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[Stephen Hawking] A black hole
is stranger than anything
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dreamed up by science fiction writers.
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A region of space
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where gravity is so strong
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that nothing can escape.
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Once you are over the edge,
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there's no way back.
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[rooster crows]
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-[dog barking]
-[bells clanging]
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[birds chirping]
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[coyote barking]
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[horn honking]
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Wow.
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It never ceases to get me,
seeing these two mountains up here.
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It's a bit deceptive.
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It looks as though you can just hike up
there in a couple of hours.
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But that is a big
elevation shift from where we are now.
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[Shep Doeleman]
I was not a boy astronomer,
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I didn't have a telescope growing up...
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but I do remember seeing
what a black hole was.
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I thought there are
very interesting things
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in the universe to be explored.
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The Event Horizon Telescope
is a new instrument
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that a global team is assembling...
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that will have
the magnifying power to resolve
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the region immediately
around a black hole.
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That's never been done before.
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We are chasing down
something that struggles
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with all of its might to be unseen.
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And we're saying "we're gonna catch you".
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When you get to about 15,000 feet,
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you're-you're above
quite a bit of the atmosphere.
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You really need to be above
the atmosphere to see through
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to the emptiness of space.
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The goal of the Event Horizon Telescope
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is really easy to state,
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we're gonna take
the first picture of a black hole.
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What I had yesterday as of noon,
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was every part of the system
of the front end working...
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[Shep] We've come to
the LMT here in January
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specifically to do
what's called a dry run.
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And we're discovering problems.
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Then, we tried to replace the Gunn,
now we've lost power,
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and that's what we're
troubleshooting upstairs now.
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Today I'm going to try to get
the Gunn working again, the old Gunn...
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[Shep] But if we went back
to this old Gunn...
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-then...
-Yeah.
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we're still compatible with the EHT...
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-By doing a double-down conversion. Yes.
-for January and April.
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April is when we're going to have
all the telescopes around the world,
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the full EHT working,
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and it's our best shot
at imaging a black hole.
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But before we get there, we've got
to make sure that everything is working.
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So the first goal is to try to get
the 232.1 gigahertz
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-working again with the old Gunn.
-Yeah. right.
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If that doesn't work...
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-My plan B... My plan B...
-then what?
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is that... [audio fades out]
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[birds chirping]
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[Gopal] The larger the telescope,
the better it's able to see tiny objects.
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To resolve the black hole
in the center of our galaxy
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or the bigger black hole in M87,
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we need a telescope
nearly the size of the earth.
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Well, that's clearly impossible.
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So we do the next best thing.
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We take telescopes
scattered around the world
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and make them all look simultaneously
at the black hole.
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[Shep] Imagine taking a mirror
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and smashing it with a hammer
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and distributing these shards
all over the world.
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And then recording what happens
on each of those shards
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and then bringing them together
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and reconstructing that mirror
in a supercomputer.
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That's what the
Event Horizon Telescope is doing.
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So at every site,
everything has to work perfectly.
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I think this thing took quite a hit.
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In shipping?
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If it turns on and it smokes then
we'll know there's something wrong.
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Yeah.
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[Shep] We still have to make some tests.
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Tomorrow we are going to trigger
a real observation.
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And that's gonna involve
the South Pole, Spain, Chile,
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and God willing, the LMT.
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[producer]
You've got a clock ticking.
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I know.
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Cue the Mission Impossible theme.
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[Gopal] Look at-- That's the telescope,
buried underneath that
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uh, S-H-I-T, if I may say so.
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Wait, what happened here?
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-What-What happened?
-Weather happened to us.
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Wait, you're shitting me.
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Last 16 hours it's been beautiful
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and as soon as we come up,
like the gods hammer us?
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That's crap.
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[Gopal] Well we can't point and focus
through this weather right now
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[Shep] The schedule is supposed to start
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In 40 minutes...
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In, uh, 35 now.
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If we're still in the clouds
and it gets really cold,
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-it's going to be an ice situation.
-[Gopal] Yeah.
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That's a possibility.
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-[Gopal] That's what I'm worrying about.
-Yeah, I'm really worrying about that.
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Everybody cross their fingers,
use your favorite incantations,
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and we'll clear through this.
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[Shep] Okay, so we're gonna
set levels in the other room
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-and then we'll be ready to go.
-I need to adjust the power level
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of the upstairs a little bit.
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[Shep] You realize
that we're firing this thing off
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-in exactly 14 minutes and 15 seconds.
-[Gopal] Yeah, yeah, yeah, I know but...
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Ah, jeez.
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Did you say 65-73?
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So it's RCP and LCP high, right?
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We got one minute.
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[Gopal] Here we go, people,
hold onto your hats.
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Okay, we're ready.
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[Gopal] Four, three, two, one, zero!
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Blast off.
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[Ramesh Narayan] Oh boy.
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What is a black hole?
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It is so deep,
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it's so hard to fully appreciate
all of the physics that's going on.
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You can spend your life studying this.
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Imagine an object
where gravity has become so strong
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it has compressed all of the material
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with which it started down into a point.
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This object develops
what's called an event horizon.
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And this event horizon
has this amazing property
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that it's a one-way street.
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You can go from the outside to the inside,
but nothing will ever get out.
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The gravitational pull is so strong
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that anything that comes close enough
to it will just vanish inside.
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If something disappears
over the event horizon it's gone.
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And we no longer
have any knowledge of it.
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It is no longer detectable,
it's no longer knowable.
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It might still exist,
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it might not still exist,
we have no way of knowing.
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We have a contact
with a kind of phenomenon
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that we don't fully understand.
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[Janna Levin] It's like a vortex
in the universe in space and time.
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The darkest object we can imagine
mathematically fundamentally
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emits no light, reflects no light.
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But it becomes the engine
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of the most powerful events
we now observe in the universe.
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There's something about them
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that really pushes the mind. [laughs]
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[Hawking] Can you hear me?
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[audience] Yes.
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It is said that fact
is sometimes stranger than fiction,
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but nowhere is that more true
than in the case of black holes.
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Currently I'm working
with my Cambridge colleague Malcolm Perry,
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and Andy Strominger from Harvard,
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on a new theory to explain the mechanism
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by which information is returned
out of the black hole.
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Watch this space...
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[Andy Strominger] I met Stephen in 1982.
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Over the years we coincided on a number
of topics, a surprising number,
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but the very kind of intense thing
that's grown over the last,
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-what is it now, three years? Yeah.
-Three years. Yeah.
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Has been a whole new, wonderful level.
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-[Malcolm] And quite different.
-[Andy] Quite different, yeah.
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[Malcolm] It was a fabulous warm day,
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kind of unusual in England for April,
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so we had a lecture outside.
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This was in a place
called Great Brampton House.
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[Andy] For the last 10 years, Stephen
and friends organized a small retreat.
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I had these ideas about
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the structure
of the edges of infinity and...
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how they could store information.
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[Malcolm] I was simply listening
to this lecture and I felt
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that the phenomenon he was describing
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could be happening
on the surface of the black hole.
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[Andy] Stephen picked up
on that immediately.
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He said, this is it, this is the piece
that we've been missing.
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He is very eager to unravel the paradox
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that he unleashed on the world in 1975.
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[Malcolm] Something called
the information paradox,
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which basically says that black holes
annihilate information,
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which should not be possible.
That's the paradox.
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It implies that there's a breakdown
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of laws of physics
in the presence of black holes.
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[Sasha Haco] This is why
we're chasing this problem,
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because if information is lost,
then that contradicts
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almost everything we know about physics.
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Something's gone wrong
understanding how black holes work.
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From the outside you can't tell
what is inside a black hole.
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When you look at a black hole,
all you can tell about it
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are its mass, its charge
and its state of rotation.
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And that's the same for any black hole
no matter what it was made out of.
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This means that a black hole contains
a lot of information
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that is hidden from the outside world.
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That was a very weird thing people
to get to grips with and then
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Stephen Hawking made
this amazing discovery
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of Hawking Radiation, that says actually
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stuff comes out of a black hole,
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and that's where
the problem really started.
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[Laura Ruetsche] It turns out
they're not black, they radiate.
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And as they radiate they lose mass
and eventually disappear.
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An equivalent mass of elephants
could form a black hole,
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an equivalent mass of Encyclopedia
Britannica could form a black hole.
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The black hole evaporates
and what's left behind
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is the same sea of Hawking Radiation.
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It appears that the information
about what fell in is lost.
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The particles that
come out of a black hole
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seem to be completely random
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and to bear no relation to what fell in.
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[Andy] If what Hawking said were correct,
it can spit out anything.
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It can spit out a piano,
it can spit out a trombone, it--
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It can-- Anything can come out.
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That means that
the basic nature of the universe
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is just random.
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There aren't really physical laws
which govern the entire universe.
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This is every physicist's nightmare.
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[James Weatherall]
Much of our knowledge of the universe
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is grounded on
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our belief that we can reliably predict
using the laws of nature.
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We have a physical theory,
we make predictions using that theory,
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we do experiments or observations
to see if those predictions were realized.
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We understand the early universe
by using the laws of physics
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to predict backwards and say
what the world must have been like.
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If those laws break down,
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it's about the limits of knowledge.
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What sorts of things
could we possibly know about the world?
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[Hawking] If the predictability
of the universe
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breaks down with black holes,
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it could break down in other situations.
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Even worse, if information is lost,
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we can't be sure
of our past history either.
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The history books and our memories
could just be illusions.
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It is the past that tells us who we are.
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Without it we lose our identity.
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[dishes clattering]
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[mixing]
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[Andy] Since I was a graduate student,
the information paradox
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has been central in my thinking.
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It's a sort of 24/7 thing.
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I get up, I make myself a cup of coffee,
I sit down with a pad of paper.
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00:17:45.147 --> 00:17:48.442
I'm thinking about it
when I brush my teeth,
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dream about it.
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It is the most interesting,
well-posed question
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in modern physics.
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So interesting that
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I was ready to devote my life
to trying to understand it.
245
00:18:14.551 --> 00:18:16.720
[indistinct chatter]
246
00:18:22.601 --> 00:18:24.353
[indistinct chatter]
247
00:18:26.021 --> 00:18:29.233
[Andy] In the 40 years
since Hawking's argument...
248
00:18:29.608 --> 00:18:32.277
By the way,
while, while Malcolm's erasing...
249
00:18:32.778 --> 00:18:35.447
[Andy] There's certainly been
thousands of papers
250
00:18:36.532 --> 00:18:40.744
about how the paradox might be avoided.
251
00:18:40.994 --> 00:18:42.579
[indistinct chatter]
252
00:18:43.622 --> 00:18:45.499
None of them has gained
253
00:18:46.083 --> 00:18:47.751
universal acceptance
254
00:18:48.418 --> 00:18:52.881
and they all are problematic
in one way or another.
255
00:18:54.675 --> 00:18:56.135
So the magical formula I think
256
00:18:56.218 --> 00:18:58.345
-I could write out in excruciating detail.
-[Andy] Yeah.
257
00:18:58.637 --> 00:19:02.766
So while Malcolm's writing, um...
258
00:19:03.934 --> 00:19:07.688
what we've done
is first of all worked out...
259
00:19:07.771 --> 00:19:12.860
But now, Stephen, Malcolm
and I have found a mechanism
260
00:19:13.485 --> 00:19:19.158
by which the information paradox
might possibly be resolved.
261
00:19:19.241 --> 00:19:20.826
-[beeps]
-Wow. Seems very exciting.
262
00:19:21.743 --> 00:19:24.580
It's the beginning of something deep,
we really quite don't know what...
263
00:19:24.663 --> 00:19:27.875
[Andy] Investigating this
is vigorously underway now.
264
00:19:27.958 --> 00:19:31.378
-But central terms of what...
-[Hawking] What is the super rotation?
265
00:19:32.921 --> 00:19:36.884
So, the super rotations,
so ordinary BMS group
266
00:19:37.926 --> 00:19:41.346
Physics is about finding the truth
267
00:19:42.014 --> 00:19:43.265
about the universe.
268
00:19:44.558 --> 00:19:47.186
We might not ever get all of it...
269
00:19:47.728 --> 00:19:49.313
This then gives us a conservation law...
270
00:19:49.396 --> 00:19:52.024
but I think
there's a good shot that, uh,
271
00:19:52.107 --> 00:19:55.903
in my lifetime, we'll nail this one.
272
00:19:56.236 --> 00:20:00.324
And so that's conservation
of super rotation charge.
273
00:20:01.200 --> 00:20:04.995
Now, let me erase here...
274
00:20:18.133 --> 00:20:19.509
[Heino Falcke] Seeing is believing.
275
00:20:21.970 --> 00:20:25.849
That's the most credible and the most
powerful sense that we have.
276
00:20:26.642 --> 00:20:27.976
We need to see things.
277
00:20:28.810 --> 00:20:30.479
We long to see things.
278
00:20:34.691 --> 00:20:38.278
In my mind, like for 10 years,
there's no question there is a black hole
279
00:20:38.362 --> 00:20:41.782
and there's no question it's possible.
I still want to see that stupid image.
280
00:20:42.324 --> 00:20:43.408
I want to see it.
281
00:20:49.206 --> 00:20:53.669
[Dimitrios Psaltis] We have never actually
seen the telltale sign of the black hole
282
00:20:53.752 --> 00:20:58.882
which is that virtual region, the horizon,
from which not even light can escape.
283
00:21:00.467 --> 00:21:02.469
With the Event Horizon Telescope
we're going to zoom
284
00:21:02.552 --> 00:21:04.471
all the way to the size of the horizon,
285
00:21:05.013 --> 00:21:08.016
and see if it will cast
a silhouette, will cast a shadow.
286
00:21:10.018 --> 00:21:12.062
[Shep] The Event Horizon Telescope
is the culmination
287
00:21:12.145 --> 00:21:14.147
of really decades of work.
288
00:21:17.025 --> 00:21:19.569
[Shep] Once we began
to realize that we could make an image,
289
00:21:20.779 --> 00:21:22.656
that became fascinating.
290
00:21:24.491 --> 00:21:27.202
So over the past years
we've gone to new sites,
291
00:21:27.286 --> 00:21:30.706 line:5%
and we've had to convince those
new sites that the science is worthy.
292
00:21:31.873 --> 00:21:35.335
We've had to develop
and install very specialized
293
00:21:35.419 --> 00:21:37.337
and expensive equipment
at all of these sites
294
00:21:38.130 --> 00:21:40.173 line:5%
in all of these extreme places.
295
00:21:45.137 --> 00:21:49.141
We are now at the moment when
we'll be doing our first observing
296
00:21:49.349 --> 00:21:51.226
with the chance of making an image.
297
00:21:53.228 --> 00:21:55.063
[Feryal Ozel]
That's still a question mark but
298
00:21:55.689 --> 00:21:58.108
-local wisdom is a go.
-[Dimitrios] Yeah.
299
00:21:58.191 --> 00:22:02.362
SPT weather good, no-go for pointing.
300
00:22:02.988 --> 00:22:04.114
[Feryal Ozel] Pointing issues.
301
00:22:04.197 --> 00:22:06.992
SMT technically ready, weather forecast
302
00:22:07.075 --> 00:22:09.870
possible of high wind
but unlikely to cause anything.
303
00:22:11.163 --> 00:22:13.373
[Feryal] So night's outlook
is good, right?
304
00:22:13.457 --> 00:22:14.333
[Dimitrios] Yes.
305
00:22:15.459 --> 00:22:19.087
We set up telescopes around the earth
that can talk to each other,
306
00:22:19.171 --> 00:22:21.340
that can record data in tandem,
307
00:22:21.965 --> 00:22:24.926
so after the fact
we can combine these data
308
00:22:25.135 --> 00:22:29.097
and make it act like
they were actually one telescope.
309
00:22:31.725 --> 00:22:34.978
Right now, the Event Horizon Telescope
is an array
310
00:22:35.062 --> 00:22:37.314
of eight dishes across the globe
311
00:22:38.273 --> 00:22:43.904
from the South Pole
to the Arizona desert to Hawaii to Chile
312
00:22:47.157 --> 00:22:50.827
creating, effectively,
an earth-sized telescope.
313
00:22:52.788 --> 00:22:54.539 line:5%
[Dimitrios]
Weather forecast is good for Pico.
314
00:22:54.748 --> 00:22:56.875 line:5%
[Feryal] I mean, they say excellent, so...
315
00:22:57.459 --> 00:22:59.836 line:5%
-[Shep] Looks pretty good to me.
-[Feryal] I'm changing this to .2...
316
00:22:59.920 --> 00:23:04.466
I'd like to see the LMT water vapor map.
317
00:23:04.549 --> 00:23:05.592
[indistinct chatter]
318
00:23:07.010 --> 00:23:08.595
[Shep] When you have a single facility,
319
00:23:08.845 --> 00:23:10.680
it's the weather above that one telescope
320
00:23:10.764 --> 00:23:12.682
that has to be perfect
for a night's observing.
321
00:23:13.391 --> 00:23:17.354
Now imagine you need perfect weather
at every single site around the array.
322
00:23:18.105 --> 00:23:21.483
By the time we start observing,
it's going to have moved past
323
00:23:21.733 --> 00:23:23.360
but we don't know
what else is going to move in.
324
00:23:23.819 --> 00:23:24.986
Seems to be accelerating.
325
00:23:25.654 --> 00:23:28.365
-Right.
-So SMT is getting worse.
326
00:23:29.616 --> 00:23:31.034
[Shep] So what are the pinch points here?
327
00:23:31.368 --> 00:23:33.286
It's really just LMT and SMT,
328
00:23:33.411 --> 00:23:36.832
and we're gonna have to make
a decision based... at South Pole,
329
00:23:36.915 --> 00:23:39.334
just based on what we know now
which is they might have pointing issues.
330
00:23:39.793 --> 00:23:42.546
LMT, how worried are you
about the maser?
331
00:23:44.381 --> 00:23:45.966
I'm a little worried about the maser
332
00:23:46.049 --> 00:23:48.218
just because we haven't done
some of the tests that would let us...
333
00:23:49.970 --> 00:23:51.471
see how good it is.
334
00:23:52.347 --> 00:23:55.559
-Shep, it's 3:30, we have half an hour.
-Yeah.
335
00:23:55.642 --> 00:23:56.768
Should we call it?
336
00:23:59.646 --> 00:24:00.689
[hesitant noise]
337
00:24:02.858 --> 00:24:05.485
I basically think
that we should trigger for tonight.
338
00:24:05.861 --> 00:24:07.988
I think it's probably
the best weather we're gonna get,
339
00:24:08.071 --> 00:24:09.781
technical issues are breaking our way.
340
00:24:09.865 --> 00:24:11.867
I mean, of all the nights
to have a question mark
341
00:24:11.950 --> 00:24:13.618
by South Pole this is the one to have it.
342
00:24:13.743 --> 00:24:14.578
[Dimitrios] Yeah.
343
00:24:15.078 --> 00:24:16.037
Um...
344
00:24:17.289 --> 00:24:22.043
We'll get some pretty good
M87 scans, one hopes, right?
345
00:24:22.961 --> 00:24:23.837
[general agreement]
346
00:24:24.254 --> 00:24:25.922
So let it be written, so let it be done.
347
00:24:26.673 --> 00:24:29.551
I will make the decision,
I will broadcast it.
348
00:24:29.634 --> 00:24:32.304
Night five, track D is a go!
349
00:24:33.430 --> 00:24:35.432
[Dimitrios] May all future nights
be as good as this one.
350
00:24:36.725 --> 00:24:39.477
[Shep] And then, all around the world,
351
00:24:40.478 --> 00:24:42.731
all the telescopes swivel at the same time
352
00:24:43.899 --> 00:24:47.360
and we will begin to record photons
from the black hole.
353
00:24:59.372 --> 00:25:03.335
[Feryal] How big a black hole looks
in the sky is a combination of its mass
354
00:25:03.543 --> 00:25:05.170
and how far away it is.
355
00:25:07.422 --> 00:25:10.967
The black hole at the center
of our galaxy, Sagittarius A*,
356
00:25:11.259 --> 00:25:15.597
has the largest angular size in the sky
followed by M87.
357
00:25:16.598 --> 00:25:19.726
M87's black hole
is a thousand times bigger
358
00:25:19.893 --> 00:25:22.395
but roughly a thousand times farther away.
359
00:25:23.438 --> 00:25:27.234
They turn out to have
pretty comparable sizes in the sky.
360
00:25:34.074 --> 00:25:37.410
This is central command,
it's always manned 24/7.
361
00:25:37.786 --> 00:25:40.956
Uh, people write in and they say
I'm having an emergency with
362
00:25:41.289 --> 00:25:44.668
one of my recorders,
or my receiver, or something.
363
00:25:44.751 --> 00:25:46.253
We hope to be bored.
364
00:25:46.962 --> 00:25:48.546 line:5%
We hope that there's nothing to do
365
00:25:48.630 --> 00:25:51.633 line:5%
and that everything is going smoothly
and that nothing goes wrong.
366
00:25:52.592 --> 00:25:55.470
But you know, we're here just in case.
367
00:25:56.805 --> 00:26:00.934
We've just finished Day Three
of the EHT observations.
368
00:26:01.476 --> 00:26:03.061
It's been unprecedented.
369
00:26:03.228 --> 00:26:07.399
We triggered three consecutive
nights of observing
370
00:26:07.607 --> 00:26:09.901
and that's because
the weather has been phenomenal.
371
00:26:10.402 --> 00:26:12.279
And the team is quite tired
372
00:26:12.362 --> 00:26:15.115
because we've been working
round the clock for three days.
373
00:26:15.198 --> 00:26:16.700
They're at high altitude sites,
374
00:26:16.950 --> 00:26:18.868
they're paying
a lot of attention to detail,
375
00:26:18.952 --> 00:26:20.453
they're under a lot of stress,
376
00:26:20.537 --> 00:26:22.205
they're trying to run down problems,
377
00:26:22.289 --> 00:26:25.208
and we're pushing people
to the limit at this point.
378
00:26:31.006 --> 00:26:32.674
[birds chirping]
379
00:26:32.966 --> 00:26:33.842
[vehicle honks]
380
00:26:36.886 --> 00:26:38.888
[Atish Kamble] Final scan
of Sagittarius A* begins.
381
00:26:39.889 --> 00:26:43.810
This is it, oh yeah,
so this is it. The final scan
382
00:26:44.728 --> 00:26:46.730
of the 2017 observations
383
00:26:47.897 --> 00:26:49.274
on Sagittarius A*.
384
00:26:50.900 --> 00:26:53.528
["Over the Rainbow" by Israel
Kamakawiwoole begins playing]
385
00:27:01.619 --> 00:27:07.542
♪ Somewhere over the rainbow ♪
386
00:27:08.793 --> 00:27:11.629
♪ Bluebirds fly ♪
387
00:27:11.796 --> 00:27:13.757
-Did you write that "woohoo"?
-Yup.
388
00:27:15.800 --> 00:27:18.261
[singing along]
♪ Dreams that you dream of ♪
389
00:27:18.678 --> 00:27:24.642 line:5%
♪ Dreams really do come true-ooh-ooh ♪
390
00:27:26.644 --> 00:27:29.481 line:5%
♪ Someday I'll wish upon a star ♪
391
00:27:29.981 --> 00:27:36.988 line:5%
♪ Wake up where
the clouds are far behind me ♪
392
00:27:37.906 --> 00:27:39.032
♪ Where ♪
393
00:27:39.115 --> 00:27:44.788
I think this song just really captures
how good it is to realize something
394
00:27:44.871 --> 00:27:47.207
that you've been working on for ages.
395
00:27:49.584 --> 00:27:50.752
[producer] How long?
396
00:27:52.504 --> 00:27:53.755
I've been working on this for...
397
00:27:54.839 --> 00:27:56.257
I don't know, 20 years.
398
00:28:00.929 --> 00:28:05.350
Next at every EHT site, everybody
will pack up the hard disk drives
399
00:28:05.558 --> 00:28:08.686
carefully, very carefully,
400
00:28:09.104 --> 00:28:11.356
ship them back
to the central processing facility.
401
00:28:13.525 --> 00:28:14.943
Wait. Guys, we're done!
402
00:28:16.820 --> 00:28:18.780
We just finished...
We've finished the whole thing?
403
00:28:19.322 --> 00:28:21.324
We're done, it's a wrap!
404
00:28:21.408 --> 00:28:22.283
[clapping]
405
00:28:24.577 --> 00:28:27.122
We just finished the entire scan,
406
00:28:27.956 --> 00:28:31.709
and the entire schedule,
and the entire campaign,
407
00:28:33.795 --> 00:28:36.756
and the entire Event Horizon Telescope
408
00:28:38.174 --> 00:28:40.802
observations for this year.
409
00:28:43.179 --> 00:28:45.682
[Shep] The great challenge
for the Event Horizon Telescope
410
00:28:45.765 --> 00:28:49.394
is only when you get all the data back
to the central correlation facility
411
00:28:49.477 --> 00:28:51.271
do you truly know that everything worked.
412
00:28:52.063 --> 00:28:53.898
And that will take over a month.
413
00:28:55.316 --> 00:28:57.527
Until then there's always this tension,
414
00:28:57.986 --> 00:29:01.072
there's always this slight uncertainty
that something's been overlooked.
415
00:29:03.825 --> 00:29:08.663
So May, springtime, rebirth,
imaging black holes,
416
00:29:10.415 --> 00:29:12.417
it's gonna be quite a summer,
I'll tell you that.
417
00:31:19.794 --> 00:31:20.962
[Lydia Patton] It's been
a perennial question
418
00:31:21.045 --> 00:31:22.547
in the philosophy of science,
419
00:31:24.090 --> 00:31:28.094
if what we're primarily
interested in are phenomena
420
00:31:28.177 --> 00:31:30.930
as they can be detected experimentally,
421
00:31:33.933 --> 00:31:36.519
how, in fact,
422
00:31:36.811 --> 00:31:39.898
do we come to have knowledge
about unobservable entities?
423
00:31:51.701 --> 00:31:57.040 line:5%
I've always had a pull
towards the invisible
424
00:31:57.332 --> 00:31:58.666 line:5%
and the mysterious.
425
00:31:59.959 --> 00:32:03.004
I've sort of naturally gravitated
to black holes.
426
00:32:06.382 --> 00:32:11.387
But a black hole is very, very hard
to understand with just the equations.
427
00:32:19.562 --> 00:32:23.566
If you really want to know anything
at any level of detail,
428
00:32:24.400 --> 00:32:27.987
you're not going to do it
with just, just pure mathematics,
429
00:32:28.071 --> 00:32:29.113
it's not going to happen.
430
00:32:29.489 --> 00:32:31.741
You need to simulate it on a computer.
431
00:32:39.123 --> 00:32:42.794
You have what's called an accretion disk
that's orbiting the black hole.
432
00:32:44.128 --> 00:32:45.088
It's chaotic.
433
00:32:48.049 --> 00:32:51.844
It's ionized gas,
it's got magnetic fields,
434
00:32:52.095 --> 00:32:53.763
the whole thing is churning.
435
00:32:55.348 --> 00:32:57.684
The gas gets hot and then it radiates.
436
00:33:02.438 --> 00:33:04.440
That gets a little too complicated
437
00:33:04.524 --> 00:33:07.193
for a theorist to calculate
with pencil and paper.
438
00:33:15.576 --> 00:33:20.456 line:5%
[Priyamvada] Simulations really
help us make what is invisible,
439
00:33:21.082 --> 00:33:24.502 line:5%
what is unseen, seen.
440
00:33:43.104 --> 00:33:44.647 line:5%
[birds chirping]
441
00:33:55.575 --> 00:33:57.785
-[Malcolm Perry] It must be Andy.
-[Sasha] Hiya.
442
00:33:58.953 --> 00:34:01.164
We have almost incredibly good news.
443
00:34:01.372 --> 00:34:03.166
-What?
-[indistinct chatter]
444
00:34:04.083 --> 00:34:05.168
But not quite.
445
00:34:05.752 --> 00:34:07.587
[Malcolm]
There's a missing link somewhere.
446
00:34:08.254 --> 00:34:10.673
If you don't worry about it
you get the right answer.
447
00:34:10.757 --> 00:34:12.717
[Andy] Oh well, I never worry, so...
448
00:34:13.468 --> 00:34:16.179
[Malcolm] Once a year,
Stephen Hawking and his friends
449
00:34:16.763 --> 00:34:19.599
take over some house somewhere,
450
00:34:20.308 --> 00:34:23.144
where we can exchange ideas,
where we can have fun,
451
00:34:23.227 --> 00:34:25.229
where we can go off into
the mountains and have a hike.
452
00:34:25.313 --> 00:34:26.355
Stephen arrived.
453
00:34:26.522 --> 00:34:28.316
-[Andy] Stephen's here, great.
-So if you go
454
00:34:28.566 --> 00:34:29.650
all the way that way,
455
00:34:29.734 --> 00:34:30.735
-you can say hello to him.
-Okay.
456
00:34:31.736 --> 00:34:32.737
[woman laughing]
457
00:34:33.029 --> 00:34:37.909
Stephen, Sasha, Malcolm and I found
a chink in the armor
458
00:34:38.493 --> 00:34:40.578
of, uh... more than a chink,
459
00:34:40.661 --> 00:34:44.707
a huge gap in the armor
of the information paradox.
460
00:34:44.791 --> 00:34:47.126
-Why don't we use the blackboard in there.
-All right.
461
00:34:47.210 --> 00:34:48.669
[Andy] The old story was...
462
00:34:50.254 --> 00:34:53.925
there just wasn't any way that
a black hole could store information,
463
00:34:54.008 --> 00:34:55.676
it was just a hole in space.
464
00:34:57.762 --> 00:34:59.597
[Malcolm] What we've discovered
is that the horizon
465
00:34:59.680 --> 00:35:02.016
does have some properties
that encode information.
466
00:35:03.559 --> 00:35:07.105
Namely, the supertranslation
and the superrotation degrees of freedom,
467
00:35:07.188 --> 00:35:08.898
what we now call the "soft hair"
468
00:35:08.981 --> 00:35:10.775
-Okay.
-Uh oh, put it round.
469
00:35:12.693 --> 00:35:17.698
[Andy] The hair is spread
around the horizon of the black hole.
470
00:35:18.616 --> 00:35:20.785
When you throw
something into the black hole
471
00:35:21.285 --> 00:35:22.578
you change its hairdo.
472
00:35:22.870 --> 00:35:25.957
So you start like this, you throw
something in, it goes like that.
473
00:35:27.583 --> 00:35:32.088
We discovered there's a record
of what fell into the black hole.
474
00:35:34.340 --> 00:35:37.969
Some information
is definitely transferred.
475
00:35:41.389 --> 00:35:43.683
We don't know yet if all of it is.
476
00:35:45.810 --> 00:35:49.856
And that's really what we are currently
trying hard to investigate
477
00:35:49.939 --> 00:35:50.857
-It looks like this.
-[Sasha Haco] Yeah.
478
00:35:50.940 --> 00:35:53.067
It only contains, um, with two derivatives
479
00:35:53.151 --> 00:35:55.778
-in epsilon, so that'll vanish.
-Okay.
480
00:35:55.903 --> 00:35:59.073
We need to see if this soft hair
and these soft particles
481
00:35:59.157 --> 00:36:01.159
can encode
all the information in a black hole.
482
00:36:01.242 --> 00:36:02.827
Okay, so we're not worried
about that term.
483
00:36:02.910 --> 00:36:04.704
-[Malcolm] No.
-Did you look at that term, too?
484
00:36:05.204 --> 00:36:06.455
[Andy] There's a formula,
485
00:36:07.081 --> 00:36:10.835 line:5%
by Bekenstein and Hawking
in the early '70s
486
00:36:11.669 --> 00:36:14.255
for exactly how many
487
00:36:15.214 --> 00:36:18.843
gigabytes of information
can be stored in a black hole.
488
00:36:19.760 --> 00:36:24.515
So the very first test,
which we have not yet passed,
489
00:36:25.933 --> 00:36:29.729
is counting the information
using the soft hair
490
00:36:30.313 --> 00:36:35.109
and showing that it gives
exactly the right answer.
491
00:36:38.487 --> 00:36:41.199
[Sasha] If we can get
the central charge to be 12J,
492
00:36:41.741 --> 00:36:43.201
information is not lost.
493
00:36:43.743 --> 00:36:45.203
Information is conserved,
494
00:36:45.453 --> 00:36:46.996
and that we'll be able to trace
this information
495
00:36:47.079 --> 00:36:48.873
by looking at the horizon.
496
00:36:49.790 --> 00:36:52.418
And we've spent about
three months getting zero,
497
00:36:52.501 --> 00:36:54.295
then another three months
getting infinity,
498
00:36:54.503 --> 00:36:56.214
and the last few weeks, Malcolm
499
00:36:56.714 --> 00:36:59.300
thought he got 12 and now we think
that's actually wrong again.
500
00:37:00.176 --> 00:37:02.303
As of today, we have 12,
501
00:37:02.386 --> 00:37:05.223
but with a dubious step.
502
00:37:06.057 --> 00:37:08.517
[Andy] Are you saying
that that integration by parts
503
00:37:08.601 --> 00:37:10.645
was done to get this last formula?
504
00:37:12.104 --> 00:37:13.105
I have a feeling.
505
00:37:13.898 --> 00:37:17.818
Yeah, because there's no terms
with two derivatives on zeta.
506
00:37:18.527 --> 00:37:21.405
Well, the whole point was to get rid
of two derivative terms on zeta.
507
00:37:22.990 --> 00:37:24.533
But maybe they're really there.
508
00:37:27.078 --> 00:37:31.791
What-- Um, let's see, uh, okay.
509
00:37:32.208 --> 00:37:35.670
So I think we need to think
a little more about this. Um...
510
00:37:38.881 --> 00:37:40.883
[Andy] Oh, Stephen's here. Saved!
511
00:37:41.342 --> 00:37:42.802
[everyone laughing]
512
00:37:43.135 --> 00:37:44.887
-[Andy] Hello, Stephen!
-[Sasha] Hi, Stephen.
513
00:37:44.971 --> 00:37:45.805
[Malcolm] Hello, Stephen.
514
00:37:46.138 --> 00:37:49.892
[Andy] Why don't we give Stephen
the executive summary.
515
00:37:50.142 --> 00:37:51.477
Assuming everything is right.
516
00:37:51.894 --> 00:37:53.354
-To be confirmed.
-No, no,
517
00:37:53.437 --> 00:37:54.981
you never assume everything is right.
518
00:37:56.857 --> 00:37:59.485
-To be checked, everything to be checked.
-[Malcolm] Yeah. Everything to be checked.
519
00:38:00.027 --> 00:38:03.990
You know, it's the usual roller coaster,
a few minutes ago we were very excited
520
00:38:04.073 --> 00:38:08.411
because the central term
came out on the nose
521
00:38:08.786 --> 00:38:14.750
exactly what it needs to be
to get the, uh, area law,
522
00:38:15.334 --> 00:38:19.463
then we realized we...
we might have missed some terms.
523
00:38:23.676 --> 00:38:25.428
Something good seems to be happening.
524
00:38:27.805 --> 00:38:29.348
But we have our work cut out.
525
00:38:30.391 --> 00:38:31.684
[crickets chirping]
526
00:38:39.525 --> 00:38:41.152
[Malcolm] There's something else
we might have forgotten.
527
00:38:41.652 --> 00:38:42.528
[Andy] What?
528
00:38:42.987 --> 00:38:45.364
[Malcolm] There was a question
of an F plus minus term.
529
00:38:46.449 --> 00:38:48.159
Yeah, I've been bothered by that.
530
00:38:48.451 --> 00:38:51.996
So, it could be the F plus minus
term takes this away.
531
00:38:52.788 --> 00:38:55.666
Well, what are we doing
about that, because...
532
00:38:55.958 --> 00:39:00.713
Well I thought I didn't produce anything
with three derivatives of epsilon,
533
00:39:01.213 --> 00:39:02.631
-but...
-We better check that.
534
00:39:05.843 --> 00:39:07.678
[Andy] There's a number we're after.
535
00:39:08.679 --> 00:39:10.306
12 times the angular momentum.
536
00:39:11.849 --> 00:39:14.226
-So I think that is...
-Or divergence of--
537
00:39:14.393 --> 00:39:17.563
[Andy] It's so hard to get the number,
it's really hard to get the number.
538
00:39:18.689 --> 00:39:21.359
If you do get the number...
539
00:39:22.360 --> 00:39:23.194
[Malcolm] Up here.
540
00:39:23.277 --> 00:39:26.864
[Andy] ...that will tell you that black
holes have the capacity to store...
541
00:39:26.947 --> 00:39:28.199
[indistinct chatter]
542
00:39:28.282 --> 00:39:30.493
[Andy] ...all the information
that might have been lost...
543
00:39:30.576 --> 00:39:32.411
I think there's a path in there somewhere.
544
00:39:32.870 --> 00:39:36.082
A giant step towards solving
the information paradox.
545
00:39:36.582 --> 00:39:39.377
[Sasha] And Malcolm got from
that to this by integrating by parts.
546
00:39:40.461 --> 00:39:42.004
-Illegally.
-Yes.
547
00:39:42.088 --> 00:39:45.299
[Sasha] But, by using divergence
of a three-form...
548
00:39:45.383 --> 00:39:48.177
-You can do the same thing.
-You can get to this exact equation
549
00:39:48.260 --> 00:39:51.013
-and you always have room for...
-[Hawking] How many conformal
550
00:39:51.097 --> 00:39:53.599
killing vectors on the two sphere?
551
00:39:54.392 --> 00:39:55.935
-Three!
-[Hawking] An infinite number?
552
00:39:56.769 --> 00:39:57.895
Six!
553
00:39:59.063 --> 00:40:01.982
Stephen's a very interesting person
to work with because...
554
00:40:02.691 --> 00:40:06.570
I guess he's a man of few words,
so everything he says is really important.
555
00:40:06.654 --> 00:40:10.491
Globally well-defined
strict killing vectors,
556
00:40:10.574 --> 00:40:13.911
there are three of them.
Globally well-defined...
557
00:40:14.703 --> 00:40:16.705
[Sasha] He'll ask something
which might at first sight
558
00:40:16.997 --> 00:40:19.041
seem to be he's just clarifying something,
559
00:40:19.500 --> 00:40:21.127
and actually it turns out to be
560
00:40:21.544 --> 00:40:23.879
he's got a slightly different idea or...
561
00:40:24.839 --> 00:40:27.174
he just gives a bit
of his insight or intuition.
562
00:40:28.092 --> 00:40:30.928
Which might then sort of confuse everybody
563
00:40:31.011 --> 00:40:32.972
and then we realize
actually it's really important.
564
00:40:33.055 --> 00:40:34.765
So we've been, uh...
565
00:40:35.599 --> 00:40:38.978
we're religiously abiding
by your instructions to...
566
00:40:41.188 --> 00:40:43.232
forget about infinity.
567
00:40:43.774 --> 00:40:47.445
[Andy] I was laying some groundwork first,
568
00:40:47.778 --> 00:40:49.280
sort of circling the mountain,
569
00:40:49.363 --> 00:40:52.324
trying to figure out
which was the best route to the top.
570
00:40:52.908 --> 00:40:57.621
And Stephen was like,
"okay, we're taking this one now."
571
00:41:00.541 --> 00:41:01.876
He's very daring.
572
00:41:03.335 --> 00:41:06.297
He doesn't want to spend a lot of time
573
00:41:06.547 --> 00:41:10.050
exploring all the subcases
and different possibilities.
574
00:41:10.759 --> 00:41:13.095
He wants to go for the jugular.
575
00:41:14.096 --> 00:41:16.765
[Hawking] Would diffeomorphism
give all the entropy?
576
00:41:16.849 --> 00:41:18.726
Which diffeomorphisms
give you the entropy?
577
00:41:19.518 --> 00:41:20.436
[beeps]
578
00:41:20.686 --> 00:41:22.771
Ah, so the question is
what are the diffeomorphisms...
579
00:41:22.855 --> 00:41:25.274
[Malcolm] This problem is probably
too hard to do on your own,
580
00:41:25.357 --> 00:41:28.152
but different people think
about things in different ways
581
00:41:28.652 --> 00:41:32.490
and, well, each brings
their own little bit of it
582
00:41:32.573 --> 00:41:33.866
to the table.
583
00:41:33.949 --> 00:41:37.161
It's basically
E to the i-n-phi around the...
584
00:41:38.245 --> 00:41:41.874
-it's basically...
-E to the i-n-phi but somehow...
585
00:41:42.082 --> 00:41:43.459
[Andy] I tend to race
586
00:41:44.001 --> 00:41:46.712
to the end and then try
to fill in the spaces...
587
00:41:46.795 --> 00:41:47.671
[producer] Really?
588
00:41:47.922 --> 00:41:52.259
...which is a methodology which
is particularly prone to making errors
589
00:41:52.343 --> 00:41:55.262
because you've already decided
what answer you want.
590
00:41:55.596 --> 00:41:56.805
[birds chirping]
591
00:41:58.098 --> 00:42:00.559
[Andy] Whereas Malcolm
would be more likely to just
592
00:42:01.268 --> 00:42:04.522
start from the beginning
and systematically
593
00:42:05.022 --> 00:42:07.816
work through it,
which has the other problem
594
00:42:07.900 --> 00:42:09.485
that if you're not heading
in the right direction,
595
00:42:09.568 --> 00:42:10.653
you'll never get there.
596
00:42:11.987 --> 00:42:13.948
So I think we compliment each other well.
597
00:42:16.408 --> 00:42:19.578
Sasha has been a fantastic addition.
598
00:42:20.371 --> 00:42:23.415
She started as Malcolm's graduate student,
599
00:42:25.000 --> 00:42:29.755
and she went from zero to sixty
in a rather spectacular way.
600
00:42:30.965 --> 00:42:31.924
[Andy laughing]
601
00:42:33.133 --> 00:42:37.137
We had it once and it went away,
and we got it again about 10 days ago,
602
00:42:37.596 --> 00:42:38.889
but it's gone away again.
603
00:42:42.768 --> 00:42:44.019
We're on the right track,
604
00:42:45.521 --> 00:42:48.065
but it's turning out
to be monstrously complicated.
605
00:42:48.315 --> 00:42:49.275
I think let's go this way.
606
00:42:49.358 --> 00:42:50.317
I think go that way.
607
00:42:50.401 --> 00:42:51.569
We should've brought a helicopter.
608
00:42:52.194 --> 00:42:53.696
Well do you want to go down that way?
609
00:42:53.779 --> 00:42:55.531
-[Andy] This one, you mean?
-[Malcolm] No.
610
00:43:11.964 --> 00:43:16.885
This was a really convoluted international
shipment because of what went on in Chile.
611
00:43:17.511 --> 00:43:19.555
-You know this is important data, right?
-[Michael Titus] Yes.
612
00:43:20.014 --> 00:43:24.602
I don't like to hear the word convoluted
in the same sentence as "your data."
613
00:43:24.977 --> 00:43:26.604
The implement of destruction.
614
00:43:27.605 --> 00:43:29.732 line:5%
This is freshly delivered data.
615
00:43:32.943 --> 00:43:34.486
All the way from Chile,
616
00:43:34.612 --> 00:43:37.406
recorder three, slot two, set two.
617
00:43:38.574 --> 00:43:40.743
-Nicely labeled. Mm-hmm.
-Vincent?
618
00:43:40.993 --> 00:43:44.413
Photons from Chile. Frozen.
619
00:43:45.831 --> 00:43:49.126
When we get the data
from these different telescopes,
620
00:43:49.627 --> 00:43:52.921
the amount of data is immense.
621
00:43:53.047 --> 00:43:55.591
We really have to measure
every single wave,
622
00:43:55.674 --> 00:43:57.426
every single trough and crest
623
00:43:57.593 --> 00:43:59.303
of the waves
as they come to the telescope.
624
00:44:01.513 --> 00:44:03.849
[Feryal] We have to record this faithfully
625
00:44:03.932 --> 00:44:06.810
and then match up each wave front
626
00:44:06.894 --> 00:44:09.647
with the corresponding one
from another telescope
627
00:44:09.730 --> 00:44:11.023
halfway across the earth.
628
00:44:11.106 --> 00:44:12.941
Okay, the latest addition from ALMA.
629
00:44:13.692 --> 00:44:14.777
What else do we have here?
630
00:44:14.860 --> 00:44:18.072
We are generating about
one and a half petabytes of data
631
00:44:18.155 --> 00:44:19.406
per night of observation.
632
00:44:20.574 --> 00:44:22.910
-Okay.
-Yeah, once we cleared...
633
00:44:22.993 --> 00:44:26.830
By far the largest amount of data
per night of observing
634
00:44:27.081 --> 00:44:30.292
than any physics experiment
in the history of science.
635
00:44:30.751 --> 00:44:32.127
I want to see...
636
00:44:32.628 --> 00:44:34.421
Okay, so here's a whole ALMA set
637
00:44:35.673 --> 00:44:37.591
[Shep] We bring all the data back,
638
00:44:37.758 --> 00:44:40.260
all these disk drives to a super computer,
639
00:44:40.594 --> 00:44:43.681
one is at the MIT
Haystack Observatory,
640
00:44:44.556 --> 00:44:47.476
and the other is at the Max Planck
Institute for Radio Astronomy
641
00:44:47.601 --> 00:44:50.521
in Bonn, Germany.
Then between these two sites,
642
00:44:50.854 --> 00:44:53.148
we process and handle all of the data.
643
00:44:53.232 --> 00:44:55.734
This is how you make
an earth-size telescope.
644
00:44:55.984 --> 00:44:57.986
It's like a map of the entire globe.
645
00:44:58.237 --> 00:45:02.074
So up here we have
modules that were recorded in Mexico,
646
00:45:02.282 --> 00:45:05.452
uh, these are also from Mexico,
this is from Arizona,
647
00:45:05.702 --> 00:45:07.955
uh, this is from Spain over here,
648
00:45:08.664 --> 00:45:10.332
uh, this is from Hawaii.
649
00:45:10.916 --> 00:45:13.502
We cannot do any of the processing
from the South Pole.
650
00:45:13.585 --> 00:45:15.671
The South Pole station is closed now.
651
00:45:15.754 --> 00:45:16.588
[wind howling]
652
00:45:16.672 --> 00:45:18.382
[Andy] Nothing can land or take off.
653
00:45:19.675 --> 00:45:22.845
All the data's
in the deep freeze until October.
654
00:45:25.180 --> 00:45:27.224
This is where all the data come together
655
00:45:27.641 --> 00:45:29.852
and we get the final data products.
656
00:45:30.477 --> 00:45:34.273
So, it's happening. It's hard to believe
after so long, but it's happening.
657
00:45:34.815 --> 00:45:38.694
Drop it for now and let's try,
let's just put the baseline in.
658
00:45:41.655 --> 00:45:43.407
Once you correct the manual phase cals...
659
00:45:44.366 --> 00:45:45.576
then this will clean up...
660
00:45:47.244 --> 00:45:51.248
and even the signal-to-noise ratio
will go up and the amplitude will go up.
661
00:45:52.332 --> 00:45:54.126
That is really amazing.
662
00:45:55.335 --> 00:45:57.671
We're getting the kind of sensitivities
663
00:45:57.838 --> 00:46:02.301
and the resolution that we have been after
for about a decade.
664
00:46:04.803 --> 00:46:06.930
For me, personally,
665
00:46:07.973 --> 00:46:11.685
this is a moment of great anxiety.
666
00:46:13.520 --> 00:46:16.815
We've worked for a long time
for this result.
667
00:46:17.524 --> 00:46:21.778
And we don't know even now what we have.
668
00:47:09.618 --> 00:47:15.541
[no audible dialogue]
669
00:48:56.600 --> 00:49:00.020
[no audible dialogue]
670
00:49:10.530 --> 00:49:12.783
[Silke Weinfurtner]
Black holes are out of reach.
671
00:49:16.453 --> 00:49:19.539
We do not know
if the equations we're using
672
00:49:19.748 --> 00:49:21.750
actually describes a black hole.
673
00:49:23.168 --> 00:49:27.631
That's what we cannot directly test,
that's-that's the dilemma we're in.
674
00:49:32.302 --> 00:49:34.137
In my laboratory,
675
00:49:34.221 --> 00:49:37.724
I have a model that mimics
certain features of black holes.
676
00:49:40.143 --> 00:49:43.271
Of course it is not a real black hole,
it would be pretty dangerous.
677
00:49:46.858 --> 00:49:50.153
What we really have is
a gigantic pool of water.
678
00:49:51.780 --> 00:49:55.033
You get this nice vortex
forming right in the center.
679
00:49:57.411 --> 00:50:02.207
For small fluctuations on the surface
it should look like a rotating black hole.
680
00:50:10.507 --> 00:50:13.760
There is physics associated
to the horizon:
681
00:50:15.303 --> 00:50:16.263
light bending,
682
00:50:16.805 --> 00:50:18.056
Hawking radiation,
683
00:50:18.473 --> 00:50:19.433
superradiance.
684
00:50:21.810 --> 00:50:24.104
And these are the kinds
of effects we can simulate.
685
00:50:24.604 --> 00:50:26.940
All the effects that happen outside
the event horizon.
686
00:50:31.570 --> 00:50:35.198
And at the end, you see an effect
which has been predicted for many years
687
00:50:35.282 --> 00:50:37.534
without any experimental confirmation.
688
00:50:40.203 --> 00:50:41.455
That's real physics.
689
00:50:41.997 --> 00:50:43.331
It has been detected.
690
00:50:48.587 --> 00:50:52.340
There is a limit to what we know
about black hole now,
691
00:50:52.716 --> 00:50:53.842
but I'm a scientist,
692
00:50:54.843 --> 00:50:57.137
this is the best situation you can be in.
693
00:51:01.099 --> 00:51:03.477
We have this universe in a Petri dish.
694
00:51:05.187 --> 00:51:09.149
And it's holding fantastic new insights
695
00:51:09.357 --> 00:51:11.109
waiting to be discovered.
696
00:51:25.415 --> 00:51:26.792
[Malcolm] So zeta minus
697
00:51:27.167 --> 00:51:28.418
zeta-tilda-Y,
698
00:51:28.710 --> 00:51:33.673
and this contains an epsilon double prime,
that contains an epsilon prime.
699
00:51:33.965 --> 00:51:35.926
[Andy] So that will go like
one over W plus.
700
00:51:36.009 --> 00:51:38.762
[Malcolm] This goes one over W plus,
701
00:51:40.847 --> 00:51:43.225
which means you got to compute
this thing to W plus,
702
00:51:43.308 --> 00:51:45.018
you're sure there's not something else?
703
00:51:45.977 --> 00:51:47.270
[Andy] No it doesn't.
704
00:51:47.354 --> 00:51:51.191
No, it doesn't, because it's only the one
over W plus term that can contribute.
705
00:51:54.402 --> 00:51:55.237
[Malcolm] Right.
706
00:51:55.320 --> 00:51:56.947
We need that one over W plus.
707
00:51:57.030 --> 00:51:58.990
[Malcolm] So you have to
compute this to order W plus.
708
00:51:59.366 --> 00:52:00.242
No.
709
00:52:00.325 --> 00:52:03.286
[Sasha] No, because you want
one over W plus in the integrand.
710
00:52:03.787 --> 00:52:04.913
[Malcolm] Oh right.
711
00:52:04.996 --> 00:52:06.998
Because the range of W plus is zero.
712
00:52:07.082 --> 00:52:10.377
So if we don't have one
over W plus there, we get zero.
713
00:52:13.797 --> 00:52:15.799
We didn't understand this in Brinsop.
714
00:52:15.882 --> 00:52:17.551
[Malcolm] No, I guess we did not
understand that.
715
00:52:21.471 --> 00:52:23.849
We thought at Brinsop that
things were relatively simple,
716
00:52:24.266 --> 00:52:26.142
we didn't have to think about so much,
717
00:52:26.309 --> 00:52:29.354
But since then, we've discovered
all kinds of other things
718
00:52:29.437 --> 00:52:31.314
which do contribute
and complicate matters.
719
00:52:32.065 --> 00:52:35.402
[Andy] In Brinsop, we thought
we could do it by hand.
720
00:52:36.361 --> 00:52:38.572
You know, ten pages.
721
00:52:42.284 --> 00:52:44.995
Turns out to be among the most
722
00:52:46.371 --> 00:52:50.333
long calculations
that any of us has done.
723
00:52:50.542 --> 00:52:52.878
[Malcolm] That's actually spot on.
724
00:52:57.048 --> 00:52:58.550
[Sasha] One thousand and fifty terms.
725
00:52:58.633 --> 00:53:04.180
[Andy] 1050 terms? You can't do,
you cannot add 1050 terms
726
00:53:04.681 --> 00:53:06.433
without making a single mistake.
727
00:53:07.392 --> 00:53:08.393
Or I can't.
728
00:53:08.852 --> 00:53:10.520
I think that's even beyond Malcolm.
729
00:53:10.604 --> 00:53:12.731
[Malcolm] I think I can do
about half of that, but...
730
00:53:14.733 --> 00:53:16.484
[Andy] So a month ago,
731
00:53:17.152 --> 00:53:21.156
we realized we were going to
have to use computers.
732
00:53:23.241 --> 00:53:26.578
Essentially adding up
many thousands of terms;
733
00:53:26.912 --> 00:53:31.499
if they all add up to exactly 12J,
734
00:53:31.583 --> 00:53:34.169
it will mean the hair
that's on the black hole
735
00:53:34.794 --> 00:53:38.673
is enough to completely reconstruct
how it was made.
736
00:53:39.215 --> 00:53:41.635
That's a long way towards solving
the information paradox.
737
00:53:42.761 --> 00:53:44.596
[Andy] We haven't seen that
happening so far.
738
00:53:45.472 --> 00:53:49.476
Which either means that we-- there's
a mistake in our computer program,
739
00:53:49.559 --> 00:53:50.936
a mistake in our input,
740
00:53:51.353 --> 00:53:54.689
or a mistake in our conceptual
analysis of the problem.
741
00:53:56.066 --> 00:53:59.486
And we've been up and down
in our level of optimism.
742
00:54:00.195 --> 00:54:03.365
We must believe that actually,
it's going to work out properly
743
00:54:03.448 --> 00:54:04.866
for the very simple reason
744
00:54:04.950 --> 00:54:08.495
that we would not be putting this much
effort into it if we didn't believe that.
745
00:54:10.997 --> 00:54:13.917
-[Malcolm] We are putting the effort in.
-We are putting the effort in, yeah.
746
00:54:14.000 --> 00:54:17.212
And the reason we're doing that is
because we believe it.
747
00:54:18.713 --> 00:54:20.465
If we didn't believe it
we probably would have...
748
00:54:22.926 --> 00:54:24.803
-[Sasha] Given up months ago.
-been a bit more discouraged.
749
00:54:26.805 --> 00:54:27.889
[Sasha] I'm optimistic.
750
00:54:30.350 --> 00:54:32.185
But I think we're missing
something quite--
751
00:54:33.311 --> 00:54:34.938
we're missing a term or something.
752
00:54:36.898 --> 00:54:37.816
[Malcolm] Or an idea.
753
00:54:37.899 --> 00:54:41.987
Or an idea or something. We haven't just
not added things up correctly.
754
00:54:45.156 --> 00:54:50.245
[Andy] The information paradox says
that because of black holes,
755
00:54:50.412 --> 00:54:51.538
the universe
756
00:54:52.163 --> 00:54:53.999
can't be described
757
00:54:54.708 --> 00:54:57.502
exactly by physical laws.
758
00:55:00.171 --> 00:55:02.215
I'm putting my money on an idea that
759
00:55:02.716 --> 00:55:06.302
there are physical laws
and that we can figure out what they are.
760
00:55:08.763 --> 00:55:10.724
But it's not over yet.
761
00:55:23.403 --> 00:55:26.781
[Andrea Ghez] I think it is
interesting when observations
762
00:55:27.032 --> 00:55:29.200
don't conform to
763
00:55:29.367 --> 00:55:32.996
our standard picture of how things behave.
764
00:55:33.163 --> 00:55:36.416
And that's when people start to look for
765
00:55:36.666 --> 00:55:38.543
more exotic explanations.
766
00:55:40.920 --> 00:55:43.631
And that's what happened
with the black hole story.
767
00:55:46.509 --> 00:55:49.095
Black holes were initially very
768
00:55:49.345 --> 00:55:53.183
esoteric, mathematical,
very hard to accept,
769
00:55:53.850 --> 00:55:56.644
and yet increasingly over time,
770
00:55:56.728 --> 00:55:59.731
there were observations
that didn't make sense.
771
00:56:01.441 --> 00:56:04.652
Black holes were the best explanation
for what was observed.
772
00:56:05.987 --> 00:56:09.240
What was still quite controversial
were the supermassive black holes,
773
00:56:09.324 --> 00:56:12.243
the ones that were a million to a billion
times the mass of the sun.
774
00:56:15.413 --> 00:56:18.374
Maybe all galaxies harbor supermassive
black holes at their cores.
775
00:56:19.334 --> 00:56:21.086
Even our own galaxy.
776
00:56:22.128 --> 00:56:24.005
That was pretty controversial,
777
00:56:24.714 --> 00:56:28.802
and that is certainly the idea
that I got very interested in.
778
00:56:31.346 --> 00:56:33.473
And I had this technique
that I was working on,
779
00:56:33.556 --> 00:56:35.850
my group and then the group in Germany,
780
00:56:36.017 --> 00:56:39.646
that in principle could figure it out.
781
00:56:41.606 --> 00:56:44.943
And this was just as the Keck Observatory
was opening up in Hawaii.
782
00:56:48.488 --> 00:56:51.032
It's kind of amazing
that a very big telescope
783
00:56:51.116 --> 00:56:53.368
let us monkey around with
the instrumentation at all.
784
00:56:56.579 --> 00:56:57.413
And yet it worked.
785
00:56:58.081 --> 00:56:59.624
All of a sudden you could
see the center of the galaxy,
786
00:56:59.707 --> 00:57:01.334
these stars at the center of the galaxy.
787
00:57:05.421 --> 00:57:08.716
And if there's a black hole there that has
a few million times the mass of sun,
788
00:57:08.800 --> 00:57:11.386
these things are gonna move
really, really fast.
789
00:57:13.346 --> 00:57:15.223
‘95 was our first measurement,
790
00:57:15.515 --> 00:57:19.352
‘96, we saw a second picture,
and oh my goodness!
791
00:57:20.979 --> 00:57:23.648
Those things were absolutely
not in the same place.
792
00:57:25.233 --> 00:57:26.985
These things were hauling!
793
00:57:28.486 --> 00:57:31.239
‘98, ‘99, it was already clear
794
00:57:31.322 --> 00:57:33.741
that the ones that were really close,
were starting to curve.
795
00:57:36.327 --> 00:57:38.788
The curvature gives you a direction
to the black hole.
796
00:57:39.080 --> 00:57:42.250
And we had three stars that were curving,
so it was like three arrows
797
00:57:43.960 --> 00:57:46.796
and they all intersected
at the same place.
798
00:57:50.675 --> 00:57:52.927
You need something very massive
799
00:57:53.303 --> 00:57:56.139
to drive that kind of short-period orbit.
800
00:58:01.102 --> 00:58:06.149
It's hard to conceive of
anything else at its center
801
00:58:06.232 --> 00:58:09.110
other than a supermassive black hole.
802
00:58:13.031 --> 00:58:15.033
We're on our way in.
803
00:58:17.952 --> 00:58:19.454
You can just taste it.
804
00:58:30.798 --> 00:58:31.925
[Michael] 345
805
00:58:32.008 --> 00:58:33.968 line:5%
No, I think Kazu told me--
806
00:58:34.052 --> 00:58:36.638 line:5%
Yeah, but Kazu told me
to look at 120 yesterday
807
00:58:36.721 --> 00:58:38.348 line:5%
and that's why that we
were looking at that one.
808
00:58:38.431 --> 00:58:40.141
So this is 3C345?
809
00:58:40.225 --> 00:58:41.226
-[Katie] Yeah.
-Okay.
810
00:58:41.309 --> 00:58:43.645
The fact that we're aiming
so high with the EHT
811
00:58:43.728 --> 00:58:46.231
to see something you know
no one's ever seen before means
812
00:58:46.356 --> 00:58:49.192
we have to develop an entirely
new set of tools.
813
00:58:49.609 --> 00:58:51.945
It's a lot easier to start
with a big field of view...
814
00:58:52.111 --> 00:58:54.656
We have to reconstruct an image
with sufficient fidelity
815
00:58:54.739 --> 00:58:56.574
that we can trust what we're seeing.
816
00:58:56.658 --> 00:58:58.284
...small and then you get
some weird structuring on there.
817
00:58:58.660 --> 00:59:02.205
Yeah, anyway, I don't have it loaded on
linear scale with them all in the same
818
00:59:02.288 --> 00:59:05.083
When we take a picture
on our camera, right,
819
00:59:05.166 --> 00:59:08.461
you believe that picture
is exactly reality, right?
820
00:59:08.545 --> 00:59:10.755
You actually saw that with your own eyes
821
00:59:10.838 --> 00:59:12.632
and you can see, oh, okay, that matches.
822
00:59:12.799 --> 00:59:16.302
When we take a picture of a black hole
with the Event Horizon Telescope,
823
00:59:16.386 --> 00:59:17.971
we don't get to see that,
824
00:59:18.054 --> 00:59:20.098
we don't know if the picture we generate
825
00:59:20.181 --> 00:59:21.849
is actually what the
black hole looks like.
826
00:59:22.934 --> 00:59:25.144
How do we evaluate what's the true image?
827
00:59:26.187 --> 00:59:27.188
So which is right?
828
00:59:27.730 --> 00:59:28.856
What I'm saying is in general...
829
00:59:29.023 --> 00:59:32.360
which is right?
You know, people publish...
830
00:59:32.485 --> 00:59:35.196
[Katie] One way we approach the problem
is by separating the teams
831
00:59:35.280 --> 00:59:37.365
into different groups
that can't talk to each other.
832
00:59:38.408 --> 00:59:41.286
We generate data from
lots of different kinds of images,
833
00:59:41.661 --> 00:59:44.872
realistic data like we would get
from the Event Horizon Telescope,
834
00:59:45.248 --> 00:59:48.167
then release to the community
but without the true image
835
00:59:48.710 --> 00:59:52.130
and we say, do your best job,
get your best image from this data.
836
00:59:52.547 --> 00:59:56.718
What happens in Team One room
stays in Team One room, right?
837
00:59:57.385 --> 00:59:59.554
If I see another team's image,
838
00:59:59.637 --> 01:00:02.640
I might start trying to push
my imaging algorithms,
839
01:00:02.724 --> 01:00:05.810
even subconsciously, in a direction
that would favor that kind of image.
840
01:00:05.893 --> 01:00:07.645
Look at these amplitude error bars
841
01:00:08.855 --> 01:00:13.568
[Katie] We want to have many rounds of
imaging and refining that imaging process
842
01:00:14.569 --> 01:00:17.196
before we actually compare the images
843
01:00:17.280 --> 01:00:20.074
You look at all these different things
with the same data,
844
01:00:20.366 --> 01:00:21.951
it's a cage match of love...
845
01:00:22.076 --> 01:00:25.913
We should be able to cross-compare the
different algorithms between the teams.
846
01:00:26.205 --> 01:00:28.207
And if we start getting
convergence on those,
847
01:00:28.499 --> 01:00:32.253
then we'll know that we're in a good
position to do the same for Sag-A* and M87
848
01:00:32.337 --> 01:00:35.006
[Mareki] And here is
low closure amplitude.
849
01:00:35.340 --> 01:00:37.091
There's a really big difference.
850
01:00:37.258 --> 01:00:38.593
[Sarah] It is three days apart.
851
01:00:39.093 --> 01:00:41.095
Yeah, but the source
has not changed that much,
852
01:00:41.721 --> 01:00:43.222
and you cannot change the speed of light.
853
01:00:44.098 --> 01:00:49.937
But you know, orange and blue, that's
exactly same day, exactly same time
854
01:00:50.396 --> 01:00:54.442
[Mareki] In Team Two,
I would say we had a hard time.
855
01:00:55.234 --> 01:00:59.322
My feeling is that data are not yet ready,
856
01:01:00.031 --> 01:01:02.075
not yet well-calibrated
857
01:01:02.617 --> 01:01:03.951
for imaging.
858
01:01:04.035 --> 01:01:06.788
So there is still work to be done.
859
01:01:15.171 --> 01:01:17.340
I just happened to be looking
at the Guardian website
860
01:01:17.757 --> 01:01:21.719
at around midnight
on the evening of the 13th,
861
01:01:22.387 --> 01:01:23.680
and they announced it.
862
01:01:25.306 --> 01:01:26.182
And that was it.
863
01:01:28.851 --> 01:01:32.689
[Andy] We had been talking
about going to see him.
864
01:01:33.773 --> 01:01:35.692
Because we were worried, and because
865
01:01:36.401 --> 01:01:40.488
we knew that the work
would lift his spirits.
866
01:01:42.448 --> 01:01:45.451
[Sasha] We kept saying as soon as
we get somewhere,
867
01:01:45.535 --> 01:01:47.203
we're flying straight back to the UK
868
01:01:47.286 --> 01:01:50.039
to talk to him about it
and discuss the next step with him.
869
01:01:50.748 --> 01:01:55.294
It would have made him so happy to realize
that we'd got somewhere with this project.
870
01:01:55.753 --> 01:01:59.340
And unfortunately we just
didn't get there in time.
871
01:02:01.718 --> 01:02:03.803
-[Malcolm] We all think in different ways,
-[Andy] Yeah.
872
01:02:03.886 --> 01:02:07.014
[Malcolm] and he has his own
unique way of thinking about things
873
01:02:08.224 --> 01:02:12.687
and we're not going to be allowed
to have access to his mind anymore.
874
01:02:13.062 --> 01:02:14.605
That's a huge loss.
875
01:02:15.648 --> 01:02:17.942
There's a special kind of friendship
876
01:02:18.943 --> 01:02:24.657
that grows out of scientific
collaboration and discovery
877
01:02:24.741 --> 01:02:28.786
that's in my experience like no other.
878
01:02:30.079 --> 01:02:34.375
And to have a, you know...
879
01:02:36.002 --> 01:02:37.545
scientific...
880
01:02:37.920 --> 01:02:40.506
a productive scientific interaction
881
01:02:41.841 --> 01:02:46.012
with somebody over many decades
882
01:02:47.096 --> 01:02:48.639
and then lose them,
883
01:02:49.557 --> 01:02:51.142
is very sad.
884
01:02:52.351 --> 01:02:56.606
It's sad in a different way than losing
a relative or, but it's...
885
01:02:57.482 --> 01:02:59.400
it's, uh...
886
01:03:02.153 --> 01:03:05.406
it's a special thing and
it's very sad to lose that.
887
01:03:44.445 --> 01:03:46.572
[Janna] You can imagine
if you were floating
888
01:03:46.864 --> 01:03:48.950
near two black holes that collided.
889
01:03:50.785 --> 01:03:54.914
As they orbit, space time begins
to ring in response.
890
01:03:56.332 --> 01:03:58.251
They're like mallets on a drum.
891
01:03:58.918 --> 01:04:00.545
The drum is space time itself.
892
01:04:01.587 --> 01:04:02.922
It begins to ring.
893
01:04:04.048 --> 01:04:06.884
Gravitational waves, squeezing
and stretching space.
894
01:04:09.053 --> 01:04:12.098
In principle, they would pluck
your ear drum,
895
01:04:12.765 --> 01:04:16.143
you would hear them
even though it's empty space.
896
01:04:21.691 --> 01:04:26.320
Gravitational waves are actually like
a sound in the medium of space time.
897
01:04:33.536 --> 01:04:37.456
And that was the greatest
discovery of 2015.
898
01:04:37.999 --> 01:04:42.545
The experiment LIGO recorded the collision
of two completely dark black holes.
899
01:04:47.425 --> 01:04:50.261 line:5%
The final one-fifth of a second
900
01:04:50.344 --> 01:04:53.639 line:5%
before the black holes merged
and went quiet as a bigger black hole.
901
01:04:54.807 --> 01:04:56.058 line:5%
And that's stunning.
902
01:04:56.142 --> 01:04:59.312
The only evidence we've had
for black holes before then
903
01:04:59.520 --> 01:05:01.355
was what they do to their environment.
904
01:05:02.064 --> 01:05:03.441 line:5%
This felt direct.
905
01:05:03.566 --> 01:05:06.277 line:5%
The first completely direct evidence
906
01:05:06.360 --> 01:05:08.905 line:5%
of not only the existence of black holes,
907
01:05:09.030 --> 01:05:11.782
but the existence of
a pair of black holes.
908
01:05:12.283 --> 01:05:15.536
This signal comes after traveling
over a billion years,
909
01:05:16.037 --> 01:05:17.413 line:5%
and they record it.
910
01:05:17.496 --> 01:05:20.708 line:5%
Just a spectacular, spectacular discovery.
911
01:05:22.919 --> 01:05:26.672
My work very much was about
theoretically how black holes collide,
912
01:05:26.756 --> 01:05:28.966
what it would sound like,
simulating those sounds,
913
01:05:29.050 --> 01:05:32.303
and understanding the dynamics
of black hole orbits.
914
01:05:36.766 --> 01:05:40.227 line:5%
Gravitational waves are so quiet
by the time that they reach the earth,
915
01:05:41.854 --> 01:05:46.108 line:5%
the experiments only pick up
the final few orbits.
916
01:05:48.402 --> 01:05:50.821
To dig deeper and hear the approach,
917
01:05:50.988 --> 01:05:55.701
my group has been doing approximations
of the final several minutes.
918
01:05:57.286 --> 01:05:58.829
Listening to the longer run-up,
919
01:05:59.413 --> 01:06:02.667
we can tell if the black holes had a
more interesting dynamic,
920
01:06:02.750 --> 01:06:04.460
if it was a more complicated motion.
921
01:06:06.963 --> 01:06:10.174
So in this case not only are the
black holes different masses,
922
01:06:10.424 --> 01:06:13.511
not only are they on
a more complicated orbit,
923
01:06:13.594 --> 01:06:15.012
but they're also spinning.
924
01:06:18.849 --> 01:06:21.852
The system begins to rotate in space
925
01:06:24.105 --> 01:06:25.940
and you can hear it get quieter
926
01:06:26.524 --> 01:06:28.734
as the gravitational waves
are beamed away from you,
927
01:06:28.818 --> 01:06:31.529
and louder as they're beamed to you.
928
01:06:32.363 --> 01:06:34.991
And so these are all
details we can extract
929
01:06:35.199 --> 01:06:37.493
from the gravitational waves'
sound just by listening.
930
01:06:39.787 --> 01:06:41.330
And then they get louder, faster,
931
01:06:42.039 --> 01:06:43.207
right before they merge.
932
01:06:44.834 --> 01:06:46.877
And then it goes quiet
as one big black hole.
933
01:06:48.921 --> 01:06:50.631
There is a human pleasure
934
01:06:50.965 --> 01:06:55.052
in being able to experience, viscerally,
935
01:06:55.136 --> 01:06:56.804
a recording like that.
936
01:06:57.471 --> 01:07:00.057
In some sense,
making black holes more real.
937
01:07:01.892 --> 01:07:04.020
What a remarkable time to be alive:
938
01:07:05.187 --> 01:07:10.026
to actually be on that cusp
of not knowing, and then discovering.
939
01:07:26.876 --> 01:07:29.712
All right guys,
we're gonna release the data.
940
01:07:30.004 --> 01:07:30.838
[group] Whoo!
941
01:07:30.921 --> 01:07:32.840
[Shep] Big moment, let's do it then.
942
01:07:33.340 --> 01:07:37.470
Okay, I'm including everybody in the
entire collaboration on this note.
943
01:07:38.679 --> 01:07:43.267
The end goal is to have this snapshot
of reality: how a black hole really looks.
944
01:07:44.351 --> 01:07:48.564
Black holes at the center of galaxies
are bathed in this hot glowing plasma,
945
01:07:48.731 --> 01:07:50.941
and so there's light coming
from behind the black hole
946
01:07:51.025 --> 01:07:52.943
and in front of it and every which way.
947
01:07:53.736 --> 01:07:55.613
They curve their spacetime so much
948
01:07:55.696 --> 01:07:57.907
that even light from behind the black hole
949
01:07:57.990 --> 01:08:00.910
can be bent around them
to reach the observer.
950
01:08:04.497 --> 01:08:05.331
You can imagine
951
01:08:05.414 --> 01:08:08.459
some of the photons would be
far enough away they'd just come to you,
952
01:08:08.876 --> 01:08:12.421
some of them would be close to the horizon
and they get bent inward,
953
01:08:13.214 --> 01:08:16.592
and some of them would be too close
and they'd fall into the black hole.
954
01:08:18.302 --> 01:08:21.097
And so the shadow of the black hole
is this circular area
955
01:08:21.180 --> 01:08:22.515
of diminished brightness
956
01:08:22.723 --> 01:08:24.225
with this bright ring around it.
957
01:08:25.434 --> 01:08:28.896 line:5%
It's really a special thing that
there's such a concrete prediction
958
01:08:28.979 --> 01:08:30.523 line:5%
for something that no one's ever seen.
959
01:08:31.524 --> 01:08:34.610
[Katie] You know, if you're making an
image, you have to come in the other room,
960
01:08:34.693 --> 01:08:36.362
-[Michael] Okay.
-[Katie] So we all start at the same time.
961
01:08:36.445 --> 01:08:38.364
[Michael] Team One Imagers!
962
01:08:38.906 --> 01:08:40.950
Okay, which day has the best coverage
by the way?
963
01:08:41.033 --> 01:08:42.827
I'm doing 3601.
964
01:08:42.910 --> 01:08:44.870
-[Andrew] I was going to do 3601 for now.
-[Michael] Same.
965
01:08:45.079 --> 01:08:46.455
[Katie] Okay, are we ready?
966
01:08:46.539 --> 01:08:47.748
[Andrew] I'm giddy.
967
01:08:47.832 --> 01:08:50.417
[Katie] Oh, my God, wait, should we close
the door, are we ready?
968
01:08:50.501 --> 01:08:52.920
Wait, what is happening?
969
01:08:53.337 --> 01:08:54.755
[Katie] We're trying to make
an image right now!
970
01:08:54.839 --> 01:08:57.883
Can we just pace things a little bit?
971
01:08:58.634 --> 01:09:00.261
Well no, first of all.
972
01:09:00.970 --> 01:09:02.096
Shep, close the door!
973
01:09:02.680 --> 01:09:03.514
Oh, my God!
974
01:09:03.889 --> 01:09:05.933
Can we start Michael?!
You don't have to start...
975
01:09:06.016 --> 01:09:07.184
Let's wait for Michael
976
01:09:07.518 --> 01:09:09.854
[Michael] Can we just go on
our little trajectories
977
01:09:09.937 --> 01:09:11.897
and you know meet up in 20 minutes?
978
01:09:12.982 --> 01:09:13.816
[Daniel] No.
979
01:09:13.899 --> 01:09:16.318
I just think it's like a big moment,
980
01:09:16.485 --> 01:09:20.114
[stammering]
and I think for me, I'm just saying, like,
981
01:09:20.948 --> 01:09:23.242
I think it'd be fun for us all
to do the first one together,
982
01:09:23.325 --> 01:09:27.663
see that shit, and then go off in our
own little ways and fix it.
983
01:09:27.830 --> 01:09:31.000
I think it's just so exciting that you--
do you want to do it alone?
984
01:09:31.083 --> 01:09:34.670
[Shep] I'd like to see it all together so
we can kind of get some idea of the data.
985
01:09:34.795 --> 01:09:35.629
[Katie] Are we ready?
986
01:09:35.713 --> 01:09:36.922
[group] Ready.
987
01:09:37.006 --> 01:09:38.674
[Katie] It's not gonna work at all!
988
01:09:38.757 --> 01:09:40.634
[Andrew] Enhance, enhance, enhance!
989
01:09:41.135 --> 01:09:41.969
[Katie] Ready?
990
01:09:42.344 --> 01:09:43.179
[Andrew] Set.
991
01:09:43.762 --> 01:09:44.597
[group] Go!
992
01:09:44.680 --> 01:09:47.099
[Katie] Oh, my God!
Oh, my God we pressed go!
993
01:09:48.809 --> 01:09:50.269
[Andrew] It's just a waffle.
994
01:09:51.604 --> 01:09:54.815
[Shep] Ah! That looks really,
really interesting.
995
01:09:55.274 --> 01:09:58.736
[Katie vocalizing]
996
01:09:58.819 --> 01:10:00.070
How's the waffling going?
997
01:10:00.321 --> 01:10:01.822
[Katie] Andrew's looks beautiful but...
998
01:10:02.656 --> 01:10:04.992
there's no tweaking involved.
999
01:10:06.368 --> 01:10:08.621
[Andrew] I put compactness very high.
1000
01:10:10.623 --> 01:10:13.667
[Michael] Daniel and I were both getting
something like this, with--
1001
01:10:14.919 --> 01:10:16.587
That's what I get when I use only closure.
1002
01:10:16.670 --> 01:10:17.588
[Shep] Only closure?
1003
01:10:17.671 --> 01:10:19.173
Oh, my God, look at the chi squareds!
1004
01:10:20.174 --> 01:10:21.258
[Shep] That's pretty good!
1005
01:10:22.426 --> 01:10:24.929
[Michael] And then this is,
after a few more iterations,
1006
01:10:25.137 --> 01:10:27.932
it smooths it out and gets rid
of some of the extended junk.
1007
01:10:28.015 --> 01:10:29.683
-[Shep] This is all on low-band?
-[Michael] Yeah
1008
01:10:29.767 --> 01:10:31.268
[Shep] Is this only one day?
1009
01:10:31.644 --> 01:10:32.561
This only one day?
1010
01:10:33.270 --> 01:10:34.104
[Shep] You know what –
1011
01:10:34.188 --> 01:10:35.397
That's pretty suggestive.
1012
01:10:36.273 --> 01:10:37.608
[Andrew] Well, it seems--
1013
01:10:37.691 --> 01:10:39.276
[Shep] Did you remove these outliers
in the amplitude?
1014
01:10:39.360 --> 01:10:40.611
I didn't touch anything.
1015
01:10:41.111 --> 01:10:45.449
[Shep] That is very cool guys.
It's really, really cool.
1016
01:10:45.532 --> 01:10:46.617
Wait, which one is that?
1017
01:10:46.700 --> 01:10:47.701
[Andrew] This is Katie's image.
1018
01:10:48.369 --> 01:10:50.037
[Katie] See it looks different though,
1019
01:10:50.120 --> 01:10:53.749
because you guys have a
bright spot more on this side.
1020
01:10:53.832 --> 01:10:55.209
[Michael] Okay, seriously?!
1021
01:10:55.459 --> 01:10:59.505
Look, we're all getting kind of a crescent
that's about the right size--
1022
01:11:00.965 --> 01:11:03.217
[Shep] So what is the size on that,
it's like--
1023
01:11:03.300 --> 01:11:04.301
This is about 40.
1024
01:11:05.761 --> 01:11:10.641
[Shep] That's when you expect if M87
has six billion solar masses.
1025
01:11:10.891 --> 01:11:12.142
[Michael] That's a high mass case.
1026
01:11:12.268 --> 01:11:15.813
[Shep] You know what this is?
This is a scale to weigh black holes.
1027
01:11:15.896 --> 01:11:18.232
[Michael] Okay, seriously if we can get
anything that looks remotely
1028
01:11:18.315 --> 01:11:19.692
like that on all the days--
1029
01:11:19.775 --> 01:11:21.610
[Shep] Guys, the only way
anyone's leaving this room
1030
01:11:21.694 --> 01:11:23.821
is if everybody gets over there
so we take a picture.
1031
01:11:23.904 --> 01:11:25.239
It could have been awful!
1032
01:11:25.322 --> 01:11:27.491
Am I short enough
that I can just stand here?
1033
01:11:30.411 --> 01:11:31.787
And you got to get the thing!
1034
01:11:33.330 --> 01:11:34.915
[Shep] We're at a point now
1035
01:11:35.207 --> 01:11:37.918
where things could inadvertently go south.
1036
01:11:38.711 --> 01:11:40.713
Okay, so I took a picture on my phone,
1037
01:11:41.880 --> 01:11:43.173
of something on the screen.
1038
01:11:43.382 --> 01:11:45.634
See you guys tomorrow, we'll do some more
imaging tomorrow.
1039
01:11:45.718 --> 01:11:48.012
All it's gonna take is
for one of these images
1040
01:11:48.679 --> 01:11:50.889
to be texted to the wrong person,
1041
01:11:51.015 --> 01:11:54.059
people will look at it,
they will measure it off of a screen,
1042
01:11:54.143 --> 01:11:55.477
they'll go write a paper.
1043
01:11:56.061 --> 01:11:57.354
I guarantee you.
1044
01:11:58.022 --> 01:12:01.275
There has to be an absolute, 100% embargo.
1045
01:12:02.651 --> 01:12:05.738
No one outside the EHT collaboration
can see anything,
1046
01:12:06.947 --> 01:12:08.574
anything that happens here
1047
01:12:09.491 --> 01:12:11.493
can never leave Team One.
1048
01:12:13.203 --> 01:12:14.997
This is pretty wild.
1049
01:12:15.539 --> 01:12:17.207
It's all wrong, I'm sure it's all wrong,
1050
01:12:17.291 --> 01:12:19.251
but if that works out,
1051
01:12:19.877 --> 01:12:22.004
it's pretty amazing.
1052
01:12:27.968 --> 01:12:29.970
[birds chirping]
1053
01:12:49.615 --> 01:12:50.657
[Malcolm] Things are going well.
1054
01:12:52.785 --> 01:12:56.872
We think that we have managed
to do this part of the project.
1055
01:13:03.295 --> 01:13:04.380
We've managed to get
1056
01:13:05.422 --> 01:13:08.217
our target answer of 12J.
1057
01:13:11.095 --> 01:13:12.513
There's a little bit left to do.
1058
01:13:24.691 --> 01:13:28.737
[Andy] I think the only thing
that matters is 3.5.
1059
01:13:29.446 --> 01:13:31.073
-[Malcolm] 3.5?
-[Andy] Yeah.
1060
01:13:35.953 --> 01:13:36.829
Good to see you.
1061
01:13:38.455 --> 01:13:39.456
[Andy] Hey Sasha!
1062
01:13:39.540 --> 01:13:41.125
Oh hey, you're here already!
1063
01:13:41.333 --> 01:13:44.420
Yeah, we've already done
like five pages of calculations,
1064
01:13:44.503 --> 01:13:45.337
you're late!
1065
01:13:50.259 --> 01:13:52.469
[Andy] You're allowed to put your stuff
away and go to the bathroom.
1066
01:13:53.178 --> 01:13:55.514
That's alright, I'm needed.
1067
01:13:55.597 --> 01:13:57.307
-[Malcolm] No time for that!
-Nope.
1068
01:13:59.810 --> 01:14:01.353
[Andy] Okay, uh...
1069
01:14:01.562 --> 01:14:05.107
[Sasha] So where are we at?
Like, what still needs to be done?
1070
01:14:05.858 --> 01:14:09.153
-[Andy] The only things I see now...
-Mm-hmm.
1071
01:14:09.236 --> 01:14:13.323
is understanding this
G plus minus to the P.
1072
01:14:13.490 --> 01:14:15.159
-[Sasha] Yep.
-Right. And the past horizon.
1073
01:14:15.742 --> 01:14:17.828
[Andy] And the past horizon.
Does anybody see anything else?
1074
01:14:17.911 --> 01:14:18.829
No, that's it.
1075
01:14:22.416 --> 01:14:24.126
[Sasha] Back at Brinsop, one year on.
1076
01:14:25.294 --> 01:14:27.171
Last year we thought
it'd be pretty plain sailing,
1077
01:14:27.546 --> 01:14:29.673
we would spend a few
more weeks then we'd just
1078
01:14:29.756 --> 01:14:31.925
sum up all these terms
and get the answer we wanted.
1079
01:14:32.009 --> 01:14:34.011
And then over the course of last year,
1080
01:14:34.094 --> 01:14:36.513
we realized actually it's so much
more complicated than that.
1081
01:14:36.597 --> 01:14:38.724
T-left, over T-right plus T-left
1082
01:14:39.057 --> 01:14:42.227
We found there were millions of terms
and it was never going be a two-week job,
1083
01:14:42.311 --> 01:14:45.147
and we got out computers
for the first time, and that didn't work.
1084
01:14:46.648 --> 01:14:47.816
One over Y.
1085
01:14:48.984 --> 01:14:52.196
And then, what we realized is that you can
actually break this equation we had,
1086
01:14:52.279 --> 01:14:55.532
we could break it down into an integrable
part, and a non-integrable part.
1087
01:14:55.741 --> 01:14:57.034
I think that was the breakthrough.
1088
01:14:58.243 --> 01:14:59.578
We had to realize that
1089
01:14:59.661 --> 01:15:01.413
we had almost everything we needed,
1090
01:15:01.747 --> 01:15:02.998
but there was somehow
1091
01:15:03.624 --> 01:15:05.334
a few terms got lost I guess.
1092
01:15:05.417 --> 01:15:06.585
N, D, here
1093
01:15:06.668 --> 01:15:07.961
What we've discovered is that
1094
01:15:08.921 --> 01:15:11.965
the equation is the sum of the
variation of the inertia charge
1095
01:15:12.341 --> 01:15:15.802
and the variation of the
angular velocity of the horizon.
1096
01:15:16.178 --> 01:15:19.223
Which, when evaluated you get 12J.
1097
01:15:20.349 --> 01:15:22.017
Before, we just had a few of the terms
1098
01:15:22.100 --> 01:15:23.936
involved in the
angular velocity of the horizon.
1099
01:15:24.853 --> 01:15:27.689
And without the full thing,
it wasn't integrable.
1100
01:15:29.858 --> 01:15:32.277
Now we've found a nice physical picture
1101
01:15:32.361 --> 01:15:34.655
and a nice way of getting 12J
1102
01:15:35.072 --> 01:15:36.657
and now's the final, you know,
1103
01:15:36.823 --> 01:15:38.825
finishing touches, to make sure
that we really believe in it.
1104
01:15:42.538 --> 01:15:45.832
I'm just very sad that Stephen won't be
able to see this through to the end.
1105
01:15:46.583 --> 01:15:48.210
He would have been really, really excited.
1106
01:15:52.631 --> 01:15:54.174
[Andy] It's weird how personal
1107
01:15:55.592 --> 01:15:56.927
physics can become.
1108
01:15:58.303 --> 01:16:03.350
One of the saddest things about Stephen's
passing in the middle of this is that
1109
01:16:04.351 --> 01:16:06.061
if it works we can't tell him.
1110
01:16:07.020 --> 01:16:08.355
[Malcolm] One bottle in front...
1111
01:16:12.442 --> 01:16:13.277
To Stephen.
1112
01:16:13.819 --> 01:16:14.861
[group] To Stephen.
1113
01:16:15.153 --> 01:16:19.575
[Andy] One of the impressive
and wonderful things about Stephen,
1114
01:16:20.033 --> 01:16:21.660
was how much he really...
1115
01:16:22.494 --> 01:16:26.999
cared... about--
about these questions.
1116
01:16:30.961 --> 01:16:34.006
We know that it's somehow
very different inside a black hole.
1117
01:16:34.631 --> 01:16:38.802
And so the prize is a really
big one if you figure it out.
1118
01:16:41.847 --> 01:16:43.265
The nature of spacetime.
1119
01:16:47.060 --> 01:16:48.103
That's about right.
1120
01:16:51.690 --> 01:16:55.819
[Andy] Hawking handed us
the biggest clue that we have.
1121
01:16:58.196 --> 01:17:00.949
If this project we're on now
1122
01:17:02.993 --> 01:17:06.538
works, it will be like a giant sign post,
1123
01:17:06.622 --> 01:17:08.165
"there's gold in this direction."
1124
01:17:10.917 --> 01:17:12.919
You look up in the night sky
1125
01:17:13.712 --> 01:17:16.048
and of course you don't see them.
1126
01:17:18.300 --> 01:17:19.801
But you know they're up there.
1127
01:17:21.345 --> 01:17:22.763
Almost mocking us:
1128
01:17:24.765 --> 01:17:26.391
"try and figure me out."
1129
01:17:36.443 --> 01:17:37.778 line:5%
[Heino] I just want to check my audio.
1130
01:17:37.861 --> 01:17:39.363
[Kazu] Can you hear me?
1131
01:17:39.696 --> 01:17:40.864
[Heino] Yeah, I can hear you.
1132
01:17:40.947 --> 01:17:42.616 line:5%
-[Kazu] Hi Monica, can you hear us?
-[Monica] I can hear you. Hello!
1133
01:17:42.699 --> 01:17:44.576 line:5%
[Kazu] Okay, so I just want to start,
1134
01:17:44.660 --> 01:17:50.040 line:5%
the first telecon actually showing
the first images of M87.
1135
01:17:50.582 --> 01:17:52.626 line:5%
All images are very consistent,
1136
01:17:52.918 --> 01:17:54.878 line:5%
there is a shadow-like feature.
1137
01:17:55.545 --> 01:17:57.881
Really really encouraging results.
1138
01:17:59.841 --> 01:18:02.928
Wow, it worked. I mean,
it definitely worked.
1139
01:18:03.845 --> 01:18:04.805
We see the ring,
1140
01:18:06.390 --> 01:18:09.893
and then you've got to be
very skeptical, actually.
1141
01:18:09.976 --> 01:18:11.478
You know, I would love to see that thing
1142
01:18:11.561 --> 01:18:13.689
and that's what makes me very suspicious
1143
01:18:13.772 --> 01:18:15.357
about myself and what I see.
1144
01:18:15.691 --> 01:18:19.152
I think it's okay to call that
a shadow feature, if you like,
1145
01:18:19.486 --> 01:18:20.737
as you see in the middle,
1146
01:18:20.821 --> 01:18:24.408
but we should be really careful of
what we think we see.
1147
01:18:24.491 --> 01:18:26.702
Are we going to see other teams' images?
1148
01:18:26.785 --> 01:18:27.953
[Kazu] No, no, no, no.
1149
01:18:28.036 --> 01:18:32.916
When we meet at imaging workshop
to inspect images from each team--
1150
01:18:33.250 --> 01:18:34.918
I could not sleep last night
1151
01:18:35.168 --> 01:18:36.461
because I was so excited.
1152
01:18:36.545 --> 01:18:40.507
I mean, I've waited for this data set
and this image for eight years.
1153
01:18:41.049 --> 01:18:44.219 line:5%
I'm really happy that we're all getting
pretty consistent results,
1154
01:18:44.720 --> 01:18:47.264
and I'm excited to see
what the other teams are doing.
1155
01:18:47.472 --> 01:18:49.725
We all kept pretty good secrets.
1156
01:18:52.144 --> 01:18:57.107 line:5%
Imaging Team Three has been doing
mostly the standard technique
1157
01:18:57.232 --> 01:18:59.860 line:5%
where we use this algorithm called Clean.
1158
01:19:01.820 --> 01:19:06.283
We have about half a dozen individuals
on the team who are making the images.
1159
01:19:07.117 --> 01:19:10.579
The central part of the image
we're in general agreement on.
1160
01:19:12.456 --> 01:19:15.375
It'll be interesting to see what the
other teams using "maximum entropy"
1161
01:19:15.500 --> 01:19:16.543
and some of the other methods,
1162
01:19:17.377 --> 01:19:18.545
what they got next week.
1163
01:19:20.088 --> 01:19:21.923
We hope that they will be consistent.
1164
01:19:23.091 --> 01:19:25.218
We're trying to be very,
very careful about it.
1165
01:19:25.427 --> 01:19:29.681
The worse thing would be to say
that we've seen black hole shadow
1166
01:19:29.765 --> 01:19:32.267
and then find out later
it was an imaging artifact.
1167
01:19:34.686 --> 01:19:36.480
[Katie] Right now within Team One,
1168
01:19:36.563 --> 01:19:39.191
we feel pretty confident in the structures
that we're getting.
1169
01:19:40.692 --> 01:19:43.236
[Andrew] We are feeling pretty good about
our consistency in our images,
1170
01:19:43.320 --> 01:19:46.615
but we haven't seen anything
from the other teams, so,
1171
01:19:46.823 --> 01:19:48.575
it's possible that everything will be...
a complete--
1172
01:19:49.534 --> 01:19:51.369
a complete mess when
comparing between the teams.
1173
01:19:51.453 --> 01:19:54.915
And I'm a little scared for:
what is our plan moving forward,
1174
01:19:54.998 --> 01:19:56.875
-if we do get different images?
-Yeah.
1175
01:20:04.007 --> 01:20:04.966
[Joseph] Good morning!
1176
01:20:05.050 --> 01:20:06.301
-How's it going.
-Pretty good.
1177
01:20:10.597 --> 01:20:14.434
[indistinct chatter]
1178
01:20:21.066 --> 01:20:22.192
Okay, I look forward to it.
1179
01:20:23.276 --> 01:20:24.277
-Hey!
-Hey.
1180
01:20:24.361 --> 01:20:25.737
Nice to meet you finally.
1181
01:20:26.321 --> 01:20:27.197
I'm Katie.
1182
01:20:27.280 --> 01:20:28.490
Nice to meet you!
1183
01:20:29.032 --> 01:20:30.534
Thanks for coming all this way!
1184
01:20:41.211 --> 01:20:43.004
[Shep] This is an incredibly
exciting moment.
1185
01:20:43.421 --> 01:20:45.090
For the first time we're gonna see if
1186
01:20:45.173 --> 01:20:47.175
all the teams are seeing
the same basic structure.
1187
01:20:47.259 --> 01:20:49.636
have not seen any of the results
from anywhere else.
1188
01:20:49.719 --> 01:20:53.557
So this is really a Christmas,
Hanukkah moment, right?
1189
01:20:53.640 --> 01:20:57.477
This is when you unpack, this is when you
open up the gifts you know.
1190
01:20:57.602 --> 01:20:59.521
Did you get a pony? I don't know.
1191
01:20:59.604 --> 01:21:03.275
And then I self-calibrated and then
amplitude plus closure phase.
1192
01:21:03.358 --> 01:21:04.359
[Shep] Okay
1193
01:21:04.442 --> 01:21:06.736
I had a little bit goosebumps.
1194
01:21:07.487 --> 01:21:11.783 line:5%
I've been waiting for this moment
for like ten years.
1195
01:21:12.492 --> 01:21:15.120 line:5%
I've been modeling black holes
for ten years,
1196
01:21:15.579 --> 01:21:18.707
and finally it becomes real.
1197
01:21:18.790 --> 01:21:20.333
[Lisa] Let's see what we could do
1198
01:21:20.417 --> 01:21:23.628
if we were to just use
the exact same script
1199
01:21:23.712 --> 01:21:26.172
without changing anything,
without any fine tuning,
1200
01:21:26.256 --> 01:21:28.300
to see what it will do.
1201
01:21:28.383 --> 01:21:30.343
[Joseph] Okay. That would be
very interesting to see.
1202
01:21:30.427 --> 01:21:33.763
Just out of curiosity.
To see if we can come up with one script
1203
01:21:33.847 --> 01:21:34.764
that could consistently...
1204
01:21:34.848 --> 01:21:36.683
all on microarcsecond scale.
1205
01:21:36.766 --> 01:21:40.520
So it does seem like kind of filling
in the vacuum with more.
1206
01:21:41.438 --> 01:21:45.358
So I guess we have two options
for response to zero baseline.
1207
01:21:45.483 --> 01:21:48.695
And in both it's producing more or less
the same image, right?
1208
01:21:48.778 --> 01:21:51.656
It doesn't make any
sense to use it in that.
1209
01:21:51.740 --> 01:21:55.243
It does actually, they do bring
extra information.
1210
01:21:55.452 --> 01:21:58.413
But it could be completely
extraneous information
1211
01:21:58.496 --> 01:22:01.583
Michael, I still haven't received an image
from Team Three, should I bug them?
1212
01:22:02.083 --> 01:22:03.001
Okay.
1213
01:22:04.753 --> 01:22:07.130
-Then it's going to be much much worse--
-Okay.
1214
01:22:07.213 --> 01:22:08.214
Sorry, real quick.
1215
01:22:08.381 --> 01:22:10.425
How much longer do you need
before you're ready?
1216
01:22:11.509 --> 01:22:13.845
Um, I don't know...
1217
01:22:14.262 --> 01:22:15.430
[Michael] Like 15 minutes?
1218
01:22:15.513 --> 01:22:17.182
Sure, if everything goes smoothly here,
15 minutes.
1219
01:22:17.265 --> 01:22:18.892
[Michael] How long does Team Three need?
1220
01:22:19.351 --> 01:22:21.269
Couple of minutes if it is working.
1221
01:22:21.353 --> 01:22:22.270
Let's just do that,
1222
01:22:22.354 --> 01:22:24.189
you can see the numbers,
if they look fine to you...
1223
01:22:24.272 --> 01:22:25.106
Okay.
1224
01:22:34.699 --> 01:22:35.617
Hey, I--
1225
01:22:35.700 --> 01:22:37.369
I'm ready. I'm ready, yeah.
1226
01:22:40.121 --> 01:22:43.667
[overlapping conversations]
1227
01:22:44.334 --> 01:22:49.005
All right, so first we did a normalized
cross-correlation comparison
1228
01:22:49.089 --> 01:22:50.632
between all of the images.
1229
01:22:50.882 --> 01:22:55.595
A value of one is going to be a perfect
consistency between two images,
1230
01:22:55.679 --> 01:22:57.389
zero is pretty bad.
1231
01:22:57.931 --> 01:23:01.184
-So are we ready for the moment of truth?
-[audience simulates drum roll]
1232
01:23:01.518 --> 01:23:02.519
[all laugh]
1233
01:23:03.019 --> 01:23:05.021
Okay, I will scroll down.
1234
01:23:05.230 --> 01:23:06.231
[group] Oh, my God.
1235
01:23:06.356 --> 01:23:07.732
[group] Look at that.
1236
01:23:07.816 --> 01:23:09.317
[group] Wow!
1237
01:23:13.279 --> 01:23:14.698
[Katie] It's M87!
1238
01:23:14.781 --> 01:23:16.157
[all laughing]
1239
01:23:16.700 --> 01:23:19.661
We compared, basically pixel by pixel,
1240
01:23:19.744 --> 01:23:21.204
you know, how close the images were.
1241
01:23:23.498 --> 01:23:25.917
[Katie] We haven't talked at all
among the teams,
1242
01:23:26.001 --> 01:23:28.378
but these numbers tell us
that despite that,
1243
01:23:28.461 --> 01:23:31.089
we're all broadly seeing
the exact same structure,
1244
01:23:31.172 --> 01:23:32.799
so it's really promising.
1245
01:23:38.596 --> 01:23:40.348
[Sera] It was surprisingly emotional.
1246
01:23:41.683 --> 01:23:43.935
You know it from
a mathematical point of view
1247
01:23:44.019 --> 01:23:47.063
and we've been looking at pictures
quite similar to that from our own models.
1248
01:23:47.605 --> 01:23:51.401
But when you look at it and you have to
tell yourself that it's actually data,
1249
01:23:51.693 --> 01:23:55.905
that you're not seeing a simulation
but you're really looking at a black hole.
1250
01:23:56.031 --> 01:23:59.492
I found myself just with my cell phone
staring at it for hours.
1251
01:24:02.120 --> 01:24:03.913
What's going to have to happen now is,
1252
01:24:04.080 --> 01:24:06.833
the whole collaboration has to
come together and agree.
1253
01:24:11.755 --> 01:24:13.673
[Heino] It's the same latitude as ALMA
1254
01:24:15.091 --> 01:24:17.552
This is a very, very critical phase
of the project.
1255
01:24:18.636 --> 01:24:21.347
We have to bring very different people
with very different backgrounds
1256
01:24:21.431 --> 01:24:23.767
together to agree on something that
1257
01:24:24.684 --> 01:24:29.981
will be work representative of
200, 250 people.
1258
01:24:30.190 --> 01:24:32.317
[Shep] That's a great question.
1259
01:24:32.525 --> 01:24:34.569
I think that what would be best--
1260
01:24:34.944 --> 01:24:37.322
It's very easy to lose your credibility.
1261
01:24:37.655 --> 01:24:41.242
And the Event Horizon Telescope has
built up credibility over many years.
1262
01:24:42.744 --> 01:24:44.162
We have to get it right.
1263
01:24:47.040 --> 01:24:50.210
[Sera] How do you decide
what's the key essence?
1264
01:24:51.002 --> 01:24:52.545
What do we all agree on?
1265
01:24:53.171 --> 01:24:55.590
This has been a discussion
and it's been contentious.
1266
01:24:56.257 --> 01:24:58.301
And it's probably not fully decided.
1267
01:25:01.179 --> 01:25:03.098
Yes, we do want to have a...
1268
01:25:03.973 --> 01:25:04.933
a single image,
1269
01:25:05.016 --> 01:25:06.935
but we do want to show
the variations as well.
1270
01:25:07.018 --> 01:25:08.603
[Katie] Yes, it's a compromise
we have to come up with.
1271
01:25:08.728 --> 01:25:12.232
Something that works.
That thing that works.
1272
01:25:12.482 --> 01:25:14.776
[Silke] I think it's not
what we want to show,
1273
01:25:14.859 --> 01:25:18.279
I think we should go for the best data set
1274
01:25:18.363 --> 01:25:20.698
and the best image of this,
1275
01:25:21.032 --> 01:25:24.202
easily reproducible for anybody
who wants to do it again.
1276
01:25:24.536 --> 01:25:26.579
I kind of like the average image
1277
01:25:26.704 --> 01:25:29.457
but since it's not consistent
with any data,
1278
01:25:29.541 --> 01:25:33.753
are we going to use this image
to do for instance a parameter estimation?
1279
01:25:37.382 --> 01:25:40.927
[Dimitrios] Everybody came in with their
own funding, their own expectations,
1280
01:25:41.511 --> 01:25:43.638
so it is all about convincing each other
1281
01:25:43.721 --> 01:25:46.224
and coercing each other
to find one way forward.
1282
01:25:46.307 --> 01:25:52.355
I mean, do you think there are unmodeled
systematics-- in the synthetic data...
1283
01:25:52.438 --> 01:25:53.898
That made it very democratic,
1284
01:25:54.149 --> 01:25:55.775
but it's not easy,
1285
01:25:56.192 --> 01:25:57.777
I will not lie.
1286
01:26:11.708 --> 01:26:15.211
[Ramesh] I think the dream
of any physicist who studies black holes
1287
01:26:16.588 --> 01:26:20.175
is to be able to go through the horizon
and to the other side.
1288
01:26:26.639 --> 01:26:28.516
If I could take this trip,
1289
01:26:30.351 --> 01:26:32.770
having decided that I've had
enough of this world,
1290
01:26:34.814 --> 01:26:35.857
what would I see?
1291
01:26:45.617 --> 01:26:48.494
[Shep] Just as ancient explorers
were drawn to the sea,
1292
01:26:49.495 --> 01:26:51.039
we're drawn to the horizon.
1293
01:26:54.959 --> 01:26:58.129
We're drawn always to the limits.
1294
01:27:03.676 --> 01:27:05.470
[Andy] The horizon of a black hole
1295
01:27:07.013 --> 01:27:10.350
is the edge of our knowledge,
1296
01:27:11.309 --> 01:27:13.937
of our understanding of the universe.
1297
01:27:16.940 --> 01:27:21.527
And the great exciting problem
is to go beyond that edge.
1298
01:27:27.867 --> 01:27:28.952
[Shep] That's the ultimate.
1299
01:27:29.744 --> 01:27:33.331
That's the place
where there's no "beyond".
1300
01:27:40.880 --> 01:27:42.548
[Heino] It's something that doesn't exist
1301
01:27:42.632 --> 01:27:46.469
as a physical, measurable part
of the universe.
1302
01:27:48.054 --> 01:27:51.182
But you personally could still go there
and experience it.
1303
01:27:54.477 --> 01:27:56.229
But you cannot tell anybody.
1304
01:27:58.606 --> 01:28:00.775
And you don't exist anymore
to the outside world.
1305
01:28:05.154 --> 01:28:07.991
People always make the link
intuitively to death.
1306
01:28:31.639 --> 01:28:33.808
[Skype chime]
1307
01:28:42.483 --> 01:28:44.902
There they are! Smiling!
1308
01:28:45.278 --> 01:28:46.446
It's nice to see you again.
1309
01:28:46.529 --> 01:28:49.073
Miss you guys, miss you guys.
1310
01:28:49.198 --> 01:28:51.284
So we're free.
1311
01:28:53.036 --> 01:28:55.204
We've finished the paper.
1312
01:28:56.998 --> 01:28:58.791
That's why everybody's smiling.
1313
01:28:59.125 --> 01:29:00.835
I'm feeling pretty good.
1314
01:29:01.294 --> 01:29:03.588
I must say I'm feeling amazingly good.
1315
01:29:03.838 --> 01:29:08.009
Simply because it has taken an amazingly
long time to actually get done.
1316
01:29:08.092 --> 01:29:10.136
It's a great relief.
1317
01:29:10.595 --> 01:29:12.555
It's nice to be able to...
1318
01:29:13.056 --> 01:29:14.849
to think about the
bigger picture a bit more,
1319
01:29:14.974 --> 01:29:18.144
I feel like, I spent a lot of time
getting really bogged down in--
1320
01:29:18.311 --> 01:29:19.479
You feel liberated.
1321
01:29:19.562 --> 01:29:22.690
Yeah, I feel liberated, to be able to
work out more what's going on,
1322
01:29:22.774 --> 01:29:26.402
and I feel like the result we have
is very compelling.
1323
01:29:27.487 --> 01:29:32.325
[Andy] We've shown that
the soft hair can account
1324
01:29:33.076 --> 01:29:37.205
for all the information
that's stored in a black hole.
1325
01:29:38.706 --> 01:29:42.210
But we have to be very smart
about what to do next.
1326
01:29:42.668 --> 01:29:44.420
[Malcolm] Yeah, absolutely right.
1327
01:29:44.504 --> 01:29:47.256
[Andy] The big challenge is trying to show
1328
01:29:47.799 --> 01:29:49.675
not only that this could happen,
1329
01:29:49.759 --> 01:29:52.762
but that it does happen.
And that there's a mechanism
1330
01:29:52.887 --> 01:29:57.475
for the flow of information
in and out of the black hole.
1331
01:29:58.851 --> 01:30:01.437
That is a much more complicated problem.
1332
01:30:02.146 --> 01:30:04.107
That's what Stephen would
want us to be doing.
1333
01:30:06.859 --> 01:30:10.863
[Malcolm] Are you coming to the--
this press release on the 15th?
1334
01:30:14.075 --> 01:30:16.828
I'm, I'm hesitating.
1335
01:30:33.928 --> 01:30:35.221
[host] Well, good afternoon.
1336
01:30:35.638 --> 01:30:39.642
Welcome to the press launch of the
final book by Professor Stephen Hawking.
1337
01:30:40.309 --> 01:30:44.522
Now, up until his death he continued to
search for answers with his final paper,
1338
01:30:44.647 --> 01:30:47.275
a work with his long-time collaborators,
1339
01:30:47.525 --> 01:30:50.236
Professors Malcolm Perry
and Andy Strominger,
1340
01:30:50.319 --> 01:30:54.866
on one of the most puzzling problems
facing the scientific community today,
1341
01:30:54.991 --> 01:30:56.993
the information paradox.
1342
01:30:57.743 --> 01:31:01.664
So Malcolm, Andy, give us
a capsule summary of the paper.
1343
01:31:01.747 --> 01:31:04.083
Yeah, you know, it's a huge problem
1344
01:31:04.333 --> 01:31:06.961
that Stephen gave to us.
1345
01:31:07.795 --> 01:31:10.256
It took 50 years to understand
1346
01:31:10.381 --> 01:31:13.801
what a black hole was before you started
worrying about quantum...
1347
01:31:13.885 --> 01:31:16.179
It'll be a decade before we know
1348
01:31:16.262 --> 01:31:19.515
whether this path is gonna get us
where we want to go.
1349
01:31:20.349 --> 01:31:22.560
We also don't know that it can't.
1350
01:31:23.311 --> 01:31:28.065
And, I also have to confess,
not very scientific of me,
1351
01:31:29.025 --> 01:31:30.610
it has the right feel.
1352
01:31:32.653 --> 01:31:37.074
I'm very excited to be part
of this grand adventure.
1353
01:31:42.038 --> 01:31:44.749
-To Stephen.
-To Stephen.
1354
01:31:45.041 --> 01:31:47.376
-To soft hair.
-To soft hair.
1355
01:31:48.669 --> 01:31:51.756
And to the demise of
the information paradox.
1356
01:31:52.798 --> 01:31:54.300
And to the next paper.
1357
01:31:57.595 --> 01:31:58.721
[Andy] It's a great life.
1358
01:31:59.847 --> 01:32:01.557
It's what life is about.
1359
01:32:44.058 --> 01:32:48.229
[indistinct conversations]
1360
01:32:54.026 --> 01:32:56.654
-[laughing]
-I feel the same way.
1361
01:33:01.284 --> 01:33:04.912
[overlapping conversations]
1362
01:33:06.831 --> 01:33:09.292
Welcome to today's press conference.
1363
01:33:09.375 --> 01:33:12.670 line:5%
Brought to you by the National Science
Foundation and the Event Horizon--
1364
01:33:12.753 --> 01:33:14.088 line:5%
Good afternoon.
1365
01:33:14.171 --> 01:33:17.883 line:5%
We have very little time before the actual
announcement goes live
1366
01:33:17.967 --> 01:33:21.887 line:5%
across the globe, in six simultaneous
press conferences, so I will--
1367
01:33:21.971 --> 01:33:25.933 line:5%
Buenos dias a todos, today is an
extraordinary day for astronomy.
1368
01:33:27.018 --> 01:33:29.353 line:5%
[speaking Japanese]
1369
01:33:29.437 --> 01:33:30.438 line:5%
[overlapping announcements]
1370
01:33:30.521 --> 01:33:36.527 line:5%
What you're seeing here is the result
of many, many people working together.
1371
01:33:37.695 --> 01:33:39.280
Thank you, assembled guests,
1372
01:33:39.363 --> 01:33:40.906
black hole enthusiasts.
1373
01:33:41.115 --> 01:33:44.577
Black holes are the most mysterious
objects in the universe.
1374
01:33:45.328 --> 01:33:47.413
Now, we are members
of a large collaboration.
1375
01:33:47.997 --> 01:33:51.542
We are 200 members strong,
we have 60 institutes,
1376
01:33:51.834 --> 01:33:54.211
and we are working in
over 20 countries and regions.
1377
01:33:54.920 --> 01:33:56.672
We worked for over a decade
1378
01:33:56.756 --> 01:34:00.009
to expose part of the universe
that was invisible to us before.
1379
01:34:00.843 --> 01:34:04.055
And we are delighted
to be able to report to you today
1380
01:34:04.305 --> 01:34:07.391
that we have seen what
we thought was unseeable.
1381
01:34:08.642 --> 01:34:12.730
We have seen,
and taken a picture of, a black hole.
1382
01:34:15.107 --> 01:34:16.192
Here it is.
1383
01:34:16.275 --> 01:34:18.152
[swelling instrumental music plays]
1384
01:34:19.862 --> 01:34:23.616
We now have visual evidence
for the existence of a black hole.
1385
01:34:24.533 --> 01:34:25.576
We now know that
1386
01:34:25.659 --> 01:34:28.829
a black hole that weighs
6.5 billion times what our sun does
1387
01:34:28.913 --> 01:34:31.165
exists in the center of M87.
1388
01:34:33.334 --> 01:34:35.461
And this is just the beginning.
1389
01:34:35.544 --> 01:34:37.630
[applause]
1390
01:34:37.713 --> 01:34:39.715
[music continues]
1391
01:34:48.724 --> 01:34:50.559
[no audible dialogue]
1392
01:34:52.770 --> 01:34:56.023
[no audible dialogue]
1393
01:35:08.828 --> 01:35:13.666
[no audible dialogue]
1394
01:35:41.193 --> 01:35:43.904
[gentle instrumental music plays]