --> 00:18:16,720
[indistinct chatter]
246
00:18:22,601 --> 00:18:24,353
[indistinct chatter]
247
00:18:26,021 --> 00:18:29,233
[Andy] In the 40 years
since Hawking's argument...
248
00:18:29,608 --> 00:18:32,277
By the way,
while, while Malcolm's erasing...
249
00:18:32,778 --> 00:18:35,447
[Andy] There's certainly been
thousands of papers
250
00:18:36,532 --> 00:18:40,744
about how the paradox might be avoided.
251
00:18:40,994 --> 00:18:42,579
[indistinct chatter]
252
00:18:43,622 --> 00:18:45,499
None of them has gained
253
00:18:46,083 --> 00:18:47,751
universal acceptance
254
00:18:48,418 --> 00:18:52,881
and they all are problematic
in one way or another.
255
00:18:54,675 --> 00:18:56,135
So the magical formula I think
256
00:18:56,218 --> 00:18:58,345
-I could write out in excruciating detail.
-[Andy] Yeah.
257
00:18:58,637 --> 00:19:02,766
So while Malcolm's writing, um...
258
00:19:03,934 --> 00:19:07,688
what we've done
is first of all worked out...
259
00:19:07,771 --> 00:19:12,860
But now, Stephen, Malcolm
and I have found a mechanism
260
00:19:13,485 --> 00:19:19,158
by which the information paradox
might possibly be resolved.
261
00:19:19,241 --> 00:19:20,826
-[beeps]
-Wow. Seems very exciting.
262
00:19:21,743 --> 00:19:24,580
It's the beginning of something deep,
we really quite don't know what...
263
00:19:24,663 --> 00:19:27,875
[Andy] Investigating this
is vigorously underway now.
264
00:19:27,958 --> 00:19:31,378
-But central terms of what...
-[Hawking] What is the super rotation?
265
00:19:32,921 --> 00:19:36,884
So, the super rotations,
so ordinary BMS group
266
00:19:37,926 --> 00:19:41,346
Physics is about finding the truth
267
00:19:42,014 --> 00:19:43,265
about the universe.
268
00:19:44,558 --> 00:19:47,186
We might not ever get all of it...
269
00:19:47,728 --> 00:19:49,313
This then gives us a conservation law...
270
00:19:49,396 --> 00:19:52,024
but I think
there's a good shot that, uh,
271
00:19:52,107 --> 00:19:55,903
in my lifetime, we'll nail this one.
272
00:19:56,236 --> 00:20:00,324
And so that's conservation
of super rotation charge.
273
00:20:01,200 --> 00:20:04,995
Now, let me erase here...
274
00:20:18,133 --> 00:20:19,509
[Heino Falcke] Seeing is believing.
275
00:20:21,970 --> 00:20:25,849
That's the most credible and the most
powerful sense that we have.
276
00:20:26,642 --> 00:20:27,976
We need to see things.
277
00:20:28,810 --> 00:20:30,479
We long to see things.
278
00:20:34,691 --> 00:20:38,278
In my mind, like for 10 years,
there's no question there is a black hole
279
00:20:38,362 --> 00:20:41,782
and there's no question it's possible.
I still want to see that stupid image.
280
00:20:42,324 --> 00:20:43,408
I want to see it.
281
00:20:49,206 --> 00:20:53,669
[Dimitrios Psaltis] We have never actually
seen the telltale sign of the black hole
282
00:20:53,752 --> 00:20:58,882
which is that virtual region, the horizon,
from which not even light can escape.
283
00:21:00,467 --> 00:21:02,469
With the Event Horizon Telescope
we're going to zoom
284
00:21:02,552 --> 00:21:04,471
all the way to the size of the horizon,
285
00:21:05,013 --> 00:21:08,016
and see if it will cast
a silhouette, will cast a shadow.
286
00:21:10,018 --> 00:21:12,062
[Shep] The Event Horizon Telescope
is the culmination
287
00:21:12,145 --> 00:21:14,147
of really decades of work.
288
00:21:17,025 --> 00:21:19,569
[Shep] Once we began
to realize that we could make an image,
289
00:21:20,779 --> 00:21:22,656
that became fascinating.
290
00:21:24,491 --> 00:21:27,202
So over the past years
we've gone to new sites,
291
00:21:27,286 --> 00:21:30,706
{\an8}and we've had to convince those
new sites that the science is worthy.
292
00:21:31,873 --> 00:21:35,335
We've had to develop
and install very specialized
293
00:21:35,419 --> 00:21:37,337
and expensive equipment
at all of these sites
294
00:21:38,130 --> 00:21:40,173
{\an8}in all of these extreme places.
295
00:21:45,137 --> 00:21:49,141
We are now at the moment when
we'll be doing our first observing
296
00:21:49,349 --> 00:21:51,226
with the chance of making an image.
297
00:21:53,228 --> 00:21:55,063
[Feryal Ozel]
That's still a question mark but
298
00:21:55,689 --> 00:21:58,108
-local wisdom is a go.
-[Dimitrios] Yeah.
299
00:21:58,191 --> 00:22:02,362
SPT weather good, no-go for pointing.
300
00:22:02,988 --> 00:22:04,114
[Feryal Ozel] Pointing issues.
301
00:22:04,197 --> 00:22:06,992
SMT technically ready, weather forecast
302
00:22:07,075 --> 00:22:09,870
possible of high wind
but unlikely to cause anything.
303
00:22:11,163 --> 00:22:13,373
[Feryal] So night's outlook
is good, right?
304
00:22:13,457 --> 00:22:14,333
[Dimitrios] Yes.
305
00:22:15,459 --> 00:22:19,087
We set up telescopes around the earth
that can talk to each other,
306
00:22:19,171 --> 00:22:21,340
that can record data in tandem,
307
00:22:21,965 --> 00:22:24,926
so after the fact
we can combine these data
308
00:22:25,135 --> 00:22:29,097
and make it act like
they were actually one telescope.
309
00:22:31,725 --> 00:22:34,978
Right now, the Event Horizon Telescope
is an array
310
00:22:35,062 --> 00:22:37,314
of eight dishes across the globe
311
00:22:38,273 --> 00:22:43,904
from the South Pole
to the Arizona desert to Hawaii to Chile
312
00:22:47,157 --> 00:22:50,827
creating, effectively,
an earth-sized telescope.
313
00:22:52,788 --> 00:22:54,539
{\an8}[Dimitrios]
Weather forecast is good for Pico.
314
00:22:54,748 --> 00:22:56,875
{\an8}[Feryal] I mean, they say excellent, so...
315
00:22:57,459 --> 00:22:59,836
{\an8}-[Shep] Looks pretty good to me.
-[Feryal] I'm changing this to .2...
316
00:22:59,920 --> 00:23:04,466
I'd like to see the LMT water vapor map.
317
00:23:04,549 --> 00:23:05,592
[indistinct chatter]
318
00:23:07,010 --> 00:23:08,595
[Shep] When you have a single facility,
319
00:23:08,845 --> 00:23:10,680
it's the weather above that one telescope
320
00:23:10,764 --> 00:23:12,682
that has to be perfect
for a night's observing.
321
00:23:13,391 --> 00:23:17,354
Now imagine you need perfect weather
at every single site around the array.
322
00:23:18,105 --> 00:23:21,483
By the time we start observing,
it's going to have moved past
323
00:23:21,733 --> 00:23:23,360
but we don't know
what else is going to move in.
324
00:23:23,819 --> 00:23:24,986
Seems to be accelerating.
325
00:23:25,654 --> 00:23:28,365
-Right.
-So SMT is getting worse.
326
00:23:29,616 --> 00:23:31,034
[Shep] So what are the pinch points here?
327
00:23:31,368 --> 00:23:33,286
It's really just LMT and SMT,
328
00:23:33,411 --> 00:23:36,832
and we're gonna have to make
a decision based... at South Pole,
329
00:23:36,915 --> 00:23:39,334
just based on what we know now
which is they might have pointing issues.
330
00:23:39,793 --> 00:23:42,546
LMT, how worried are you
about the maser?
331
00:23:44,381 --> 00:23:45,966
I'm a little worried about the maser
332
00:23:46,049 --> 00:23:48,218
just because we haven't done
some of the tests that would let us...
333
00:23:49,970 --> 00:23:51,471
see how good it is.
334
00:23:52,347 --> 00:23:55,559
-Shep, it's 3:30, we have half an hour.
-Yeah.
335
00:23:55,642 --> 00:23:56,768
Should we call it?
336
00:23:59,646 --> 00:24:00,689
[hesitant noise]
337
00:24:02,858 --> 00:24:05,485
I basically think
that we should trigger for tonight.
338
00:24:05,861 --> 00:24:07,988
I think it's probably
the best weather we're gonna get,
339
00:24:08,071 --> 00:24:09,781
technical issues are breaking our way.
340
00:24:09,865 --> 00:24:11,867
I mean, of all the nights
to have a question mark
341
00:24:11,950 --> 00:24:13,618
by South Pole this is the one to have it.
342
00:24:13,743 --> 00:24:14,578
[Dimitrios] Yeah.
343
00:24:15,078 --> 00:24:16,037
Um...
344
00:24:17,289 --> 00:24:22,043
We'll get some pretty good
M87 scans, one hopes, right?
345
00:24:22,961 --> 00:24:23,837
[general agreement]
346
00:24:24,254 --> 00:24:25,922
So let it be written, so let it be done.
347
00:24:26,673 --> 00:24:29,551
I will make the decision,
I will broadcast it.
348
00:24:29,634 --> 00:24:32,304
Night five, track D is a go!
349
00:24:33,430 --> 00:24:35,432
[Dimitrios] May all future nights
be as good as this one.
350
00:24:36,725 --> 00:24:39,477
[Shep] And then, all around the world,
351
00:24:40,478 --> 00:24:42,731
all the telescopes swivel at the same time
352
00:24:43,899 --> 00:24:47,360
and we will begin to record photons
from the black hole.
353
00:24:59,372 --> 00:25:03,335
[Feryal] How big a black hole looks
in the sky is a combination of its mass
354
00:25:03,543 --> 00:25:05,170
and how far away it is.
355
00:25:07,422 --> 00:25:10,967
The black hole at the center
of our galaxy, Sagittarius A*,
356
00:25:11,259 --> 00:25:15,597
has the largest angular size in the sky
followed by M87.
357
00:25:16,598 --> 00:25:19,726
M87's black hole
is a thousand times bigger
358
00:25:19,893 --> 00:25:22,395
but roughly a thousand times farther away.
359
00:25:23,438 --> 00:25:27,234
They turn out to have
pretty comparable sizes in the sky.
360
00:25:34,074 --> 00:25:37,410
This is central command,
it's always manned 24/7.
361
00:25:37,786 --> 00:25:40,956
Uh, people write in and they say
I'm having an emergency with
362
00:25:41,289 --> 00:25:44,668
one of my recorders,
or my receiver, or something.
363
00:25:44,751 --> 00:25:46,253
We hope to be bored.
364
00:25:46,962 --> 00:25:48,546
{\an8}We hope that there's nothing to do
365
00:25:48,630 --> 00:25:51,633
{\an8}and that everything is going smoothly
and that nothing goes wrong.
366
00:25:52,592 --> 00:25:55,470
But you know, we're here just in case.
367
00:25:56,805 --> 00:26:00,934
We've just finished Day Three
of the EHT observations.
368
00:26:01,476 --> 00:26:03,061
It's been unprecedented.
369
00:26:03,228 --> 00:26:07,399
We triggered three consecutive
nights of observing
370
00:26:07,607 --> 00:26:09,901
and that's because
the weather has been phenomenal.
371
00:26:10,402 --> 00:26:12,279
And the team is quite tired
372
00:26:12,362 --> 00:26:15,115
because we've been working
round the clock for three days.
373
00:26:15,198 --> 00:26:16,700
They're at high altitude sites,
374
00:26:16,950 --> 00:26:18,868
they're paying
a lot of attention to detail,
375
00:26:18,952 --> 00:26:20,453
they're under a lot of stress,
376
00:26:20,537 --> 00:26:22,205
they're trying to run down problems,
377
00:26:22,289 --> 00:26:25,208
and we're pushing people
to the limit at this point.
378
00:26:31,006 --> 00:26:32,674
[birds chirping]
379
00:26:32,966 --> 00:26:33,842
[vehicle honks]
380
00:26:36,886 --> 00:26:38,888
[Atish Kamble] Final scan
of Sagittarius A* begins.
381
00:26:39,889 --> 00:26:43,810
This is it, oh yeah,
so this is it. The final scan
382
00:26:44,728 --> 00:26:46,730
of the 2017 observations
383
00:26:47,897 --> 00:26:49,274
on Sagittarius A*.
384
00:26:50,900 --> 00:26:53,528
["Over the Rainbow" by Israel
Kamakawiwoole begins playing]
385
00:27:01,619 --> 00:27:07,542
♪ Somewhere over the rainbow ♪
386
00:27:08,793 --> 00:27:11,629
♪ Bluebirds fly ♪
387
00:27:11,796 --> 00:27:13,757
-Did you write that "woohoo"?
-Yup.
388
00:27:15,800 --> 00:27:18,261
[singing along]
♪ Dreams that you dream of ♪
389
00:27:18,678 --> 00:27:24,642
{\an8}♪ Dreams really do come true-ooh-ooh ♪
390
00:27:26,644 --> 00:27:29,481
{\an8}♪ Someday I'll wish upon a star ♪
391
00:27:29,981 --> 00:27:36,988
{\an8}♪ Wake up where
the clouds are far behind me ♪
392
00:27:37,906 --> 00:27:39,032
♪ Where ♪
393
00:27:39,115 --> 00:27:44,788
I think this song just really captures
how good it is to realize something
394
00:27:44,871 --> 00:27:47,207
that you've been working on for ages.
395
00:27:49,584 --> 00:27:50,752
[producer] How long?
396
00:27:52,504 --> 00:27:53,755
I've been working on this for...
397
00:27:54,839 --> 00:27:56,257
I don't know, 20 years.
398
00:28:00,929 --> 00:28:05,350
Next at every EHT site, everybody
will pack up the hard disk drives
399
00:28:05,558 --> 00:28:08,686
carefully, very carefully,
400
00:28:09,104 --> 00:28:11,356
ship them back
to the central processing facility.
401
00:28:13,525 --> 00:28:14,943
Wait. Guys, we're done!
402
00:28:16,820 --> 00:28:18,780
We just finished...
We've finished the whole thing?
403
00:28:19,322 --> 00:28:21,324
We're done, it's a wrap!
404
00:28:21,408 --> 00:28:22,283
[clapping]
405
00:28:24,577 --> 00:28:27,122
We just finished the entire scan,
406
00:28:27,956 --> 00:28:31,709
and the entire schedule,
and the entire campaign,
407
00:28:33,795 --> 00:28:36,756
and the entire Event Horizon Telescope
408
00:28:38,174 --> 00:28:40,802
observations for this year.
409
00:28:43,179 --> 00:28:45,682
[Shep] The great challenge
for the Event Horizon Telescope
410
00:28:45,765 --> 00:28:49,394
is only when you get all the data back
to the central correlation facility
411
00:28:49,477 --> 00:28:51,271
do you truly know that everything worked.
412
00:28:52,063 --> 00:28:53,898
And that will take over a month.
413
00:28:55,316 --> 00:28:57,527
Until then there's always this tension,
414
00:28:57,986 --> 00:29:01,072
there's always this slight uncertainty
that something's been overlooked.
415
00:29:03,825 --> 00:29:08,663
So May, springtime, rebirth,
imaging black holes,
416
00:29:10,415 --> 00:29:12,417
it's gonna be quite a summer,
I'll tell you that.
417
00:31:19,794 --> 00:31:20,962
[Lydia Patton] It's been
a perennial question
418
00:31:21,045 --> 00:31:22,547
in the philosophy of science,
419
00:31:24,090 --> 00:31:28,094
if what we're primarily
interested in are phenomena
420
00:31:28,177 --> 00:31:30,930
as they can be detected experimentally,
421
00:31:33,933 --> 00:31:36,519
how, in fact,
422
00:31:36,811 --> 00:31:39,898
do we come to have knowledge
about unobservable entities?
423
00:31:51,701 --> 00:31:57,040
{\an8}I've always had a pull
towards the invisible
424
00:31:57,332 --> 00:31:58,666
{\an8}and the mysterious.
425
00:31:59,959 --> 00:32:03,004
I've sort of naturally gravitated
to black holes.
426
00:32:06,382 --> 00:32:11,387
But a black hole is very, very hard
to understand with just the equations.
427
00:32:19,562 --> 00:32:23,566
If you really want to know anything
at any level of detail,
428
00:32:24,400 --> 00:32:27,987
you're not going to do it
with just, just pure mathematics,
429
00:32:28,071 --> 00:32:29,113
it's not going to happen.
430
00:32:29,489 --> 00:32:31,741
You need to simulate it on a computer.
431
00:32:39,123 --> 00:32:42,794
You have what's called an accretion disk
that's orbiting the black hole.
432
00:32:44,128 --> 00:32:45,088
It's chaotic.
433
00:32:48,049 --> 00:32:51,844
It's ionized gas,
it's got magnetic fields,
434
00:32:52,095 --> 00:32:53,763
the whole thing is churning.
435
00:32:55,348 --> 00:32:57,684
The gas gets hot and then it radiates.
436
00:33:02,438 --> 00:33:04,440
That gets a little too complicated
437
00:33:04,524 --> 00:33:07,193
for a theorist to calculate
with pencil and paper.
438
00:33:15,576 --> 00:33:20,456
{\an8}[Priyamvada] Simulations really
help us make what is invisible,
439
00:33:21,082 --> 00:33:24,502
{\an8}what is unseen, seen.
440
00:33:43,104 --> 00:33:44,647
{\an8}[birds chirping]
441
00:33:55,575 --> 00:33:57,785
-[Malcolm Perry] It must be Andy.
-[Sasha] Hiya.
442
00:33:58,953 --> 00:34:01,164
We have almost incredibly good news.
443
00:34:01,372 --> 00:34:03,166
-What?
-[indistinct chatter]
444
00:34:04,083 --> 00:34:05,168
But not quite.
445
00:34:05,752 --> 00:34:07,587
[Malcolm]
There's a missing link somewhere.
446
00:34:08,254 --> 00:34:10,673
If you don't worry about it
you get the right answer.
447
00:34:10,757 --> 00:34:12,717
[Andy] Oh well, I never worry, so...
448
00:34:13,468 --> 00:34:16,179
[Malcolm] Once a year,
Stephen Hawking and his friends
449
00:34:16,763 --> 00:34:19,599
take over some house somewhere,
450
00:34:20,308 --> 00:34:23,144
where we can exchange ideas,
where we can have fun,
451
00:34:23,227 --> 00:34:25,229
where we can go off into
the mountains and have a hike.
452
00:34:25,313 --> 00:34:26,355
Stephen arrived.
453
00:34:26,522 --> 00:34:28,316
-[Andy] Stephen's here, great.
-So if you go
454
00:34:28,566 --> 00:34:29,650
all the way that way,
455
00:34:29,734 --> 00:34:30,735
-you can say hello to him.
-Okay.
456
00:34:31,736 --> 00:34:32,737
[woman laughing]
457
00:34:33,029 --> 00:34:37,909
Stephen, Sasha, Malcolm and I found
a chink in the armor
458
00:34:38,493 --> 00:34:40,578
of, uh... more than a chink,
459
00:34:40,661 --> 00:34:44,707
a huge gap in the armor
of the information paradox.
460
00:34:44,791 --> 00:34:47,126
-Why don't we use the blackboard in there.
-All right.
461
00:34:47,210 --> 00:34:48,669
[Andy] The old story was...
462
00:34:50,254 --> 00:34:53,925
there just wasn't any way that
a black hole could store information,
463
00:34:54,008 --> 00:34:55,676
it was just a hole in space.
464
00:34:57,762 --> 00:34:59,597
[Malcolm] What we've discovered
is that the horizon
465
00:34:59,680 --> 00:35:02,016
does have some properties
that encode information.
466
00:35:03,559 --> 00:35:07,105
Namely, the supertranslation
and the superrotation degrees of freedom,
467
00:35:07,188 --> 00:35:08,898
what we now call the "soft hair"
468
00:35:08,981 --> 00:35:10,775
-Okay.
-Uh oh, put it round.
469
00:35:12,693 --> 00:35:17,698
[Andy] The hair is spread
around the horizon of the black hole.
470
00:35:18,616 --> 00:35:20,785
When you throw
something into the black hole
471
00:35:21,285 --> 00:35:22,578
you change its hairdo.
472
00:35:22,870 --> 00:35:25,957
So you start like this, you throw
something in, it goes like that.
473
00:35:27,583 --> 00:35:32,088
We discovered there's a record
of what fell into the black hole.
474
00:35:34,340 --> 00:35:37,969
Some information
is definitely transferred.
475
00:35:41,389 --> 00:35:43,683
We don't know yet if all of it is.
476
00:35:45,810 --> 00:35:49,856
And that's really what we are currently
trying hard to investigate
477
00:35:49,939 --> 00:35:50,857
-It looks like this.
-[Sasha Haco] Yeah.
478
00:35:50,940 --> 00:35:53,067
It only contains, um, with two derivatives
479
00:35:53,151 --> 00:35:55,778
-in epsilon, so that'll vanish.
-Okay.
480
00:35:55,903 --> 00:35:59,073
We need to see if this soft hair
and these soft particles
481
00:35:59,157 --> 00:36:01,159
can encode
all the information in a black hole.
482
00:36:01,242 --> 00:36:02,827
Okay, so we're not worried
about that term.
483
00:36:02,910 --> 00:36:04,704
-[Malcolm] No.
-Did you look at that term, too?
484
00:36:05,204 --> 00:36:06,455
[Andy] There's a formula,
485
00:36:07,081 --> 00:36:10,835
{\an8}by Bekenstein and Hawking
in the early '70s
486
00:36:11,669 --> 00:36:14,255
for exactly how many
487
00:36:15,214 --> 00:36:18,843
gigabytes of information
can be stored in a black hole.
488
00:36:19,760 --> 00:36:24,515
So the very first test,
which we have not yet passed,
489
00:36:25,933 --> 00:36:29,729
is counting the information
using the soft hair
490
00:36:30,313 --> 00:36:35,109
and showing that it gives
exactly the right answer.
491
00:36:38,487 --> 00:36:41,199
[Sasha] If we can get
the central charge to be 12J,
492
00:36:41,741 --> 00:36:43,201
information is not lost.
493
00:36:43,743 --> 00:36:45,203
Information is conserved,
494
00:36:45,453 --> 00:36:46,996
and that we'll be able to trace
this information
495
00:36:47,079 --> 00:36:48,873
by looking at the horizon.
496
00:36:49,790 --> 00:36:52,418
And we've spent about
three months getting zero,
497
00:36:52,501 --> 00:36:54,295
then another three months
getting infinity,
498
00:36:54,503 --> 00:36:56,214
and the last few weeks, Malcolm
499
00:36:56,714 --> 00:36:59,300
thought he got 12 and now we think
that's actually wrong again.
500
00:37:00,176 --> 00:37:02,303
As of today, we have 12,
501
00:37:02,386 --> 00:37:05,223
but with a dubious step.
502
00:37:06,057 --> 00:37:08,517
[Andy] Are you saying
that that integration by parts
503
00:37:08,601 --> 00:37:10,645
was done to get this last formula?
504
00:37:12,104 --> 00:37:13,105
I have a feeling.
505
00:37:13,898 --> 00:37:17,818
Yeah, because there's no terms
with two derivatives on zeta.
506
00:37:18,527 --> 00:37:21,405
Well, the whole point was to get rid
of two derivative terms on zeta.
507
00:37:22,990 --> 00:37:24,533
But maybe they're really there.
508
00:37:27,078 --> 00:37:31,791
What-- Um, let's see, uh, okay.
509
00:37:32,208 --> 00:37:35,670
So I think we need to think
a little more about this. Um...
510
00:37:38,881 --> 00:37:40,883
[Andy] Oh, Stephen's here. Saved!
511
00:37:41,342 --> 00:37:42,802
[everyone laughing]
512
00:37:43,135 --> 00:37:44,887
-[Andy] Hello, Stephen!
-[Sasha] Hi, Stephen.
513
00:37:44,971 --> 00:37:45,805
[Malcolm] Hello, Stephen.
514
00:37:46,138 --> 00:37:49,892
[Andy] Why don't we give Stephen
the executive summary.
515
00:37:50,142 --> 00:37:51,477
Assuming everything is right.
516
00:37:51,894 --> 00:37:53,354
-To be confirmed.
-No, no,
517
00:37:53,437 --> 00:37:54,981
you never assume everything is right.
518
00:37:56,857 --> 00:37:59,485
-To be checked, everything to be checked.
-[Malcolm] Yeah. Everything to be checked.
519
00:38:00,027 --> 00:38:03,990
You know, it's the usual roller coaster,
a few minutes ago we were very excited
520
00:38:04,073 --> 00:38:08,411
because the central term
came out on the nose
521
00:38:08,786 --> 00:38:14,750
exactly what it needs to be
to get the, uh, area law,
522
00:38:15,334 --> 00:38:19,463
then we realized we...
we might have missed some terms.
523
00:38:23,676 --> 00:38:25,428
Something good seems to be happening.
524
00:38:27,805 --> 00:38:29,348
But we have our work cut out.
525
00:38:30,391 --> 00:38:31,684
[crickets chirping]
526
00:38:39,525 --> 00:38:41,152
[Malcolm] There's something else
we might have forgotten.
527
00:38:41,652 --> 00:38:42,528
[Andy] What?
528
00:38:42,987 --> 00:38:45,364
[Malcolm] There was a question
of an F plus minus term.
529
00:38:46,449 --> 00:38:48,159
Yeah, I've been bothered by that.
530
00:38:48,451 --> 00:38:51,996
So, it could be the F plus minus
term takes this away.
531
00:38:52,788 --> 00:38:55,666
Well, what are we doing
about that, because...
532
00:38:55,958 --> 00:39:00,713
Well I thought I didn't produce anything
with three derivatives of epsilon,
533
00:39:01,213 --> 00:39:02,631
-but...
-We better check that.
534
00:39:05,843 --> 00:39:07,678
[Andy] There's a number we're after.
535
00:39:08,679 --> 00:39:10,306
12 times the angular momentum.
536
00:39:11,849 --> 00:39:14,226
-So I think that is...
-Or divergence of--
537
00:39:14,393 --> 00:39:17,563
[Andy] It's so hard to get the number,
it's really hard to get the number.
538
00:39:18,689 --> 00:39:21,359
If you do get the number...
539
00:39:22,360 --> 00:39:23,194
[Malcolm] Up here.
540
00:39:23,277 --> 00:39:26,864
[Andy] ...that will tell you that black
holes have the capacity to store...
541
00:39:26,947 --> 00:39:28,199
[indistinct chatter]
542
00:39:28,282 --> 00:39:30,493
[Andy] ...all the information
that might have been lost...
543
00:39:30,576 --> 00:39:32,411
I think there's a path in there somewhere.
544
00:39:32,870 --> 00:39:36,082
A giant step towards solving
the information paradox.
545
00:39:36,582 --> 00:39:39,377
[Sasha] And Malcolm got from
that to this by integrating by parts.
546
00:39:40,461 --> 00:39:42,004
-Illegally.
-Yes.
547
00:39:42,088 --> 00:39:45,299
[Sasha] But, by using divergence
of a three-form...
548
00:39:45,383 --> 00:39:48,177
-You can do the same thing.
-You can get to this exact equation
549
00:39:48,260 --> 00:39:51,013
-and you always have room for...
-[Hawking] How many conformal
550
00:39:51,097 --> 00:39:53,599
killing vectors on the two sphere?
551
00:39:54,392 --> 00:39:55,935
-Three!
-[Hawking] An infinite number?
552
00:39:56,769 --> 00:39:57,895
Six!
553
00:39:59,063 --> 00:40:01,982
Stephen's a very interesting person
to work with because...
554
00:40:02,691 --> 00:40:06,570
I guess he's a man of few words,
so everything he says is really important.
555
00:40:06,654 --> 00:40:10,491
Globally well-defined
strict killing vectors,
556
00:40:10,574 --> 00:40:13,911
there are three of them.
Globally well-defined...
557
00:40:14,703 --> 00:40:16,705
[Sasha] He'll ask something
which might at first sight
558
00:40:16,997 --> 00:40:19,041
seem to be he's just clarifying something,
559
00:40:19,500 --> 00:40:21,127
and actually it turns out to be
560
00:40:21,544 --> 00:40:23,879
he's got a slightly different idea or...
561
00:40:24,839 --> 00:40:27,174
he just gives a bit
of his insight or intuition.
562
00:40:28,092 --> 00:40:30,928
Which might then sort of confuse everybody
563
00:40:31,011 --> 00:40:32,972
and then we realize
actually it's really important.
564
00:40:33,055 --> 00:40:34,765
So we've been, uh...
565
00:40:35,599 --> 00:40:38,978
we're religiously abiding
by your instructions to...
566
00:40:41,188 --> 00:40:43,232
forget about infinity.
567
00:40:43,774 --> 00:40:47,445
[Andy] I was laying some groundwork first,
568
00:40:47,778 --> 00:40:49,280
sort of circling the mountain,
569
00:40:49,363 --> 00:40:52,324
trying to figure out
which was the best route to the top.
570
00:40:52,908 --> 00:40:57,621
And Stephen was like,
"okay, we're taking this one now."
571
00:41:00,541 --> 00:41:01,876
He's very daring.
572
00:41:03,335 --> 00:41:06,297
He doesn't want to spend a lot of time
573
00:41:06,547 --> 00:41:10,050
exploring all the subcases
and different possibilities.
574
00:41:10,759 --> 00:41:13,095
He wants to go for the jugular.
575
00:41:14,096 --> 00:41:16,765
[Hawking] Would diffeomorphism
give all the entropy?
576
00:41:16,849 --> 00:41:18,726
Which diffeomorphisms
give you the entropy?
577
00:41:19,518 --> 00:41:20,436
[beeps]
578
00:41:20,686 --> 00:41:22,771
Ah, so the question is
what are the diffeomorphisms...
579
00:41:22,855 --> 00:41:25,274
[Malcolm] This problem is probably
too hard to do on your own,
580
00:41:25,357 --> 00:41:28,152
but different people think
about things in different ways
581
00:41:28,652 --> 00:41:32,490
and, well, each brings
their own little bit of it
582
00:41:32,573 --> 00:41:33,866
to the table.
583
00:41:33,949 --> 00:41:37,161
It's basically
E to the i-n-phi around the...
584
00:41:38,245 --> 00:41:41,874
-it's basically...
-E to the i-n-phi but somehow...
585
00:41:42,082 --> 00:41:43,459
[Andy] I tend to race
586
00:41:44,001 --> 00:41:46,712
to the end and then try
to fill in the spaces...
587
00:41:46,795 --> 00:41:47,671
[producer] Really?
588
00:41:47,922 --> 00:41:52,259
...which is a methodology which
is particularly prone to making errors
589
00:41:52,343 --> 00:41:55,262
because you've already decided
what answer you want.
590
00:41:55,596 --> 00:41:56,805
[birds chirping]
591
00:41:58,098 --> 00:42:00,559
[Andy] Whereas Malcolm
would be more likely to just
592
00:42:01,268 --> 00:42:04,522
start from the beginning
and systematically
593
00:42:05,022 --> 00:42:07,816
work through it,
which has the other problem
594
00:42:07,900 --> 00:42:09,485
that if you're not heading
in the right direction,
595
00:42:09,568 --> 00:42:10,653
you'll never get there.
596
00:42:11,987 --> 00:42:13,948
So I think we compliment each other well.
597
00:42:16,408 --> 00:42:19,578
Sasha has been a fantastic addition.
598
00:42:20,371 --> 00:42:23,415
She started as Malcolm's graduate student,
599
00:42:25,000 --> 00:42:29,755
and she went from zero to sixty
in a rather spectacular way.
600
00:42:30,965 --> 00:42:31,924
[Andy laughing]
601
00:42:33,133 --> 00:42:37,137
We had it once and it went away,
and we got it again about 10 days ago,
602
00:42:37,596 --> 00:42:38,889
but it's gone away again.
603
00:42:42,768 --> 00:42:44,019
We're on the right track,
604
00:42:45,521 --> 00:42:48,065
but it's turning out
to be monstrously complicated.
605
00:42:48,315 --> 00:42:49,275
I think let's go this way.
606
00:42:49,358 --> 00:42:50,317
I think go that way.
607
00:42:50,401 --> 00:42:51,569
We should've brought a helicopter.
608
00:42:52,194 --> 00:42:53,696
Well do you want to go down that way?
609
00:42:53,779 --> 00:42:55,531
-[Andy] This one, you mean?
-[Malcolm] No.
610
00:43:11,964 --> 00:43:16,885
This was a really convoluted international
shipment because of what went on in Chile.
611
00:43:17,511 --> 00:43:19,555
-You know this is important data, right?
-[Michael Titus] Yes.
612
00:43:20,014 --> 00:43:24,602
I don't like to hear the word convoluted
in the same sentence as "your data."
613
00:43:24,977 --> 00:43:26,604
The implement of destruction.
614
00:43:27,605 --> 00:43:29,732
{\an8}This is freshly delivered data.
615
00:43:32,943 --> 00:43:34,486
All the way from Chile,
616
00:43:34,612 --> 00:43:37,406
recorder three, slot two, set two.
617
00:43:38,574 --> 00:43:40,743
-Nicely labeled. Mm-hmm.
-Vincent?
618
00:43:40,993 --> 00:43:44,413
Photons from Chile. Frozen.
619
00:43:45,831 --> 00:43:49,126
When we get the data
from these different telescopes,
620
00:43:49,627 --> 00:43:52,921
the amount of data is immense.
621
00:43:53,047 --> 00:43:55,591
We really have to measure
every single wave,
622
00:43:55,674 --> 00:43:57,426
every single trough and crest
623
00:43:57,593 --> 00:43:59,303
of the waves
as they come to the telescope.
624
00:44:01,513 --> 00:44:03,849
[Feryal] We have to record this faithfully
625
00:44:03,932 --> 00:44:06,810
and then match up each wave front
626
00:44:06,894 --> 00:44:09,647
with the corresponding one
from another telescope
627
00:44:09,730 --> 00:44:11,023
halfway across the earth.
628
00:44:11,106 --> 00:44:12,941
Okay, the latest addition from ALMA.
629
00:44:13,692 --> 00:44:14,777
What else do we have here?
630
00:44:14,860 --> 00:44:18,072
We are generating about
one and a half petabytes of data
631
00:44:18,155 --> 00:44:19,406
per night of observation.
632
00:44:20,574 --> 00:44:22,910
-Okay.
-Yeah, once we cleared...
633
00:44:22,993 --> 00:44:26,830
By far the largest amount of data
per night of observing
634
00:44:27,081 --> 00:44:30,292
than any physics experiment
in the history of science.
635
00:44:30,751 --> 00:44:32,127
I want to see...
636
00:44:32,628 --> 00:44:34,421
Okay, so here's a whole ALMA set
637
00:44:35,673 --> 00:44:37,591
[Shep] We bring all the data back,
638
00:44:37,758 --> 00:44:40,260
all these disk drives to a super computer,
639
00:44:40,594 --> 00:44:43,681
one is at the MIT
Haystack Observatory,
640
00:44:44,556 --> 00:44:47,476
and the other is at the Max Planck
Institute for Radio Astronomy
641
00:44:47,601 --> 00:44:50,521
in Bonn, Germany.
Then between these two sites,
642
00:44:50,854 --> 00:44:53,148
we process and handle all of the data.
643
00:44:53,232 --> 00:44:55,734
This is how you make
an earth-size telescope.
644
00:44:55,984 --> 00:44:57,986
It's like a map of the entire globe.
645
00:44:58,237 --> 00:45:02,074
So up here we have
modules that were recorded in Mexico,
646
00:45:02,282 --> 00:45:05,452
uh, these are also from Mexico,
this is from Arizona,
647
00:45:05,702 --> 00:45:07,955
uh, this is from Spain over here,
648
00:45:08,664 --> 00:45:10,332
uh, this is from Hawaii.
649
00:45:10,916 --> 00:45:13,502
We cannot do any of the processing
from the South Pole.
650
00:45:13,585 --> 00:45:15,671
The South Pole station is closed now.
651
00:45:15,754 --> 00:45:16,588
[wind howling]
652
00:45:16,672 --> 00:45:18,382
[Andy] Nothing can land or take off.
653
00:45:19,675 --> 00:45:22,845
All the data's
in the deep freeze until October.
654
00:45:25,180 --> 00:45:27,224
This is where all the data come together
655
00:45:27,641 --> 00:45:29,852
and we get the final data products.
656
00:45:30,477 --> 00:45:34,273
So, it's happening. It's hard to believe
after so long, but it's happening.
657
00:45:34,815 --> 00:45:38,694
Drop it for now and let's try,
let's just put the baseline in.
658
00:45:41,655 --> 00:45:43,407
Once you correct the manual phase cals...
659
00:45:44,366 --> 00:45:45,576
then this will clean up...
660
00:45:47,244 --> 00:45:51,248
and even the signal-to-noise ratio
will go up and the amplitude will go up.
661
00:45:52,332 --> 00:45:54,126
That is really amazing.
662
00:45:55,335 --> 00:45:57,671
We're getting the kind of sensitivities
663
00:45:57,838 --> 00:46:02,301
and the resolution that we have been after
for about a decade.
664
00:46:04,803 --> 00:46:06,930
For me, personally,
665
00:46:07,973 --> 00:46:11,685
this is a moment of great anxiety.
666
00:46:13,520 --> 00:46:16,815
We've worked for a long time
for this result.
667
00:46:17,524 --> 00:46:21,778
And we don't know even now what we have.
668
00:47:09,618 --> 00:47:15,541
[no audible dialogue]
669
00:48:56,600 --> 00:49:00,020
[no audible dialogue]
670
00:49:10,530 --> 00:49:12,783
[Silke Weinfurtner]
Black holes are out of reach.
671
00:49:16,453 --> 00:49:19,539
We do not know
if the equations we're using
672
00:49:19,748 --> 00:49:21,750
actually describes a black hole.
673
00:49:23,168 --> 00:49:27,631
That's what we cannot directly test,
that's-that's the dilemma we're in.
674
00:49:32,302 --> 00:49:34,137
In my laboratory,
675
00:49:34,221 --> 00:49:37,724
I have a model that mimics
certain features of black holes.
676
00:49:40,143 --> 00:49:43,271
Of course it is not a real black hole,
it would be pretty dangerous.
677
00:49:46,858 --> 00:49:50,153
What we really have is
a gigantic pool of water.
678
00:49:51,780 --> 00:49:55,033
You get this nice vortex
forming right in the center.
679
00:49:57,411 --> 00:50:02,207
For small fluctuations on the surface
it should look like a rotating black hole.
680
00:50:10,507 --> 00:50:13,760
There is physics associated
to the horizon:
681
00:50:15,303 --> 00:50:16,263
light bending,
682
00:50:16,805 --> 00:50:18,056
Hawking radiation,
683
00:50:18,473 --> 00:50:19,433
superradiance.
684
00:50:21,810 --> 00:50:24,104
And these are the kinds
of effects we can simulate.
685
00:50:24,604 --> 00:50:26,940
All the effects that happen outside
the event horizon.
686
00:50:31,570 --> 00:50:35,198
And at the end, you see an effect
which has been predicted for many years
687
00:50:35,282 --> 00:50:37,534
without any experimental confirmation.
688
00:50:40,203 --> 00:50:41,455
That's real physics.
689
00:50:41,997 --> 00:50:43,331
It has been detected.
690
00:50:48,587 --> 00:50:52,340
There is a limit to what we know
about black hole now,
691
00:50:52,716 --> 00:50:53,842
but I'm a scientist,
692
00:50:54,843 --> 00:50:57,137
this is the best situation you can be in.
693
00:51:01,099 --> 00:51:03,477
We have this universe in a Petri dish.
694
00:51:05,187 --> 00:51:09,149
And it's holding fantastic new insights
695
00:51:09,357 --> 00:51:11,109
waiting to be discovered.
696
00:51:25,415 --> 00:51:26,792
[Malcolm] So zeta minus
697
00:51:27,167 --> 00:51:28,418
zeta-tilda-Y,
698
00:51:28,710 --> 00:51:33,673
and this contains an epsilon double prime,
that contains an epsilon prime.
699
00:51:33,965 --> 00:51:35,926
[Andy] So that will go like
one over W plus.
700
00:51:36,009 --> 00:51:38,762
[Malcolm] This goes one over W plus,
701
00:51:40,847 --> 00:51:43,225
which means you got to compute
this thing to W plus,
702
00:51:43,308 --> 00:51:45,018
you're sure there's not something else?
703
00:51:45,977 --> 00:51:47,270
[Andy] No it doesn't.
704
00:51:47,354 --> 00:51:51,191
No, it doesn't, because it's only the one
over W plus term that can contribute.
705
00:51:54,402 --> 00:51:55,237
[Malcolm] Right.
706
00:51:55,320 --> 00:51:56,947
We need that one over W plus.
707
00:51:57,030 --> 00:51:58,990
[Malcolm] So you have to
compute this to order W plus.
708
00:51:59,366 --> 00:52:00,242
No.
709
00:52:00,325 --> 00:52:03,286
[Sasha] No, because you want
one over W plus in the integrand.
710
00:52:03,787 --> 00:52:04,913
[Malcolm] Oh right.
711
00:52:04,996 --> 00:52:06,998
Because the range of W plus is zero.
712
00:52:07,082 --> 00:52:10,377
So if we don't have one
over W plus there, we get zero.
713
00:52:13,797 --> 00:52:15,799
We didn't understand this in Brinsop.
714
00:52:15,882 --> 00:52:17,551
[Malcolm] No, I guess we did not
understand that.
715
00:52:21,471 --> 00:52:23,849
We thought at Brinsop that
things were relatively simple,
716
00:52:24,266 --> 00:52:26,142
we didn't have to think about so much,
717
00:52:26,309 --> 00:52:29,354
But since then, we've discovered
all kinds of other things
718
00:52:29,437 --> 00:52:31,314
which do contribute
and complicate matters.
719
00:52:32,065 --> 00:52:35,402
[Andy] In Brinsop, we thought
we could do it by hand.
720
00:52:36,361 --> 00:52:38,572
You know, ten pages.
721
00:52:42,284 --> 00:52:44,995
Turns out to be among the most
722
00:52:46,371 --> 00:52:50,333
long calculations
that any of us has done.
723
00:52:50,542 --> 00:52:52,878
[Malcolm] That's actually spot on.
724
00:52:57,048 --> 00:52:58,550
[Sasha] One thousand and fifty terms.
725
00:52:58,633 --> 00:53:04,180
[Andy] 1050 terms? You can't do,
you cannot add 1050 terms
726
00:53:04,681 --> 00:53:06,433
without making a single mistake.
727
00:53:07,392 --> 00:53:08,393
Or I can't.
728
00:53:08,852 --> 00:53:10,520
I think that's even beyond Malcolm.
729
00:53:10,604 --> 00:53:12,731
[Malcolm] I think I can do
about half of that, but...
730
00:53:14,733 --> 00:53:16,484
[Andy] So a month ago,
731
00:53:17,152 --> 00:53:21,156
we realized we were going to
have to use computers.
732
00:53:23,241 --> 00:53:26,578
Essentially adding up
many thousands of terms;
733
00:53:26,912 --> 00:53:31,499
if they all add up to exactly 12J,
734
00:53:31,583 --> 00:53:34,169
it will mean the hair
that's on the black hole
735
00:53:34,794 --> 00:53:38,673
is enough to completely reconstruct
how it was made.
736
00:53:39,215 --> 00:53:41,635
That's a long way towards solving
the information paradox.
737
00:53:42,761 --> 00:53:44,596
[Andy] We haven't seen that
happening so far.
738
00:53:45,472 --> 00:53:49,476
Which either means that we-- there's
a mistake in our computer program,
739
00:53:49,559 --> 00:53:50,936
a mistake in our input,
740
00:53:51,353 --> 00:53:54,689
or a mistake in our conceptual
analysis of the problem.
741
00:53:56,066 --> 00:53:59,486
And we've been up and down
in our level of optimism.
742
00:54:00,195 --> 00:54:03,365
We must believe that actually,
it's going to work out properly
743
00:54:03,448 --> 00:54:04,866
for the very simple reason
744
00:54:04,950 --> 00:54:08,495
that we would not be putting this much
effort into it if we didn't believe that.
745
00:54:10,997 --> 00:54:13,917
-[Malcolm] We are putting the effort in.
-We are putting the effort in, yeah.
746
00:54:14,000 --> 00:54:17,212
And the reason we're doing that is
because we believe it.
747
00:54:18,713 --> 00:54:20,465
If we didn't believe it
we probably would have...
748
00:54:22,926 --> 00:54:24,803
-[Sasha] Given up months ago.
-been a bit more discouraged.
749
00:54:26,805 --> 00:54:27,889
[Sasha] I'm optimistic.
750
00:54:30,350 --> 00:54:32,185
But I think we're missing
something quite--
751
00:54:33,311 --> 00:54:34,938
we're missing a term or something.
752
00:54:36,898 --> 00:54:37,816
[Malcolm] Or an idea.
753
00:54:37,899 --> 00:54:41,987
Or an idea or something. We haven't just
not added things up correctly.
754
00:54:45,156 --> 00:54:50,245
[Andy] The information paradox says
that because of black holes,
755
00:54:50,412 --> 00:54:51,538
the universe
756
00:54:52,163 --> 00:54:53,999
can't be described
757
00:54:54,708 --> 00:54:57,502
exactly by physical laws.
758
00:55:00,171 --> 00:55:02,215
I'm putting my money on an idea that
759
00:55:02,716 --> 00:55:06,302
there are physical laws
and that we can figure out what they are.
760
00:55:08,763 --> 00:55:10,724
But it's not over yet.
761
00:55:23,403 --> 00:55:26,781
[Andrea Ghez] I think it is
interesting when observations
762
00:55:27,032 --> 00:55:29,200
don't conform to
763
00:55:29,367 --> 00:55:32,996
our standard picture of how things behave.
764
00:55:33,163 --> 00:55:36,416
And that's when people start to look for
765
00:55:36,666 --> 00:55:38,543
more exotic explanations.
766
00:55:40,920 --> 00:55:43,631
And that's what happened
with the black hole story.
767
00:55:46,509 --> 00:55:49,095
Black holes were initially very
768
00:55:49,345 --> 00:55:53,183
esoteric, mathematical,
very hard to accept,
769
00:55:53,850 --> 00:55:56,644
and yet increasingly over time,
770
00:55:56,728 --> 00:55:59,731
there were observations
that didn't make sense.
771
00:56:01,441 --> 00:56:04,652
Black holes were the best explanation
for what was observed.
772
00:56:05,987 --> 00:56:09,240
What was still quite controversial
were the supermassive black holes,
773
00:56:09,324 --> 00:56:12,243
the ones that were a million to a billion
times the mass of the sun.
774
00:56:15,413 --> 00:56:18,374
Maybe all galaxies harbor supermassive
black holes at their cores.
775
00:56:19,334 --> 00:56:21,086
Even our own galaxy.
776
00:56:22,128 --> 00:56:24,005
That was pretty controversial,
777
00:56:24,714 --> 00:56:28,802
and that is certainly the idea
that I got very interested in.
778
00:56:31,346 --> 00:56:33,473
And I had this technique
that I was working on,
779
00:56:33,556 --> 00:56:35,850
my group and then the group in Germany,
780
00:56:36,017 --> 00:56:39,646
that in principle could figure it out.
781
00:56:41,606 --> 00:56:44,943
And this was just as the Keck Observatory
was opening up in Hawaii.
782
00:56:48,488 --> 00:56:51,032
It's kind of amazing
that a very big telescope
783
00:56:51,116 --> 00:56:53,368
let us monkey around with
the instrumentation at all.
784
00:56:56,579 --> 00:56:57,413
And yet it worked.
785
00:56:58,081 --> 00:56:59,624
All of a sudden you could
see the center of the galaxy,
786
00:56:59,707 --> 00:57:01,334
these stars at the center of the galaxy.
787
00:57:05,421 --> 00:57:08,716
And if there's a black hole there that has
a few million times the mass of sun,
788
00:57:08,800 --> 00:57:11,386
these things are gonna move
really, really fast.
789
00:57:13,346 --> 00:57:15,223
‘95 was our first measurement,
790
00:57:15,515 --> 00:57:19,352
‘96, we saw a second picture,
and oh my goodness!
791
00:57:20,979 --> 00:57:23,648
Those things were absolutely
not in the same place.
792
00:57:25,233 --> 00:57:26,985
These things were hauling!
793
00:57:28,486 --> 00:57:31,239
‘98, ‘99, it was already clear
794
00:57:31,322 --> 00:57:33,741
that the ones that were really close,
were starting to curve.
795
00:57:36,327 --> 00:57:38,788
The curvature gives you a direction
to the black hole.
796
00:57:39,080 --> 00:57:42,250
And we had three stars that were curving,
so it was like three arrows
797
00:57:43,960 --> 00:57:46,796
and they all intersected
at the same place.
798
00:57:50,675 --> 00:57:52,927
You need something very massive
799
00:57:53,303 --> 00:57:56,139
to drive that kind of short-period orbit.
800
00:58:01,102 --> 00:58:06,149
It's hard to conceive of
anything else at its center
801
00:58:06,232 --> 00:58:09,110
other than a supermassive black hole.
802
00:58:13,031 --> 00:58:15,033
We're on our way in.
803
00:58:17,952 --> 00:58:19,454
You can just taste it.
804
00:58:30,798 --> 00:58:31,925
[Michael] 345
805
00:58:32,008 --> 00:58:33,968
{\an8}No, I think Kazu told me--
806
00:58:34,052 --> 00:58:36,638
{\an8}Yeah, but Kazu told me
to look at 120 yesterday
807
00:58:36,721 --> 00:58:38,348
{\an8}and that's why that we
were looking at that one.
808
00:58:38,431 --> 00:58:40,141
So this is 3C345?
809
00:58:40,225 --> 00:58:41,226
-[Katie] Yeah.
-Okay.
810
00:58:41,309 --> 00:58:43,645
The fact that we're aiming
so high with the EHT
811
00:58:43,728 --> 00:58:46,231
to see something you know
no one's ever seen before means
812
00:58:46,356 --> 00:58:49,192
we have to develop an entirely
new set of tools.
813
00:58:49,609 --> 00:58:51,945
It's a lot easier to start
with a big field of view...
814
00:58:52,111 --> 00:58:54,656
We have to reconstruct an image
with sufficient fidelity
815
00:58:54,739 --> 00:58:56,574
that we can trust what we're seeing.
816
00:58:56,658 --> 00:58:58,284
...small and then you get
some weird structuring on there.
817
00:58:58,660 --> 00:59:02,205
Yeah, anyway, I don't have it loaded on
linear scale with them all in the same
818
00:59:02,288 --> 00:59:05,083
When we take a picture
on our camera, right,
819
00:59:05,166 --> 00:59:08,461
you believe that picture
is exactly reality, right?
820
00:59:08,545 --> 00:59:10,755
You actually saw that with your own eyes
821
00:59:10,838 --> 00:59:12,632
and you can see, oh, okay, that matches.
822
00:59:12,799 --> 00:59:16,302
When we take a picture of a black hole
with the Event Horizon Telescope,
823
00:59:16,386 --> 00:59:17,971
we don't get to see that,
824
00:59:18,054 --> 00:59:20,098
we don't know if the picture we generate
825
00:59:20,181 --> 00:59:21,849
is actually what the
black hole looks like.
826
00:59:22,934 --> 00:59:25,144
How do we evaluate what's the true image?
827
00:59:26,187 --> 00:59:27,188
So which is right?
828
00:59:27,730 --> 00:59:28,856
What I'm saying is in general...
829
00:59:29,023 --> 00:59:32,360
which is right?
You know, people publish...
830
00:59:32,485 --> 00:59:35,196
[Katie] One way we approach the problem
is by separating the teams
831
00:59:35,280 --> 00:59:37,365
into different groups
that can't talk to each other.
832
00:59:38,408 --> 00:59:41,286
We generate data from
lots of different kinds of images,
833
00:59:41,661 --> 00:59:44,872
realistic data like we would get
from the Event Horizon Telescope,
834
00:59:45,248 --> 00:59:48,167
then release to the community
but without the true image
835
00:59:48,710 --> 00:59:52,130
and we say, do your best job,
get your best image from this data.
836
00:59:52,547 --> 00:59:56,718
What happens in Team One room
stays in Team One room, right?
837
00:59:57,385 --> 00:59:59,554
If I see another team's image,
838
00:59:59,637 --> 01:00:02,640
I might start trying to push
my imaging algorithms,
839
01:00:02,724 --> 01:00:05,810
even subconsciously, in a direction
that would favor that kind of image.
840
01:00:05,893 --> 01:00:07,645
Look at these amplitude error bars
841
01:00:08,855 --> 01:00:13,568
[Katie] We want to have many rounds of
imaging and refining that imaging process
842
01:00:14,569 --> 01:00:17,196
before we actually compare the images
843
01:00:17,280 --> 01:00:20,074
You look at all these different things
with the same data,
844
01:00:20,366 --> 01:00:21,951
it's a cage match of love...
845
01:00:22,076 --> 01:00:25,913
We should be able to cross-compare the
different algorithms between the teams.
846
01:00:26,205 --> 01:00:28,207
And if we start getting
convergence on those,
847
01:00:28,499 --> 01:00:32,253
then we'll know that we're in a good
position to do the same for Sag-A* and M87
848
01:00:32,337 --> 01:00:35,006
[Mareki] And here is
low closure amplitude.
849
01:00:35,340 --> 01:00:37,091
There's a really big difference.
850
01:00:37,258 --> 01:00:38,593
[Sarah] It is three days apart.
851
01:00:39,093 --> 01:00:41,095
Yeah, but the source
has not changed that much,
852
01:00:41,721 --> 01:00:43,222
and you cannot change the speed of light.
853
01:00:44,098 --> 01:00:49,937
But you know, orange and blue, that's
exactly same day, exactly same time
854
01:00:50,396 --> 01:00:54,442
[Mareki] In Team Two,
I would say we had a hard time.
855
01:00:55,234 --> 01:00:59,322
My feeling is that data are not yet ready,
856
01:01:00,031 --> 01:01:02,075
not yet well-calibrated
857
01:01:02,617 --> 01:01:03,951
for imaging.
858
01:01:04,035 --> 01:01:06,788
So there is still work to be done.
859
01:01:15,171 --> 01:01:17,340
I just happened to be looking
at the Guardian website
860
01:01:17,757 --> 01:01:21,719
at around midnight
on the evening of the 13th,
861
01:01:22,387 --> 01:01:23,680
and they announced it.
862
01:01:25,306 --> 01:01:26,182
And that was it.
863
01:01:28,851 --> 01:01:32,689
[Andy] We had been talking
about going to see him.
864
01:01:33,773 --> 01:01:35,692
Because we were worried, and because
865
01:01:36,401 --> 01:01:40,488
we knew that the work
would lift his spirits.
866
01:01:42,448 --> 01:01:45,451
[Sasha] We kept saying as soon as
we get somewhere,
867
01:01:45,535 --> 01:01:47,203
we're flying straight back to the UK
868
01:01:47,286 --> 01:01:50,039
to talk to him about it
and discuss the next step with him.
869
01:01:50,748 --> 01:01:55,294
It would have made him so happy to realize
that we'd got somewhere with this project.
870
01:01:55,753 --> 01:01:59,340
And unfortunately we just
didn't get there in time.
871
01:02:01,718 --> 01:02:03,803
-[Malcolm] We all think in different ways,
-[Andy] Yeah.
872
01:02:03,886 --> 01:02:07,014
[Malcolm] and he has his own
unique way of thinking about things
873
01:02:08,224 --> 01:02:12,687
and we're not going to be allowed
to have access to his mind anymore.
874
01:02:13,062 --> 01:02:14,605
That's a huge loss.
875
01:02:15,648 --> 01:02:17,942
There's a special kind of friendship
876
01:02:18,943 --> 01:02:24,657
that grows out of scientific
collaboration and discovery
877
01:02:24,741 --> 01:02:28,786
that's in my experience like no other.
878
01:02:30,079 --> 01:02:34,375
And to have a, you know...
879
01:02:36,002 --> 01:02:37,545
scientific...
880
01:02:37,920 --> 01:02:40,506
a productive scientific interaction
881
01:02:41,841 --> 01:02:46,012
with somebody over many decades
882
01:02:47,096 --> 01:02:48,639
and then lose them,
883
01:02:49,557 --> 01:02:51,142
is very sad.
884
01:02:52,351 --> 01:02:56,606
It's sad in a different way than losing
a relative or, but it's...
885
01:02:57,482 --> 01:02:59,400
it's, uh...
886
01:03:02,153 --> 01:03:05,406
it's a special thing and
it's very sad to lose that.
887
01:03:44,445 --> 01:03:46,572
[Janna] You can imagine
if you were floating
888
01:03:46,864 --> 01:03:48,950
near two black holes that collided.
889
01:03:50,785 --> 01:03:54,914
As they orbit, space time begins
to ring in response.
890
01:03:56,332 --> 01:03:58,251
They're like mallets on a drum.
891
01:03:58,918 --> 01:04:00,545
The drum is space time itself.
892
01:04:01,587 --> 01:04:02,922
It begins to ring.
893
01:04:04,048 --> 01:04:06,884
Gravitational waves, squeezing
and stretching space.
894
01:04:09,053 --> 01:04:12,098
In principle, they would pluck
your ear drum,
895
01:04:12,765 --> 01:04:16,143
you would hear them
even though it's empty space.
896
01:04:21,691 --> 01:04:26,320
Gravitational waves are actually like
a sound in the medium of space time.
897
01:04:33,536 --> 01:04:37,456
And that was the greatest
discovery of 2015.
898
01:04:37,999 --> 01:04:42,545
The experiment LIGO recorded the collision
of two completely dark black holes.
899
01:04:47,425 --> 01:04:50,261
{\an8}The final one-fifth of a second
900
01:04:50,344 --> 01:04:53,639
{\an8}before the black holes merged
and went quiet as a bigger black hole.
901
01:04:54,807 --> 01:04:56,058
{\an8}And that's stunning.
902
01:04:56,142 --> 01:04:59,312
The only evidence we've had
for black holes before then
903
01:04:59,520 --> 01:05:01,355
was what they do to their environment.
904
01:05:02,064 --> 01:05:03,441
{\an8}This felt direct.
905
01:05:03,566 --> 01:05:06,277
{\an8}The first completely direct evidence
906
01:05:06,360 --> 01:05:08,905
{\an8}of not only the existence of black holes,
907
01:05:09,030 --> 01:05:11,782
but the existence of
a pair of black holes.
908
01:05:12,283 --> 01:05:15,536
This signal comes after traveling
over a billion years,
909
01:05:16,037 --> 01:05:17,413
{\an8}and they record it.
910
01:05:17,496 --> 01:05:20,708
{\an8}Just a spectacular, spectacular discovery.
911
01:05:22,919 --> 01:05:26,672
My work very much was about
theoretically how black holes collide,
912
01:05:26,756 --> 01:05:28,966
what it would sound like,
simulating those sounds,
913
01:05:29,050 --> 01:05:32,303
and understanding the dynamics
of black hole orbits.
914
01:05:36,766 --> 01:05:40,227
{\an8}Gravitational waves are so quiet
by the time that they reach the earth,
915
01:05:41,854 --> 01:05:46,108
{\an8}the experiments only pick up
the final few orbits.
916
01:05:48,402 --> 01:05:50,821
To dig deeper and hear the approach,
917
01:05:50,988 --> 01:05:55,701
my group has been doing approximations
of the final several minutes.
918
01:05:57,286 --> 01:05:58,829
Listening to the longer run-up,
919
01:05:59,413 --> 01:06:02,667
we can tell if the black holes had a
more interesting dynamic,
920
01:06:02,750 --> 01:06:04,460
if it was a more complicated motion.
921
01:06:06,963 --> 01:06:10,174
So in this case not only are the
black holes different masses,
922
01:06:10,424 --> 01:06:13,511
not only are they on
a more complicated orbit,
923
01:06:13,594 --> 01:06:15,012
but they're also spinning.
924
01:06:18,849 --> 01:06:21,852
The system begins to rotate in space
925
01:06:24,105 --> 01:06:25,940
and you can hear it get quieter
926
01:06:26,524 --> 01:06:28,734
as the gravitational waves
are beamed away from you,
927
01:06:28,818 --> 01:06:31,529
and louder as they're beamed to you.
928
01:06:32,363 --> 01:06:34,991
And so these are all
details we can extract
929
01:06:35,199 --> 01:06:37,493
from the gravitational waves'
sound just by listening.
930
01:06:39,787 --> 01:06:41,330
And then they get louder, faster,
931
01:06:42,039 --> 01:06:43,207
right before they merge.
932
01:06:44,834 --> 01:06:46,877
And then it goes quiet
as one big black hole.
933
01:06:48,921 --> 01:06:50,631
There is a human pleasure
934
01:06:50,965 --> 01:06:55,052
in being able to experience, viscerally,
935
01:06:55,136 --> 01:06:56,804
a recording like that.
936
01:06:57,471 --> 01:07:00,057
In some sense,
making black holes more real.
937
01:07:01,892 --> 01:07:04,020
What a remarkable time to be alive:
938
01:07:05,187 --> 01:07:10,026
to actually be on that cusp
of not knowing, and then discovering.
939
01:07:26,876 --> 01:07:29,712
All right guys,
we're gonna release the data.
940
01:07:30,004 --> 01:07:30,838
[group] Whoo!
941
01:07:30,921 --> 01:07:32,840
[Shep] Big moment, let's do it then.
942
01:07:33,340 --> 01:07:37,470
Okay, I'm including everybody in the
entire collaboration on this note.
943
01:07:38,679 --> 01:07:43,267
The end goal is to have this snapshot
of reality: how a black hole really looks.
944
01:07:44,351 --> 01:07:48,564
Black holes at the center of galaxies
are bathed in this hot glowing plasma,
945
01:07:48,731 --> 01:07:50,941
and so there's light coming
from behind the black hole
946
01:07:51,025 --> 01:07:52,943
and in front of it and every which way.
947
01:07:53,736 --> 01:07:55,613
They curve their spacetime so much
948
01:07:55,696 --> 01:07:57,907
that even light from behind the black hole
949
01:07:57,990 --> 01:08:00,910
can be bent around them
to reach the observer.
950
01:08:04,497 --> 01:08:05,331
You can imagine
951
01:08:05,414 --> 01:08:08,459
some of the photons would be
far enough away they'd just come to you,
952
01:08:08,876 --> 01:08:12,421
some of them would be close to the horizon
and they get bent inward,
953
01:08:13,214 --> 01:08:16,592
and some of them would be too close
and they'd fall into the black hole.
954
01:08:18,302 --> 01:08:21,097
And so the shadow of the black hole
is this circular area
955
01:08:21,180 --> 01:08:22,515
of diminished brightness
956
01:08:22,723 --> 01:08:24,225
with this bright ring around it.
957
01:08:25,434 --> 01:08:28,896
{\an8}It's really a special thing that
there's such a concrete prediction
958
01:08:28,979 --> 01:08:30,523
{\an8}for something that no one's ever seen.
959
01:08:31,524 --> 01:08:34,610
[Katie] You know, if you're making an
image, you have to come in the other room,
960
01:08:34,693 --> 01:08:36,362
-[Michael] Okay.
-[Katie] So we all start at the same time.
961
01:08:36,445 --> 01:08:38,364
[Michael] Team One Imagers!
962
01:08:38,906 --> 01:08:40,950
Okay, which day has the best coverage
by the way?
963
01:08:41,033 --> 01:08:42,827
I'm doing 3601.
964
01:08:42,910 --> 01:08:44,870
-[Andrew] I was going to do 3601 for now.
-[Michael] Same.
965
01:08:45,079 --> 01:08:46,455
[Katie] Okay, are we ready?
966
01:08:46,539 --> 01:08:47,748
[Andrew] I'm giddy.
967
01:08:47,832 --> 01:08:50,417
[Katie] Oh, my God, wait, should we close
the door, are we ready?
968
01:08:50,501 --> 01:08:52,920
Wait, what is happening?
969
01:08:53,337 --> 01:08:54,755
[Katie] We're trying to make
an image right now!
970
01:08:54,839 --> 01:08:57,883
Can we just pace things a little bit?
971
01:08:58,634 --> 01:09:00,261
Well no, first of all.
972
01:09:00,970 --> 01:09:02,096
Shep, close the door!
973
01:09:02,680 --> 01:09:03,514
Oh, my God!
974
01:09:03,889 --> 01:09:05,933
Can we start Michael?!
You don't have to start...
975
01:09:06,016 --> 01:09:07,184
Let's wait for Michael
976
01:09:07,518 --> 01:09:09,854
[Michael] Can we just go on
our little trajectories
977
01:09:09,937 --> 01:09:11,897
and you know meet up in 20 minutes?
978
01:09:12,982 --> 01:09:13,816
[Daniel] No.
979
01:09:13,899 --> 01:09:16,318
I just think it's like a big moment,
980
01:09:16,485 --> 01:09:20,114
[stammering]
and I think for me, I'm just saying, like,
981
01:09:20,948 --> 01:09:23,242
I think it'd be fun for us all
to do the first one together,
982
01:09:23,325 --> 01:09:27,663
see that shit, and then go off in our
own little ways and fix it.
983
01:09:27,830 --> 01:09:31,000
I think it's just so exciting that you--
do you want to do it alone?
984
01:09:31,083 --> 01:09:34,670
[Shep] I'd like to see it all together so
we can kind of get some idea of the data.
985
01:09:34,795 --> 01:09:35,629
[Katie] Are we ready?
986
01:09:35,713 --> 01:09:36,922
[group] Ready.
987
01:09:37,006 --> 01:09:38,674
[Katie] It's not gonna work at all!
988
01:09:38,757 --> 01:09:40,634
[Andrew] Enhance, enhance, enhance!
989
01:09:41,135 --> 01:09:41,969
[Katie] Ready?
990
01:09:42,344 --> 01:09:43,179
[Andrew] Set.
991
01:09:43,762 --> 01:09:44,597
[group] Go!
992
01:09:44,680 --> 01:09:47,099
[Katie] Oh, my God!
Oh, my God we pressed go!
993
01:09:48,809 --> 01:09:50,269
[Andrew] It's just a waffle.
994
01:09:51,604 --> 01:09:54,815
[Shep] Ah! That looks really,
really interesting.
995
01:09:55,274 --> 01:09:58,736
[Katie vocalizing]
996
01:09:58,819 --> 01:10:00,070
How's the waffling going?
997
01:10:00,321 --> 01:10:01,822
[Katie] Andrew's looks beautiful but...
998
01:10:02,656 --> 01:10:04,992
there's no tweaking involved.
999
01:10:06,368 --> 01:10:08,621
[Andrew] I put compactness very high.
1000
01:10:10,623 --> 01:10:13,667
[Michael] Daniel and I were both getting
something like this, with--
1001
01:10:14,919 --> 01:10:16,587
That's what I get when I use only closure.
1002
01:10:16,670 --> 01:10:17,588
[Shep] Only closure?
1003
01:10:17,671 --> 01:10:19,173
Oh, my God, look at the chi squareds!
1004
01:10:20,174 --> 01:10:21,258
[Shep] That's pretty good!
1005
01:10:22,426 --> 01:10:24,929
[Michael] And then this is,
after a few more iterations,
1006
01:10:25,137 --> 01:10:27,932
it smooths it out and gets rid
of some of the extended junk.
1007
01:10:28,015 --> 01:10:29,683
-[Shep] This is all on low-band?
-[Michael] Yeah
1008
01:10:29,767 --> 01:10:31,268
[Shep] Is this only one day?
1009
01:10:31,644 --> 01:10:32,561
This only one day?
1010
01:10:33,270 --> 01:10:34,104
[Shep] You know what –
1011
01:10:34,188 --> 01:10:35,397
That's pretty suggestive.
1012
01:10:36,273 --> 01:10:37,608
[Andrew] Well, it seems--
1013
01:10:37,691 --> 01:10:39,276
[Shep] Did you remove these outliers
in the amplitude?
1014
01:10:39,360 --> 01:10:40,611
I didn't touch anything.
1015
01:10:41,111 --> 01:10:45,449
[Shep] That is very cool guys.
It's really, really cool.
1016
01:10:45,532 --> 01:10:46,617
Wait, which one is that?
1017
01:10:46,700 --> 01:10:47,701
[Andrew] This is Katie's image.
1018
01:10:48,369 --> 01:10:50,037
[Katie] See it looks different though,
1019
01:10:50,120 --> 01:10:53,749
because you guys have a
bright spot more on this side.
1020
01:10:53,832 --> 01:10:55,209
[Michael] Okay, seriously?!
1021
01:10:55,459 --> 01:10:59,505
Look, we're all getting kind of a crescent
that's about the right size--
1022
01:11:00,965 --> 01:11:03,217
[Shep] So what is the size on that,
it's like--
1023
01:11:03,300 --> 01:11:04,301
This is about 40.
1024
01:11:05,761 --> 01:11:10,641
[Shep] That's when you expect if M87
has six billion solar masses.
1025
01:11:10,891 --> 01:11:12,142
[Michael] That's a high mass case.
1026
01:11:12,268 --> 01:11:15,813
[Shep] You know what this is?
This is a scale to weigh black holes.
1027
01:11:15,896 --> 01:11:18,232
[Michael] Okay, seriously if we can get
anything that looks remotely
1028
01:11:18,315 --> 01:11:19,692
like that on all the days--
1029
01:11:19,775 --> 01:11:21,610
[Shep] Guys, the only way
anyone's leaving this room
1030
01:11:21,694 --> 01:11:23,821
is if everybody gets over there
so we take a picture.
1031
01:11:23,904 --> 01:11:25,239
It could have been awful!
1032
01:11:25,322 --> 01:11:27,491
Am I short enough
that I can just stand here?
1033
01:11:30,411 --> 01:11:31,787
And you got to get the thing!
1034
01:11:33,330 --> 01:11:34,915
[Shep] We're at a point now
1035
01:11:35,207 --> 01:11:37,918
where things could inadvertently go south.
1036
01:11:38,711 --> 01:11:40,713
Okay, so I took a picture on my phone,
1037
01:11:41,880 --> 01:11:43,173
of something on the screen.
1038
01:11:43,382 --> 01:11:45,634
See you guys tomorrow, we'll do some more
imaging tomorrow.
1039
01:11:45,718 --> 01:11:48,012
All it's gonna take is
for one of these images
1040
01:11:48,679 --> 01:11:50,889
to be texted to the wrong person,
1041
01:11:51,015 --> 01:11:54,059
people will look at it,
they will measure it off of a screen,
1042
01:11:54,143 --> 01:11:55,477
they'll go write a paper.
1043
01:11:56,061 --> 01:11:57,354
I guarantee you.
1044
01:11:58,022 --> 01:12:01,275
There has to be an absolute, 100% embargo.
1045
01:12:02,651 --> 01:12:05,738
No one outside the EHT collaboration
can see anything,
1046
01:12:06,947 --> 01:12:08,574
anything that happens here
1047
01:12:09,491 --> 01:12:11,493
can never leave Team One.
1048
01:12:13,203 --> 01:12:14,997
This is pretty wild.
1049
01:12:15,539 --> 01:12:17,207
It's all wrong, I'm sure it's all wrong,
1050
01:12:17,291 --> 01:12:19,251
but if that works out,
1051
01:12:19,877 --> 01:12:22,004
it's pretty amazing.
1052
01:12:27,968 --> 01:12:29,970
[birds chirping]
1053
01:12:49,615 --> 01:12:50,657
[Malcolm] Things are going well.
1054
01:12:52,785 --> 01:12:56,872
We think that we have managed
to do this part of the project.
1055
01:13:03,295 --> 01:13:04,380
We've managed to get
1056
01:13:05,422 --> 01:13:08,217
our target answer of 12J.
1057
01:13:11,095 --> 01:13:12,513
There's a little bit left to do.
1058
01:13:24,691 --> 01:13:28,737
[Andy] I think the only thing
that matters is 3.5.
1059
01:13:29,446 --> 01:13:31,073
-[Malcolm] 3.5?
-[Andy] Yeah.
1060
01:13:35,953 --> 01:13:36,829
Good to see you.
1061
01:13:38,455 --> 01:13:39,456
[Andy] Hey Sasha!
1062
01:13:39,540 --> 01:13:41,125
Oh hey, you're here already!
1063
01:13:41,333 --> 01:13:44,420
Yeah, we've already done
like five pages of calculations,
1064
01:13:44,503 --> 01:13:45,337
you're late!
1065
01:13:50,259 --> 01:13:52,469
[Andy] You're allowed to put your stuff
away and go to the bathroom.
1066
01:13:53,178 --> 01:13:55,514
That's alright, I'm needed.
1067
01:13:55,597 --> 01:13:57,307
-[Malcolm] No time for that!
-Nope.
1068
01:13:59,810 --> 01:14:01,353
[Andy] Okay, uh...
1069
01:14:01,562 --> 01:14:05,107
[Sasha] So where are we at?
Like, what still needs to be done?
1070
01:14:05,858 --> 01:14:09,153
-[Andy] The only things I see now...
-Mm-hmm.
1071
01:14:09,236 --> 01:14:13,323
is understanding this
G plus minus to the P.
1072
01:14:13,490 --> 01:14:15,159
-[Sasha] Yep.
-Right. And the past horizon.
1073
01:14:15,742 --> 01:14:17,828
[Andy] And the past horizon.
Does anybody see anything else?
1074
01:14:17,911 --> 01:14:18,829
No, that's it.
1075
01:14:22,416 --> 01:14:24,126
[Sasha] Back at Brinsop, one year on.
1076
01:14:25,294 --> 01:14:27,171
Last year we thought
it'd be pretty plain sailing,
1077
01:14:27,546 --> 01:14:29,673
we would spend a few
more weeks then we'd just
1078
01:14:29,756 --> 01:14:31,925
sum up all these terms
and get the answer we wanted.
1079
01:14:32,009 --> 01:14:34,011
And then over the course of last year,
1080
01:14:34,094 --> 01:14:36,513
we realized actually it's so much
more complicated than that.
1081
01:14:36,597 --> 01:14:38,724
T-left, over T-right plus T-left
1082
01:14:39,057 --> 01:14:42,227
We found there were millions of terms
and it was never going be a two-week job,
1083
01:14:42,311 --> 01:14:45,147
and we got out computers
for the first time, and that didn't work.
1084
01:14:46,648 --> 01:14:47,816
One over Y.
1085
01:14:48,984 --> 01:14:52,196
And then, what we realized is that you can
actually break this equation we had,
1086
01:14:52,279 --> 01:14:55,532
we could break it down into an integrable
part, and a non-integrable part.
1087
01:14:55,741 --> 01:14:57,034
I think that was the breakthrough.
1088
01:14:58,243 --> 01:14:59,578
We had to realize that
1089
01:14:59,661 --> 01:15:01,413
we had almost everything we needed,
1090
01:15:01,747 --> 01:15:02,998
but there was somehow
1091
01:15:03,624 --> 01:15:05,334
a few terms got lost I guess.
1092
01:15:05,417 --> 01:15:06,585
N, D, here
1093
01:15:06,668 --> 01:15:07,961
What we've discovered is that
1094
01:15:08,921 --> 01:15:11,965
the equation is the sum of the
variation of the inertia charge
1095
01:15:12,341 --> 01:15:15,802
and the variation of the
angular velocity of the horizon.
1096
01:15:16,178 --> 01:15:19,223
Which, when evaluated you get 12J.
1097
01:15:20,349 --> 01:15:22,017
Before, we just had a few of the terms
1098
01:15:22,100 --> 01:15:23,936
involved in the
angular velocity of the horizon.
1099
01:15:24,853 --> 01:15:27,689
And without the full thing,
it wasn't integrable.
1100
01:15:29,858 --> 01:15:32,277
Now we've found a nice physical picture
1101
01:15:32,361 --> 01:15:34,655
and a nice way of getting 12J
1102
01:15:35,072 --> 01:15:36,657
and now's the final, you know,
1103
01:15:36,823 --> 01:15:38,825
finishing touches, to make sure
that we really believe in it.
1104
01:15:42,538 --> 01:15:45,832
I'm just very sad that Stephen won't be
able to see this through to the end.
1105
01:15:46,583 --> 01:15:48,210
He would have been really, really excited.
1106
01:15:52,631 --> 01:15:54,174
[Andy] It's weird how personal
1107
01:15:55,592 --> 01:15:56,927
physics can become.
1108
01:15:58,303 --> 01:16:03,350
One of the saddest things about Stephen's
passing in the middle of this is that
1109
01:16:04,351 --> 01:16:06,061
if it works we can't tell him.
1110
01:16:07,020 --> 01:16:08,355
[Malcolm] One bottle in front...
1111
01:16:12,442 --> 01:16:13,277
To Stephen.
1112
01:16:13,819 --> 01:16:14,861
[group] To Stephen.
1113
01:16:15,153 --> 01:16:19,575
[Andy] One of the impressive
and wonderful things about Stephen,
1114
01:16:20,033 --> 01:16:21,660
was how much he really...
1115
01:16:22,494 --> 01:16:26,999
cared... about--
about these questions.
1116
01:16:30,961 --> 01:16:34,006
We know that it's somehow
very different inside a black hole.
1117
01:16:34,631 --> 01:16:38,802
And so the prize is a really
big one if you figure it out.
1118
01:16:41,847 --> 01:16:43,265
The nature of spacetime.
1119
01:16:47,060 --> 01:16:48,103
That's about right.
1120
01:16:51,690 --> 01:16:55,819
[Andy] Hawking handed us
the biggest clue that we have.
1121
01:16:58,196 --> 01:17:00,949
If this project we're on now
1122
01:17:02,993 --> 01:17:06,538
works, it will be like a giant sign post,
1123
01:17:06,622 --> 01:17:08,165
"there's gold in this direction."
1124
01:17:10,917 --> 01:17:12,919
You look up in the night sky
1125
01:17:13,712 --> 01:17:16,048
and of course you don't see them.
1126
01:17:18,300 --> 01:17:19,801
But you know they're up there.
1127
01:17:21,345 --> 01:17:22,763
Almost mocking us:
1128
01:17:24,765 --> 01:17:26,391
"try and figure me out."
1129
01:17:36,443 --> 01:17:37,778
{\an8}[Heino] I just want to check my audio.
1130
01:17:37,861 --> 01:17:39,363
[Kazu] Can you hear me?
1131
01:17:39,696 --> 01:17:40,864
[Heino] Yeah, I can hear you.
1132
01:17:40,947 --> 01:17:42,616
{\an8}-[Kazu] Hi Monica, can you hear us?
-[Monica] I can hear you. Hello!
1133
01:17:42,699 --> 01:17:44,576
{\an8}[Kazu] Okay, so I just want to start,
1134
01:17:44,660 --> 01:17:50,040
{\an8}the first telecon actually showing
the first images of M87.
1135
01:17:50,582 --> 01:17:52,626
{\an8}All images are very consistent,
1136
01:17:52,918 --> 01:17:54,878
{\an8}there is a shadow-like feature.
1137
01:17:55,545 --> 01:17:57,881
Really really encouraging results.
1138
01:17:59,841 --> 01:18:02,928
Wow, it worked. I mean,
it definitely worked.
1139
01:18:03,845 --> 01:18:04,805
We see the ring,
1140
01:18:06,390 --> 01:18:09,893
and then you've got to be
very skeptical, actually.
1141
01:18:09,976 --> 01:18:11,478
You know, I would love to see that thing
1142
01:18:11,561 --> 01:18:13,689
and that's what makes me very suspicious
1143
01:18:13,772 --> 01:18:15,357
about myself and what I see.
1144
01:18:15,691 --> 01:18:19,152
I think it's okay to call that
a shadow feature, if you like,
1145
01:18:19,486 --> 01:18:20,737
as you see in the middle,
1146
01:18:20,821 --> 01:18:24,408
but we should be really careful of
what we think we see.
1147
01:18:24,491 --> 01:18:26,702
Are we going to see other teams' images?
1148
01:18:26,785 --> 01:18:27,953
[Kazu] No, no, no, no.
1149
01:18:28,036 --> 01:18:32,916
When we meet at imaging workshop
to inspect images from each team--
1150
01:18:33,250 --> 01:18:34,918
I could not sleep last night
1151
01:18:35,168 --> 01:18:36,461
because I was so excited.
1152
01:18:36,545 --> 01:18:40,507
I mean, I've waited for this data set
and this image for eight years.
1153
01:18:41,049 --> 01:18:44,219
{\an8}I'm really happy that we're all getting
pretty consistent results,
1154
01:18:44,720 --> 01:18:47,264
and I'm excited to see
what the other teams are doing.
1155
01:18:47,472 --> 01:18:49,725
We all kept pretty good secrets.
1156
01:18:52,144 --> 01:18:57,107
{\an8}Imaging Team Three has been doing
mostly the standard technique
1157
01:18:57,232 --> 01:18:59,860
{\an8}where we use this algorithm called Clean.
1158
01:19:01,820 --> 01:19:06,283
We have about half a dozen individuals
on the team who are making the images.
1159
01:19:07,117 --> 01:19:10,579
The central part of the image
we're in general agreement on.
1160
01:19:12,456 --> 01:19:15,375
It'll be interesting to see what the
other teams using "maximum entropy"
1161
01:19:15,500 --> 01:19:16,543
and some of the other methods,
1162
01:19:17,377 --> 01:19:18,545
what they got next week.
1163
01:19:20,088 --> 01:19:21,923
We hope that they will be consistent.
1164
01:19:23,091 --> 01:19:25,218
We're trying to be very,
very careful about it.
1165
01:19:25,427 --> 01:19:29,681
The worse thing would be to say
that we've seen black hole shadow
1166
01:19:29,765 --> 01:19:32,267
and then find out later
it was an imaging artifact.
1167
01:19:34,686 --> 01:19:36,480
[Katie] Right now within Team One,
1168
01:19:36,563 --> 01:19:39,191
we feel pretty confident in the structures
that we're getting.
1169
01:19:40,692 --> 01:19:43,236
[Andrew] We are feeling pretty good about
our consistency in our images,
1170
01:19:43,320 --> 01:19:46,615
but we haven't seen anything
from the other teams, so,
1171
01:19:46,823 --> 01:19:48,575
it's possible that everything will be...
a complete--
1172
01:19:49,534 --> 01:19:51,369
a complete mess when
comparing between the teams.
1173
01:19:51,453 --> 01:19:54,915
And I'm a little scared for:
what is our plan moving forward,
1174
01:19:54,998 --> 01:19:56,875
-if we do get different images?
-Yeah.
1175
01:20:04,007 --> 01:20:04,966
[Joseph] Good morning!
1176
01:20:05,050 --> 01:20:06,301
-How's it going.
-Pretty good.
1177
01:20:10,597 --> 01:20:14,434
[indistinct chatter]
1178
01:20:21,066 --> 01:20:22,192
Okay, I look forward to it.
1179
01:20:23,276 --> 01:20:24,277
-Hey!
-Hey.
1180
01:20:24,361 --> 01:20:25,737
Nice to meet you finally.
1181
01:20:26,321 --> 01:20:27,197
I'm Katie.
1182
01:20:27,280 --> 01:20:28,490
Nice to meet you!
1183
01:20:29,032 --> 01:20:30,534
Thanks for coming all this way!
1184
01:20:41,211 --> 01:20:43,004
[Shep] This is an incredibly
exciting moment.
1185
01:20:43,421 --> 01:20:45,090
For the first time we're gonna see if
1186
01:20:45,173 --> 01:20:47,175
all the teams are seeing
the same basic structure.
1187
01:20:47,259 --> 01:20:49,636
have not seen any of the results
from anywhere else.
1188
01:20:49,719 --> 01:20:53,557
So this is really a Christmas,
Hanukkah moment, right?
1189
01:20:53,640 --> 01:20:57,477
This is when you unpack, this is when you
open up the gifts you know.
1190
01:20:57,602 --> 01:20:59,521
Did you get a pony? I don't know.
1191
01:20:59,604 --> 01:21:03,275
And then I self-calibrated and then
amplitude plus closure phase.
1192
01:21:03,358 --> 01:21:04,359
[Shep] Okay
1193
01:21:04,442 --> 01:21:06,736
I had a little bit goosebumps.
1194
01:21:07,487 --> 01:21:11,783
{\an8}I've been waiting for this moment
for like ten years.
1195
01:21:12,492 --> 01:21:15,120
{\an8}I've been modeling black holes
for ten years,
1196
01:21:15,579 --> 01:21:18,707
and finally it becomes real.
1197
01:21:18,790 --> 01:21:20,333
[Lisa] Let's see what we could do
1198
01:21:20,417 --> 01:21:23,628
if we were to just use
the exact same script
1199
01:21:23,712 --> 01:21:26,172
without changing anything,
without any fine tuning,
1200
01:21:26,256 --> 01:21:28,300
to see what it will do.
1201
01:21:28,383 --> 01:21:30,343
[Joseph] Okay. That would be
very interesting to see.
1202
01:21:30,427 --> 01:21:33,763
Just out of curiosity.
To see if we can come up with one script
1203
01:21:33,847 --> 01:21:34,764
that could consistently...
1204
01:21:34,848 --> 01:21:36,683
all on microarcsecond scale.
1205
01:21:36,766 --> 01:21:40,520
So it does seem like kind of filling
in the vacuum with more.
1206
01:21:41,438 --> 01:21:45,358
So I guess we have two options
for response to zero baseline.
1207
01:21:45,483 --> 01:21:48,695
And in both it's producing more or less
the same image, right?
1208
01:21:48,778 --> 01:21:51,656
It doesn't make any
sense to use it in that.
1209
01:21:51,740 --> 01:21:55,243
It does actually, they do bring
extra information.
1210
01:21:55,452 --> 01:21:58,413
But it could be completely
extraneous information
1211
01:21:58,496 --> 01:22:01,583
Michael, I still haven't received an image
from Team Three, should I bug them?
1212
01:22:02,083 --> 01:22:03,001
Okay.
1213
01:22:04,753 --> 01:22:07,130
-Then it's going to be much much worse--
-Okay.
1214
01:22:07,213 --> 01:22:08,214
Sorry, real quick.
1215
01:22:08,381 --> 01:22:10,425
How much longer do you need
before you're ready?
1216
01:22:11,509 --> 01:22:13,845
Um, I don't know...
1217
01:22:14,262 --> 01:22:15,430
[Michael] Like 15 minutes?
1218
01:22:15,513 --> 01:22:17,182
Sure, if everything goes smoothly here,
15 minutes.
1219
01:22:17,265 --> 01:22:18,892
[Michael] How long does Team Three need?
1220
01:22:19,351 --> 01:22:21,269
Couple of minutes if it is working.
1221
01:22:21,353 --> 01:22:22,270
Let's just do that,
1222
01:22:22,354 --> 01:22:24,189
you can see the numbers,
if they look fine to you...
1223
01:22:24,272 --> 01:22:25,106
Okay.
1224
01:22:34,699 --> 01:22:35,617
Hey, I--
1225
01:22:35,700 --> 01:22:37,369
I'm ready. I'm ready, yeah.
1226
01:22:40,121 --> 01:22:43,667
[overlapping conversations]
1227
01:22:44,334 --> 01:22:49,005
All right, so first we did a normalized
cross-correlation comparison
1228
01:22:49,089 --> 01:22:50,632
between all of the images.
1229
01:22:50,882 --> 01:22:55,595
A value of one is going to be a perfect
consistency between two images,
1230
01:22:55,679 --> 01:22:57,389
zero is pretty bad.
1231
01:22:57,931 --> 01:23:01,184
-So are we ready for the moment of truth?
-[audience simulates drum roll]
1232
01:23:01,518 --> 01:23:02,519
[all laugh]
1233
01:23:03,019 --> 01:23:05,021
Okay, I will scroll down.
1234
01:23:05,230 --> 01:23:06,231
[group] Oh, my God.
1235
01:23:06,356 --> 01:23:07,732
[group] Look at that.
1236
01:23:07,816 --> 01:23:09,317
[group] Wow!
1237
01:23:13,279 --> 01:23:14,698
[Katie] It's M87!
1238
01:23:14,781 --> 01:23:16,157
[all laughing]
1239
01:23:16,700 --> 01:23:19,661
We compared, basically pixel by pixel,
1240
01:23:19,744 --> 01:23:21,204
you know, how close the images were.
1241
01:23:23,498 --> 01:23:25,917
[Katie] We haven't talked at all
among the teams,
1242
01:23:26,001 --> 01:23:28,378
but these numbers tell us
that despite that,
1243
01:23:28,461 --> 01:23:31,089
we're all broadly seeing
the exact same structure,
1244
01:23:31,172 --> 01:23:32,799
so it's really promising.
1245
01:23:38,596 --> 01:23:40,348
[Sera] It was surprisingly emotional.
1246
01:23:41,683 --> 01:23:43,935
You know it from
a mathematical point of view
1247
01:23:44,019 --> 01:23:47,063
and we've been looking at pictures
quite similar to that from our own models.
1248
01:23:47,605 --> 01:23:51,401
But when you look at it and you have to
tell yourself that it's actually data,
1249
01:23:51,693 --> 01:23:55,905
that you're not seeing a simulation
but you're really looking at a black hole.
1250
01:23:56,031 --> 01:23:59,492
I found myself just with my cell phone
staring at it for hours.
1251
01:24:02,120 --> 01:24:03,913
What's going to have to happen now is,
1252
01:24:04,080 --> 01:24:06,833
the whole collaboration has to
come together and agree.
1253
01:24:11,755 --> 01:24:13,673
[Heino] It's the same latitude as ALMA
1254
01:24:15,091 --> 01:24:17,552
This is a very, very critical phase
of the project.
1255
01:24:18,636 --> 01:24:21,347
We have to bring very different people
with very different backgrounds
1256
01:24:21,431 --> 01:24:23,767
together to agree on something that
1257
01:24:24,684 --> 01:24:29,981
will be work representative of
200, 250 people.
1258
01:24:30,190 --> 01:24:32,317
[Shep] That's a great question.
1259
01:24:32,525 --> 01:24:34,569
I think that what would be best--
1260
01:24:34,944 --> 01:24:37,322
It's very easy to lose your credibility.
1261
01:24:37,655 --> 01:24:41,242
And the Event Horizon Telescope has
built up credibility over many years.
1262
01:24:42,744 --> 01:24:44,162
We have to get it right.
1263
01:24:47,040 --> 01:24:50,210
[Sera] How do you decide
what's the key essence?
1264
01:24:51,002 --> 01:24:52,545
What do we all agree on?
1265
01:24:53,171 --> 01:24:55,590
This has been a discussion
and it's been contentious.
1266
01:24:56,257 --> 01:24:58,301
And it's probably not fully decided.
1267
01:25:01,179 --> 01:25:03,098
Yes, we do want to have a...
1268
01:25:03,973 --> 01:25:04,933
a single image,
1269
01:25:05,016 --> 01:25:06,935
but we do want to show
the variations as well.
1270
01:25:07,018 --> 01:25:08,603
[Katie] Yes, it's a compromise
we have to come up with.
1271
01:25:08,728 --> 01:25:12,232
Something that works.
That thing that works.
1272
01:25:12,482 --> 01:25:14,776
[Silke] I think it's not
what we want to show,
1273
01:25:14,859 --> 01:25:18,279
I think we should go for the best data set
1274
01:25:18,363 --> 01:25:20,698
and the best image of this,
1275
01:25:21,032 --> 01:25:24,202
easily reproducible for anybody
who wants to do it again.
1276
01:25:24,536 --> 01:25:26,579
I kind of like the average image
1277
01:25:26,704 --> 01:25:29,457
but since it's not consistent
with any data,
1278
01:25:29,541 --> 01:25:33,753
are we going to use this image
to do for instance a parameter estimation?
1279
01:25:37,382 --> 01:25:40,927
[Dimitrios] Everybody came in with their
own funding, their own expectations,
1280
01:25:41,511 --> 01:25:43,638
so it is all about convincing each other
1281
01:25:43,721 --> 01:25:46,224
and coercing each other
to find one way forward.
1282
01:25:46,307 --> 01:25:52,355
I mean, do you think there are unmodeled
systematics-- in the synthetic data...
1283
01:25:52,438 --> 01:25:53,898
That made it very democratic,
1284
01:25:54,149 --> 01:25:55,775
but it's not easy,
1285
01:25:56,192 --> 01:25:57,777
I will not lie.
1286
01:26:11,708 --> 01:26:15,211
[Ramesh] I think the dream
of any physicist who studies black holes
1287
01:26:16,588 --> 01:26:20,175
is to be able to go through the horizon
and to the other side.
1288
01:26:26,639 --> 01:26:28,516
If I could take this trip,
1289
01:26:30,351 --> 01:26:32,770
having decided that I've had
enough of this world,
1290
01:26:34,814 --> 01:26:35,857
what would I see?
1291
01:26:45,617 --> 01:26:48,494
[Shep] Just as ancient explorers
were drawn to the sea,
1292
01:26:49,495 --> 01:26:51,039
we're drawn to the horizon.
1293
01:26:54,959 --> 01:26:58,129
We're drawn always to the limits.
1294
01:27:03,676 --> 01:27:05,470
[Andy] The horizon of a black hole
1295
01:27:07,013 --> 01:27:10,350
is the edge of our knowledge,
1296
01:27:11,309 --> 01:27:13,937
of our understanding of the universe.
1297
01:27:16,940 --> 01:27:21,527
And the great exciting problem
is to go beyond that edge.
1298
01:27:27,867 --> 01:27:28,952
[Shep] That's the ultimate.
1299
01:27:29,744 --> 01:27:33,331
That's the place
where there's no "beyond".
1300
01:27:40,880 --> 01:27:42,548
[Heino] It's something that doesn't exist
1301
01:27:42,632 --> 01:27:46,469
as a physical, measurable part
of the universe.
1302
01:27:48,054 --> 01:27:51,182
But you personally could still go there
and experience it.
1303
01:27:54,477 --> 01:27:56,229
But you cannot tell anybody.
1304
01:27:58,606 --> 01:28:00,775
And you don't exist anymore
to the outside world.
1305
01:28:05,154 --> 01:28:07,991
People always make the link
intuitively to death.
1306
01:28:31,639 --> 01:28:33,808
[Skype chime]
1307
01:28:42,483 --> 01:28:44,902
There they are! Smiling!
1308
01:28:45,278 --> 01:28:46,446
It's nice to see you again.
1309
01:28:46,529 --> 01:28:49,073
Miss you guys, miss you guys.
1310
01:28:49,198 --> 01:28:51,284
So we're free.
1311
01:28:53,036 --> 01:28:55,204
We've finished the paper.
1312
01:28:56,998 --> 01:28:58,791
That's why everybody's smiling.
1313
01:28:59,125 --> 01:29:00,835
I'm feeling pretty good.
1314
01:29:01,294 --> 01:29:03,588
I must say I'm feeling amazingly good.
1315
01:29:03,838 --> 01:29:08,009
Simply because it has taken an amazingly
long time to actually get done.
1316
01:29:08,092 --> 01:29:10,136
It's a great relief.
1317
01:29:10,595 --> 01:29:12,555
It's nice to be able to...
1318
01:29:13,056 --> 01:29:14,849
to think about the
bigger picture a bit more,
1319
01:29:14,974 --> 01:29:18,144
I feel like, I spent a lot of time
getting really bogged down in--
1320
01:29:18,311 --> 01:29:19,479
You feel liberated.
1321
01:29:19,562 --> 01:29:22,690
Yeah, I feel liberated, to be able to
work out more what's going on,
1322
01:29:22,774 --> 01:29:26,402
and I feel like the result we have
is very compelling.
1323
01:29:27,487 --> 01:29:32,325
[Andy] We've shown that
the soft hair can account
1324
01:29:33,076 --> 01:29:37,205
for all the information
that's stored in a black hole.
1325
01:29:38,706 --> 01:29:42,210
But we have to be very smart
about what to do next.
1326
01:29:42,668 --> 01:29:44,420
[Malcolm] Yeah, absolutely right.
1327
01:29:44,504 --> 01:29:47,256
[Andy] The big challenge is trying to show
1328
01:29:47,799 --> 01:29:49,675
not only that this could happen,
1329
01:29:49,759 --> 01:29:52,762
but that it does happen.
And that there's a mechanism
1330
01:29:52,887 --> 01:29:57,475
for the flow of information
in and out of the black hole.
1331
01:29:58,851 --> 01:30:01,437
That is a much more complicated problem.
1332
01:30:02,146 --> 01:30:04,107
That's what Stephen would
want us to be doing.
1333
01:30:06,859 --> 01:30:10,863
[Malcolm] Are you coming to the--
this press release on the 15th?
1334
01:30:14,075 --> 01:30:16,828
I'm, I'm hesitating.
1335
01:30:33,928 --> 01:30:35,221
[host] Well, good afternoon.
1336
01:30:35,638 --> 01:30:39,642
Welcome to the press launch of the
final book by Professor Stephen Hawking.
1337
01:30:40,309 --> 01:30:44,522
Now, up until his death he continued to
search for answers with his final paper,
1338
01:30:44,647 --> 01:30:47,275
a work with his long-time collaborators,
1339
01:30:47,525 --> 01:30:50,236
Professors Malcolm Perry
and Andy Strominger,
1340
01:30:50,319 --> 01:30:54,866
on one of the most puzzling problems
facing the scientific community today,
1341
01:30:54,991 --> 01:30:56,993
the information paradox.
1342
01:30:57,743 --> 01:31:01,664
So Malcolm, Andy, give us
a capsule summary of the paper.
1343
01:31:01,747 --> 01:31:04,083
Yeah, you know, it's a huge problem
1344
01:31:04,333 --> 01:31:06,961
that Stephen gave to us.
1345
01:31:07,795 --> 01:31:10,256
It took 50 years to understand
1346
01:31:10,381 --> 01:31:13,801
what a black hole was before you started
worrying about quantum...
1347
01:31:13,885 --> 01:31:16,179
It'll be a decade before we know
1348
01:31:16,262 --> 01:31:19,515
whether this path is gonna get us
where we want to go.
1349
01:31:20,349 --> 01:31:22,560
We also don't know that it can't.
1350
01:31:23,311 --> 01:31:28,065
And, I also have to confess,
not very scientific of me,
1351
01:31:29,025 --> 01:31:30,610
it has the right feel.
1352
01:31:32,653 --> 01:31:37,074
I'm very excited to be part
of this grand adventure.
1353
01:31:42,038 --> 01:31:44,749
-To Stephen.
-To Stephen.
1354
01:31:45,041 --> 01:31:47,376
-To soft hair.
-To soft hair.
1355
01:31:48,669 --> 01:31:51,756
And to the demise of
the information paradox.
1356
01:31:52,798 --> 01:31:54,300
And to the next paper.
1357
01:31:57,595 --> 01:31:58,721
[Andy] It's a great life.
1358
01:31:59,847 --> 01:32:01,557
It's what life is about.
1359
01:32:44,058 --> 01:32:48,229
[indistinct conversations]
1360
01:32:54,026 --> 01:32:56,654
-[laughing]
-I feel the same way.
1361
01:33:01,284 --> 01:33:04,912
[overlapping conversations]
1362
01:33:06,831 --> 01:33:09,292
Welcome to today's press conference.
1363
01:33:09,375 --> 01:33:12,670
{\an8}Brought to you by the National Science
Foundation and the Event Horizon--
1364
01:33:12,753 --> 01:33:14,088
{\an8}Good afternoon.
1365
01:33:14,171 --> 01:33:17,883
{\an8}We have very little time before the actual
announcement goes live
1366
01:33:17,967 --> 01:33:21,887
{\an8}across the globe, in six simultaneous
press conferences, so I will--
1367
01:33:21,971 --> 01:33:25,933
{\an8}Buenos dias a todos, today is an
extraordinary day for astronomy.
1368
01:33:27,018 --> 01:33:29,353
{\an8}[speaking Japanese]
1369
01:33:29,437 --> 01:33:30,438
{\an8}[overlapping announcements]
1370
01:33:30,521 --> 01:33:36,527
{\an8}What you're seeing here is the result
of many, many people working together.
1371
01:33:37,695 --> 01:33:39,280
Thank you, assembled guests,
1372
01:33:39,363 --> 01:33:40,906
black hole enthusiasts.
1373
01:33:41,115 --> 01:33:44,577
Black holes are the most mysterious
objects in the universe.
1374
01:33:45,328 --> 01:33:47,413
Now, we are members
of a large collaboration.
1375
01:33:47,997 --> 01:33:51,542
We are 200 members strong,
we have 60 institutes,
1376
01:33:51,834 --> 01:33:54,211
and we are working in
over 20 countries and regions.
1377
01:33:54,920 --> 01:33:56,672
We worked for over a decade
1378
01:33:56,756 --> 01:34:00,009
to expose part of the universe
that was invisible to us before.
1379
01:34:00,843 --> 01:34:04,055
And we are delighted
to be able to report to you today
1380
01:34:04,305 --> 01:34:07,391
that we have seen what
we thought was unseeable.
1381
01:34:08,642 --> 01:34:12,730
We have seen,
and taken a picture of, a black hole.
1382
01:34:15,107 --> 01:34:16,192
Here it is.
1383
01:34:16,275 --> 01:34:18,152
[swelling instrumental music plays]
1384
01:34:19,862 --> 01:34:23,616
We now have visual evidence
for the existence of a black hole.
1385
01:34:24,533 --> 01:34:25,576
We now know that
1386
01:34:25,659 --> 01:34:28,829
a black hole that weighs
6.5 billion times what our sun does
1387
01:34:28,913 --> 01:34:31,165
exists in the center of M87.
1388
01:34:33,334 --> 01:34:35,461
And this is just the beginning.
1389
01:34:35,544 --> 01:34:37,630
[applause]
1390
01:34:37,713 --> 01:34:39,715
[music continues]
1391
01:34:48,724 --> 01:34:50,559
[no audible dialogue]
1392
01:34:52,770 --> 01:34:56,023
[no audible dialogue]
1393
01:35:08,828 --> 01:35:13,666
[no audible dialogue]
1394
01:35:41,193 --> 01:35:43,904
[gentle instrumental music plays]