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I have therefore chosen
this time and place

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to discuss a topic on which
ignorance too often abounds

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and the truth
too rarely perceived,

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and that is the most important
topic on earth, peace.

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What kind of a peace do I mean

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and what kind of
a peace do we seek?

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Not a Pax Americana
enforced on the world

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by American weapons of war.

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Not the peace of the grave

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or the security of the slave.

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I am talking about
genuine peace,

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the kind of peace that makes
life on earth worth living.

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The kind that enables men
and nations to grow

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and to hope

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and build a better life
for their children,

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not merely peace for Americans
but peace for all men and women.

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Not merely peace in our time,
but peace in all time.

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[tranquil music playing]

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[woman]   That straight, sleek
look that it should have,

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and very often you'll find

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a zipper hidden
in the, uh, arm and--

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Good afternoon,
ladies and gentlemen.

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You'll excuse the fact
that I'm out of breath,

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but about 10 or 15 minutes ago,

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a tragic thing, from
all indications at this point,

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has happened
in the city of Dallas.

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This is Walter Cronkite
in our newsroom.

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Here's a, uh, piece of copy
that was rushed to-- to me

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and was torn off
from the United Press.

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President Kennedy
has been shot in Dallas.

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Along with
Governor Connally of Texas.

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They've been taken
to Parkland Hospital there,

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where their condition is,
as yet, unknown.

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[reporter 1]
And just now we've received
reports here at Parkland

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that Governor Connally was
shot in the upper left chest,

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and the first
unconfirmed reports

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say the President
was hit in the head.

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That's an unconfirmed report

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that the President
was hit in the head.

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[reporter 2]
Police began chasing

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an unknown gunman
across the railroad tracks.

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Would you see if they need
some coffee or something?

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These people
are awfully shaken up.

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They were in the line of fire.

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[man]   The President's car
was some 50 feet

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when we heard the first shot.

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And then as the car
got directly in front of us,

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a gunshot from
the top of the hill

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hit the President's side--
side of the temple.

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[reporter over phone]
Where did the shots come from?

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[woman over phone]
The shots came from the hill.

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[reporter 3]   Excuse me
just a moment, John.

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Uh, there was just word
from the hospital

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that they have dispatched
a call for a neurosurgeon.

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All we can do now
is pray for him,

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and that's about all we can do.

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[reporter 4]   President's wife,
Jackie Kennedy, was not hurt.

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She walked into the hospital.
A priest has been ordered.

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Emergency supplies of blood

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also being rushed
to the hospital.

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[reporter 5]   Just a moment.
We have a bulletin coming in.

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We'll now put you directly
through Parkland Hospital

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and KBLX news director,
Bill Hamdon.

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[reporter 6]
Two priests, who were with

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President Kennedy,
say he is dead.

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[woman gasps]

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-Just two priests announced it?
-[man] Yes.

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But it's not the truth, is it?

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[Walter Cronkite]
The flash, apparently official,

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President Kennedy died

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at 1:00 p.m.
Central Standard Time,

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some 38 minutes ago.

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[boy]   I just can't see
why anybody would want

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to shoot Mr. Kennedy for all
the things he's done for us.

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He tried to keep us from
getting into war and everything.

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It's a simple matter of a bullet
right through the head.

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[officer]   All the information
that we have received

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now indicates that it did come

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from about the fifth or fourth
floor of that building.

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We're checking it out now.

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10-4 now, and 112.

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We found empty rifle hulls,

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and it looked like the man
had been there for some time.

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[reporter 7]
Police made a systematic
search     of the building.

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They found no weapon.

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[reporter 8]
We just got the word.

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Lyndon B. Johnson
has been sworn in

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as the President
of the United States

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just prior to a takeoff
to return to Washington.

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[reporter 9]   Behind the casket
is Mrs. Jacqueline Kennedy.

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They are helping her down.

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Now, new President,
Lyndon Baines Johnson.

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We have suffered a loss
that cannot be weighed.

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[reporter 10]
At Bethesda Naval Hospital,

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the autopsy team
has completed work.

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Now the body of the slain
President and his widow

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are at last brought home
to the White House.

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[reporter 11]   Who do you think
would do something like this?

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Probably some segregationist
crackpot or something.

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Just...
They had it all planned out.

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I really believe that his blood
will be on their hands.

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[reporter 12]
Here is the suspect.
Can we roll it please?

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[Lee Harvey Oswald]
People have given me a hearing

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without legal representation
or anything.

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-Did you shoot the President?
-I didn't shoot anybody.

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I emphatically
deny these charges.

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[reporter 13]   This is
24-year-old Lee H. Oswald.

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He answers the description
of a young man

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sighted at the
Book Depository Building.

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[reporter 14]   Police chased
Oswald into a movie theater.

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Police said he fired at them,
killing Patrolman J.D. Tippit.

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A rifle was found in a building
where he worked.

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[reporter 15]   Police refused
to say whether they have

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any fingerprints
from that weapon as yet.

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The man obviously was an
excellent shot or very lucky,

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in that witnesses
said three shots were fired,

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at least two of them
found their marks.

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[reporter 16]
At the Capitol Rotunda,

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there will be
three short speeches

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before the public is allowed
to start viewing the body.

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Chief, do you have any concern
for the safety of your prisoner?

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[officer]
No, but because necessary

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precautions
will be taken, of course.

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[reporter 17]   Is there
any doubt in your mind, Chief,

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that Oswald is the man
who killed the President?

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[officer]   I think this is the
man who killed the President.

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I'm just a patsy.

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[reporter 18]   So great is
the crush outside the Capitol,

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that people who have not
been in line can't possibly.

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We are now switching to Dallas

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where they are about to move
Lee Oswald and whether--

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[gunshot]

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[reporter 19]   He's been shot.

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[indistinct]

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[reporter 20]
There's a man with a gun.

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[Cronkite]
Lee Harvey Oswald,

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the man who Dallas police say
killed President Kennedy,

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himself is dead.

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The man Dallas police
seized at the scene,

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and are holding, has been
identified     as Jack Ruby.

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He is being held by the Dallas
police. Now, back to Washington.

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[reporter 21]
Fifty-three countries

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are represented in all today.

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There are a dozen members
of ruling royal families,

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30 foreign ministers.

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[reporter 22]
Things should be all right
in the few months ahead.

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[Dwight D. Eisenhower]
I'm sure the, uh,

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entire citizenry of the nation

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will stand faithfully
behind the government.

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This bizarre sequence of double
killings raise great questions.

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Who actually fired the shots
that killed Kennedy?

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Was there a conspiracy?

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The first wound described is
a wound in the back of the head

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and would seem to indicate
a shot from behind.

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But the doctors
also said there was

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a wound in the throat
at the front,

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which seemed to indicate a shot
from the other direction.

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[Cronkite]   The new President,
Lyndon Johnson,

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appointed a commission
of seven prominent Americans

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to investigate
the whole affair.

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Earl Warren, Chief Justice
of the United States.

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Richard B. Russell,
senator from Georgia.

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John Sherman Cooper,
senator from Kentucky.

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Hale Boggs,
representative     from Louisiana.

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Gerald R. Ford,
representative from Michigan.

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John J. McCloy,
presidential adviser.

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Allen W. Dulles,
ex-head of the CIA.

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Are you convinced
that he was shot from
the School Book Depository?

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Well, I think we better leave
all that, you know.

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The evidence report
will cover all-- all of that.

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[reporter 23]
The Warren Commission
makes these major findings.

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Lee Harvey Oswald
assassinated President Kennedy.

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He did it alone.

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He was not a part
of any conspiracy,

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either domestic or foreign.

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[reporter 24]
Some other details

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will be of interest
mainly to historians

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00:09:14.679 --> 00:09:16.347
and others having
some special interest.

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[reporter 25]   But there was one
further piece of evidence

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that the public cannot see.

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Abraham Zapruder's film
of the actual assassination.

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This murder now
is the most thoroughly

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documented crime
in American history.

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00:09:28.985 --> 00:09:30.945
And for those
who care to pursue it

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down to the last detail,
it's all there.

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[Oliver Stone]
This is Dealey Plaza.

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To this day,
it remains a crime scene.

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In the years
since the Warren Report,

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many significant
re-investigations were made

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00:09:57.179 --> 00:09:59.557
into the murder
of President Kennedy.

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00:10:00.933 --> 00:10:03.561
Each one revealed
new facts and evidence

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that shed more light on what
really happened here that day.

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Starting in 1975,
after the Watergate scandal,

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Senator Frank Church
conducted     an investigation

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00:10:15.364 --> 00:10:19.493
into the abuses
and crimes of the FBI and CIA.

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During that time, the public
learned of the CIA plots

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00:10:22.705 --> 00:10:24.457
to assassinate foreign leaders

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like Patrice Lumumba
of the Republic of Congo

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00:10:27.376 --> 00:10:30.129
and Fidel Castro of Cuba.

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Plots orchestrated
under     Director Allen Dulles.

203
00:10:34.133 --> 00:10:36.344
But the Church committee
didn't stop there.

204
00:10:36.385 --> 00:10:39.138
Senators Richard Schweiker
and Gary Hart

205
00:10:39.180 --> 00:10:42.683
were tasked to reexamine
the roles of the CIA and FBI

206
00:10:42.725 --> 00:10:46.520
as the chief investigators
for the Warren Commission,

207
00:10:46.562 --> 00:10:49.607
and look for signs
of conflicts or cover-ups.

208
00:10:50.566 --> 00:10:52.026
J. Edgar Hoover writes,

209
00:10:52.068 --> 00:10:54.362
"Yes, we did have
a relationship with Mr. Ruby

210
00:10:54.403 --> 00:10:57.031
and he acted as our informant."

211
00:10:57.073 --> 00:10:59.950
Now, who said that at the time
of the Warren Commission report?

212
00:10:59.992 --> 00:11:03.829
Did anybody ever imply
that-- that Jack Ruby

213
00:11:03.871 --> 00:11:06.457
was a confidential informant
for the FBI?

214
00:11:06.499 --> 00:11:09.960
Nobody breathed that.
That was classified.

215
00:11:10.002 --> 00:11:12.171
[Stone]   Faith in what
the American public was told

216
00:11:12.213 --> 00:11:15.383
by the Warren Commission
was starting to unravel.

217
00:11:15.424 --> 00:11:18.386
The intelligence agencies
did all the wrong things

218
00:11:18.427 --> 00:11:21.055
if they really
were looking for conspiracy

219
00:11:21.097 --> 00:11:23.391
or to find out
who killed John Kennedy.

220
00:11:23.432 --> 00:11:27.103
[Stone]   The search for real
answers gained momentum.

221
00:11:27.144 --> 00:11:29.397
Then, 12 years
after the assassination,

222
00:11:29.438 --> 00:11:32.358
the most iconic piece
of evidence was leaked

223
00:11:32.400 --> 00:11:34.610
and finally
shown to the public.

224
00:11:34.652 --> 00:11:36.696
It's the film shot by the Dallas

225
00:11:36.737 --> 00:11:40.157
dress manufacturer,
Abraham Zapruder.

226
00:11:40.199 --> 00:11:43.536
And it's the execution
of President Kennedy,

227
00:11:43.577 --> 00:11:45.329
and, uh, Bob and Dick,

228
00:11:45.371 --> 00:11:46.831
would you please narrate

229
00:11:46.872 --> 00:11:48.999
what we're seeing
as we show this film?

230
00:11:49.041 --> 00:11:50.710
[Robert Groden]   Now, before
he goes behind the sign,

231
00:11:50.751 --> 00:11:52.420
the President
is waving to the crowd.

232
00:11:52.461 --> 00:11:54.171
When he comes out from
behind the sign, he is shot.

233
00:11:54.213 --> 00:11:55.881
Then Governor Connally is shot.

234
00:11:55.923 --> 00:11:57.091
[Geraldo Rivera]
He's already been hit.

235
00:11:57.133 --> 00:11:58.509
[Groden]
He's already been hit.

236
00:11:58.551 --> 00:12:00.261
[Rivera]   And now?

237
00:12:00.302 --> 00:12:02.930
[Groden]   At the bottom of
the screen, the head shot.

238
00:12:02.972 --> 00:12:05.433
[Rivera]   That's the shot
that blew off his head.

239
00:12:05.474 --> 00:12:07.685
That's the most upsetting thing
I've ever seen.

240
00:12:07.727 --> 00:12:08.936
We'll talk about it in a minute.

241
00:12:08.978 --> 00:12:10.938
[Stone]
Seeing the shock and brutality

242
00:12:10.980 --> 00:12:13.274
of the actual assassination

243
00:12:13.315 --> 00:12:14.775
caused a public outcry.

244
00:12:14.817 --> 00:12:16.444
The government formed

245
00:12:16.485 --> 00:12:21.741
the House Select Committee
on Assassinations, the HSCA.

246
00:12:21.782 --> 00:12:23.993
The committee
will come to order.

247
00:12:24.034 --> 00:12:26.579
[Stone]   The HSCA
re-interviewed witnesses

248
00:12:26.620 --> 00:12:28.122
and took new testimonies

249
00:12:28.164 --> 00:12:29.957
that exposed
massive inconsistencies

250
00:12:29.999 --> 00:12:32.251
with the original
Warren Report.

251
00:12:32.293 --> 00:12:34.628
Has any other scientist to date

252
00:12:34.670 --> 00:12:39.633
linked the so-called pristine
bullet to the injuries?

253
00:12:39.675 --> 00:12:41.469
Not that I'm aware of. No.

254
00:12:41.510 --> 00:12:47.725
The Pentagon has destroyed
its Kennedy assassination file,

255
00:12:47.767 --> 00:12:50.978
and we don't know
why that was done.

256
00:12:51.020 --> 00:12:52.980
[Stone]   But at
the end of that investigation,

257
00:12:53.022 --> 00:12:55.775
what the HSCA
learned was considered

258
00:12:55.816 --> 00:12:58.152
too damaging to be made public.

259
00:12:58.194 --> 00:13:00.446
And close to
a half-million records

260
00:13:00.488 --> 00:13:03.991
were to remain
sealed until 2029,

261
00:13:04.033 --> 00:13:06.494
a fact that we made clear

262
00:13:06.535 --> 00:13:09.330
at the conclusion
to our 1991 film,   JFK.

263
00:13:10.831 --> 00:13:12.416
The media controversy
that accompanied

264
00:13:12.458 --> 00:13:15.336
the film forced Congress
to do something about

265
00:13:15.377 --> 00:13:19.465
the secrecy
that still surrounded
these classified files.

266
00:13:19.507 --> 00:13:21.759
Hearings were held
on Capitol Hill.

267
00:13:21.801 --> 00:13:23.260
Most Americans did not

268
00:13:23.302 --> 00:13:25.221
believe or support the verdict

269
00:13:25.262 --> 00:13:27.640
of the Warren Commission
initially.

270
00:13:27.681 --> 00:13:30.392
And now more than three in four,

271
00:13:30.434 --> 00:13:33.479
according to all recent
samplings of public opinion,

272
00:13:33.521 --> 00:13:36.941
think some conspiracy
was involved.

273
00:13:36.982 --> 00:13:39.151
And in 1992,
the John F. Kennedy

274
00:13:39.193 --> 00:13:41.862
Records Collection Act
was passed.

275
00:13:41.904 --> 00:13:43.239
Clerk will report the title.

276
00:13:43.280 --> 00:13:45.074
Senate 3006, an act to provide

277
00:13:45.115 --> 00:13:47.243
for the expeditious
disclosure of records

278
00:13:47.284 --> 00:13:50.287
relevant to the assassination
of President John F. Kennedy.

279
00:13:50.329 --> 00:13:52.122
[Stone]
This act provided funding

280
00:13:52.164 --> 00:13:55.251
and formed the Assassination
Records Review Board,

281
00:13:55.292 --> 00:13:57.336
the ARRB.

282
00:13:57.378 --> 00:14:00.714
The public wasn't going
to have to wait until 2029.

283
00:14:00.756 --> 00:14:03.884
Declassification
was to begin now.

284
00:14:03.926 --> 00:14:05.511
The board was given a budget

285
00:14:05.553 --> 00:14:07.847
and timeline
of four years to declassify

286
00:14:07.888 --> 00:14:10.015
and make public
as many documents

287
00:14:10.057 --> 00:14:12.685
and records as possible.

288
00:14:12.726 --> 00:14:15.062
They managed to collect
over two million pages

289
00:14:15.104 --> 00:14:18.524
of declassified records
and artifacts.

290
00:14:18.566 --> 00:14:22.069
They are all housed at the
National Archives in Maryland,

291
00:14:22.111 --> 00:14:24.238
and since then,
the public has been free

292
00:14:24.280 --> 00:14:28.242
to view, study,
and investigate.

293
00:14:28.284 --> 00:14:30.911
There is now so much more
that we know,

294
00:14:30.953 --> 00:14:33.080
and with those facts in hand,

295
00:14:33.122 --> 00:14:35.291
we will go back
and piece together

296
00:14:35.332 --> 00:14:37.167
what really happened that day,

297
00:14:37.209 --> 00:14:40.254
and discover the reasons why.

298
00:14:42.006 --> 00:14:43.090
Let's begin.

299
00:14:44.800 --> 00:14:46.343
[reporter]
Something has happened
in the motorcade.

300
00:14:46.385 --> 00:14:47.428
Standby, please.

301
00:14:47.469 --> 00:14:48.971
[Whoopi Goldberg]
The JFK case

302
00:14:49.013 --> 00:14:51.390
was such a mass of confusion.

303
00:14:51.432 --> 00:14:53.809
For example,
the Warren Commission

304
00:14:53.851 --> 00:14:56.729
was limited
to only three shots,

305
00:14:56.770 --> 00:15:00.024
because three shells
were found on the sixth floor

306
00:15:00.065 --> 00:15:02.151
of the School Book Depository.

307
00:15:02.192 --> 00:15:04.320
[J. Edgar Hoover]
On that floor,

308
00:15:04.361 --> 00:15:06.947
we found the three     empty
shells that had been fired,

309
00:15:06.989 --> 00:15:08.908
but they had
characteristics on them

310
00:15:08.949 --> 00:15:10.868
so that our ballistics expert

311
00:15:10.910 --> 00:15:14.038
was able to prove that
they were fired by this gun.

312
00:15:14.079 --> 00:15:15.456
[Lyndon Johnson]
Any of them fired at me?

313
00:15:15.497 --> 00:15:16.957
[Hoover]
No, there was never any...

314
00:15:16.999 --> 00:15:18.626
[Johnson]
All three at the President?

315
00:15:18.667 --> 00:15:21.045
[Hoover]
All three at the President,
and we have them.

316
00:15:21.086 --> 00:15:22.463
[Goldberg]
The FBI concluded that

317
00:15:22.504 --> 00:15:24.381
all three bullets
struck inside the car.

318
00:15:24.423 --> 00:15:26.383
[Hoover]   He was hit
by the first and the third.

319
00:15:26.425 --> 00:15:28.218
The second shot
hit the governor.

320
00:15:28.260 --> 00:15:29.929
The third shot
tore a large part

321
00:15:29.970 --> 00:15:32.723
of the President's head off.

322
00:15:32.765 --> 00:15:35.768
The Warren Commission
put itself in a straitjacket.

323
00:15:35.809 --> 00:15:39.063
They could not possibly allow
more than three shots,

324
00:15:39.104 --> 00:15:41.023
because four shots or more

325
00:15:41.065 --> 00:15:43.067
would have clearly
indicated conspiracy.

326
00:15:43.108 --> 00:15:44.860
And they were not going there.

327
00:15:44.902 --> 00:15:46.987
[James Tague speaking]

328
00:15:53.202 --> 00:15:54.370
scratched my face

329
00:15:54.745 --> 00:15:56.914
[Goldberg]
Records show the first shot

330
00:15:56.956 --> 00:15:59.249
had missed
its target completely,

331
00:15:59.291 --> 00:16:02.461
and the final shot
hit Kennedy in the head.

332
00:16:02.503 --> 00:16:06.298
So, how does one account for
one bullet hitting two victims,

333
00:16:06.340 --> 00:16:08.717
and doing all this damage?

334
00:16:08.759 --> 00:16:11.595
Arlen Specter was
a Yale Law School graduate

335
00:16:11.637 --> 00:16:14.682
working in the Philadelphia
district attorney's office,

336
00:16:14.723 --> 00:16:18.018
when he was asked to serve
on the Warren Commission.

337
00:16:18.060 --> 00:16:22.189
Aha! What if one bullet
made all seven wounds?

338
00:16:22.231 --> 00:16:23.857
Arlen Specter, he is the one

339
00:16:23.899 --> 00:16:26.276
that gave birth to
the single-bullet theory.

340
00:16:26.318 --> 00:16:28.696
What if one bullet went into
Kennedy's back

341
00:16:28.737 --> 00:16:31.365
and came out his neck,

342
00:16:31.407 --> 00:16:34.535
and then went into Connally's
back, piercing the lung,

343
00:16:34.576 --> 00:16:37.121
destroying four inches
of the right fifth rib,

344
00:16:37.162 --> 00:16:39.164
exiting from
the front of his chest,

345
00:16:39.206 --> 00:16:40.749
going into
the back of the wrist,

346
00:16:40.791 --> 00:16:42.793
shattering the distal end
of the radius.

347
00:16:42.835 --> 00:16:44.378
In a 6-foot-4 guy like Connally,

348
00:16:44.420 --> 00:16:46.964
that's a big heavy bone
comminuted fracture.

349
00:16:47.006 --> 00:16:48.716
Exits from
the front of the wrist,

350
00:16:48.757 --> 00:16:50.926
goes into his left thigh.

351
00:16:50.968 --> 00:16:53.262
Whatever you want,
whatever you need,

352
00:16:53.303 --> 00:16:56.265
this bullet happily
and readily obliges you.

353
00:16:56.306 --> 00:16:58.392
It is indeed a magic bullet.

354
00:16:59.727 --> 00:17:02.646
CE-399 was the magic bullet,

355
00:17:02.688 --> 00:17:05.691
and all government
investigations so far

356
00:17:05.733 --> 00:17:08.277
have treated that bullet

357
00:17:08.318 --> 00:17:11.280
as absolutely
foundational to this case.

358
00:17:11.321 --> 00:17:12.990
How important
is chain of custody

359
00:17:13.032 --> 00:17:15.075
in a legal proceeding?

360
00:17:15.117 --> 00:17:16.994
Chain of custody
basically refers to

361
00:17:17.036 --> 00:17:18.537
the integrity of evidence.

362
00:17:18.579 --> 00:17:20.581
If I, uh, pick up
a piece of evidence

363
00:17:20.622 --> 00:17:22.916
and I transfer it
to somebody else

364
00:17:22.958 --> 00:17:24.710
for holding or processing,

365
00:17:24.752 --> 00:17:27.212
my name is the first name
on this list.

366
00:17:27.254 --> 00:17:28.756
The second person
who touches this

367
00:17:28.797 --> 00:17:30.674
and takes possession
of it is next.

368
00:17:30.716 --> 00:17:33.427
And if you don't do that,
there's no way to prove

369
00:17:33.469 --> 00:17:35.387
that the evidence
you collected on day one

370
00:17:35.429 --> 00:17:38.265
is the same one you get on
day 25 when you go to court.

371
00:17:38.307 --> 00:17:40.017
Can you walk us through

372
00:17:40.059 --> 00:17:42.519
the magic bullet's
chain of custody

373
00:17:42.561 --> 00:17:47.733
from the Parkland employees to
the Secret Service to the FBI?

374
00:17:47.775 --> 00:17:50.986
Well, the magic bullet was
supposedly found on a stretcher

375
00:17:51.028 --> 00:17:52.446
at Parkland Hospital,

376
00:17:52.488 --> 00:17:54.490
and went through several hands

377
00:17:54.531 --> 00:17:57.743
before it got
to the Secret Service.

378
00:17:57.785 --> 00:18:00.579
Richard Johnsen was the first
Secret Service agent

379
00:18:00.621 --> 00:18:04.416
to handle it, and he carried it
back to Washington, D.C.

380
00:18:04.458 --> 00:18:06.877
When he got back
to Washington, D.C.,

381
00:18:06.919 --> 00:18:09.171
he gave it to the chief of
the Secret Service,

382
00:18:09.213 --> 00:18:11.173
who was James Rowley.

383
00:18:12.716 --> 00:18:15.260
And at the White House,
James Rowley

384
00:18:15.302 --> 00:18:18.430
gave it to Elmer Lee Todd,

385
00:18:18.472 --> 00:18:20.390
and Todd then took it
to the FBI lab

386
00:18:20.432 --> 00:18:23.477
and gave it to Robert Frazier.

387
00:18:23.519 --> 00:18:27.481
We have interesting information
produced by John Hunt,

388
00:18:27.523 --> 00:18:29.900
a private citizen
who went to the archives

389
00:18:29.942 --> 00:18:31.777
on four or five occasions

390
00:18:31.819 --> 00:18:35.489
to track down the story
about the magic bullet,

391
00:18:35.531 --> 00:18:37.950
and what he found
was truly astounding.

392
00:18:37.991 --> 00:18:40.327
He practically moved into

393
00:18:40.369 --> 00:18:42.913
the National Archives
in Washington, D.C.

394
00:18:42.955 --> 00:18:45.040
They allowed him
to set up a desk

395
00:18:45.082 --> 00:18:48.252
with a computer
and his own scanner.

396
00:18:48.293 --> 00:18:51.630
And he also, uh,
did something different.

397
00:18:51.672 --> 00:18:55.050
He didn't interview policemen
and FBI people,

398
00:18:55.092 --> 00:18:58.053
and he wasn't
swayed by their excuses.

399
00:18:58.095 --> 00:18:59.847
He went straight to,

400
00:18:59.888 --> 00:19:03.642
"This is what you told
and you signed your name."

401
00:19:03.684 --> 00:19:05.477
[Goldberg]
Working with the FBI

402
00:19:05.519 --> 00:19:07.271
and Warren     Commission
documents,

403
00:19:07.312 --> 00:19:10.399
John Hunt asked
the most basic question.

404
00:19:10.440 --> 00:19:13.819
"Was CE-399 in evidence

405
00:19:13.861 --> 00:19:17.072
the same bullet that was found
on the stretcher?"

406
00:19:18.115 --> 00:19:20.200
At 7:30 at night,

407
00:19:20.242 --> 00:19:22.035
this is the day
of the assassination,

408
00:19:22.077 --> 00:19:24.496
November 22nd, 1963,

409
00:19:24.538 --> 00:19:27.457
a bullet appears in the record,

410
00:19:27.499 --> 00:19:31.461
and it's signed for
by Robert Frazier,

411
00:19:31.503 --> 00:19:34.423
who is the main investigator
at the FBI lab.

412
00:19:35.674 --> 00:19:37.551
And it's not just one document.

413
00:19:37.593 --> 00:19:39.970
There are multiple documents
that indicate

414
00:19:40.012 --> 00:19:45.684
that Frazier signed for
a bullet at 7:30 that night.

415
00:19:45.726 --> 00:19:48.020
Now, here's where
things get interesting.

416
00:19:48.061 --> 00:19:51.940
Elmer Lee Todd received
the bullet at the White House

417
00:19:51.982 --> 00:19:56.820
from chief of the Secret
Service, James Rowley.

418
00:19:56.862 --> 00:20:01.116
And Todd documents,
very clearly in writing,

419
00:20:01.158 --> 00:20:05.787
that he got this bullet
at 8:50 p.m.

420
00:20:05.829 --> 00:20:06.997
How is that possible?

421
00:20:07.039 --> 00:20:09.458
How can Robert Frazier
receive the bullet

422
00:20:09.499 --> 00:20:13.462
in the lab at 7:30
from Elmer Lee Todd,

423
00:20:13.503 --> 00:20:16.715
when Todd didn't get
the bullet until 8:50?

424
00:20:16.757 --> 00:20:20.552
You would think that they would
have handled it, uh, you know,

425
00:20:20.594 --> 00:20:22.930
like it would have been gold
going to the bank.

426
00:20:22.971 --> 00:20:24.640
There it is in the record,

427
00:20:24.681 --> 00:20:28.143
someone is lying about
when they got the bullet.

428
00:20:28.185 --> 00:20:29.186
[David Mantik]
It gets worse, though.

429
00:20:29.228 --> 00:20:30.938
Todd initialed that bullet,

430
00:20:30.979 --> 00:20:35.234
the one that he got at 8:50,

431
00:20:35.275 --> 00:20:37.486
and everyone else
who touched the bullet

432
00:20:37.527 --> 00:20:39.529
after that initialed it too,

433
00:20:39.571 --> 00:20:40.948
including Robert Frazier.

434
00:20:40.989 --> 00:20:43.575
I went to the archives
to look at this bullet.

435
00:20:43.617 --> 00:20:45.911
And specifically,
what we want to know is,

436
00:20:45.953 --> 00:20:49.081
do we see Todd's initials
on this bullet?

437
00:20:49.122 --> 00:20:51.416
He said he initialed the bullet.

438
00:20:51.458 --> 00:20:53.627
It is not there.

439
00:20:53.669 --> 00:20:56.797
Todd's initials are not
on the magic bullet.

440
00:20:58.632 --> 00:21:01.301
I was very interested in finding
out what the Review Board

441
00:21:01.343 --> 00:21:02.886
would show us about this.

442
00:21:02.928 --> 00:21:05.973
So, we began scouring
their evidence,

443
00:21:06.014 --> 00:21:08.141
and we found out
something very interesting.

444
00:21:08.183 --> 00:21:10.060
We found out
that the Warren Report

445
00:21:10.102 --> 00:21:11.812
had from an FBI report

446
00:21:11.853 --> 00:21:13.689
saying that the guys
that found the bullet

447
00:21:13.730 --> 00:21:16.024
later identified that
as the bullet they'd seen.

448
00:21:16.066 --> 00:21:17.776
The internal record
didn't show that at all.

449
00:21:17.818 --> 00:21:19.653
The internal records
said this bullet

450
00:21:19.695 --> 00:21:21.488
didn't look like
that bullet at all.

451
00:21:21.530 --> 00:21:23.949
But the FBI had reported to the
Warren Commission that it did.

452
00:21:23.991 --> 00:21:24.866
They'd lied.

453
00:21:24.908 --> 00:21:26.660
We then talk to the FBI agent

454
00:21:26.702 --> 00:21:28.787
that was supposed to have
carried that bullet around.

455
00:21:28.829 --> 00:21:30.497
His name was Bardwell Odum.

456
00:21:30.539 --> 00:21:32.499
I got Bardwell Odum
on the phone.

457
00:21:32.541 --> 00:21:35.544
I sent him the documents that
said that he had done this.

458
00:21:35.585 --> 00:21:37.337
He said,
"I never had that bullet.

459
00:21:37.379 --> 00:21:39.006
I never showed any bullet
to anyone.

460
00:21:39.047 --> 00:21:40.966
"If I'd had the bullet,
there'd be a 302.

461
00:21:41.008 --> 00:21:42.884
"I would have filed a report,
particularly in that area.

462
00:21:42.926 --> 00:21:45.470
Everybody was very uptight
about getting everything right."

463
00:21:45.512 --> 00:21:47.597
So, we scoured for 302 reports.

464
00:21:47.639 --> 00:21:49.516
His name appears nowhere
in the record.

465
00:21:49.558 --> 00:21:51.476
This is just something
that the FBI invented.

466
00:21:51.518 --> 00:21:54.354
It's conceivable
that some mysterious bullet

467
00:21:54.396 --> 00:21:55.897
showed up from who knows where.

468
00:21:57.024 --> 00:21:58.650
Todd did not initial it,

469
00:21:58.692 --> 00:22:02.779
and it ended up in
the FBI lab as the magic bullet.

470
00:22:02.821 --> 00:22:05.949
One can only surmise
that, somewhere in the FBI,

471
00:22:05.991 --> 00:22:08.702
they realized they had to close
the loop on Oswald's guilt.

472
00:22:08.744 --> 00:22:10.495
And so they just
switched it out.

473
00:22:10.537 --> 00:22:13.540
Because none
of the four people,

474
00:22:13.582 --> 00:22:15.375
either the guys at Parkland,

475
00:22:15.417 --> 00:22:16.543
or the two
Secret Service agents,

476
00:22:16.585 --> 00:22:18.170
could identify the bullet.

477
00:22:18.211 --> 00:22:20.047
The guy who is supposed to have
gotten confirmation that

478
00:22:20.088 --> 00:22:23.342
they did identify the bullet
said he never did it.

479
00:22:23.383 --> 00:22:24.843
And the record supports that.

480
00:22:24.885 --> 00:22:27.054
So, there's--
there's good reason to be

481
00:22:27.095 --> 00:22:29.765
very suspicious
about the magic bullet.

482
00:22:29.806 --> 00:22:35.187
The chain of custody doesn't
start from the laboratory.

483
00:22:35.228 --> 00:22:37.856
It starts from the crime scene.

484
00:22:37.898 --> 00:22:40.525
Each piece of evidence
should be photographed,

485
00:22:40.567 --> 00:22:44.738
documented,
and preserved properly.

486
00:22:45.739 --> 00:22:47.657
From the scene,

487
00:22:47.699 --> 00:22:51.328
evidence is collected,
sent to the laboratory.

488
00:22:51.370 --> 00:22:54.164
We have to keep
the chain of custody

489
00:22:54.206 --> 00:22:55.499
when they enter the lab.

490
00:22:55.540 --> 00:22:56.958
Who examined?

491
00:22:58.377 --> 00:23:00.712
Who did the further analysis?

492
00:23:00.754 --> 00:23:04.508
And each step have to maintain

493
00:23:04.549 --> 00:23:07.052
until you submit to the court.

494
00:23:07.094 --> 00:23:08.678
If this chain broke,

495
00:23:09.971 --> 00:23:12.974
then my evidence
becomes inadmissible.

496
00:23:14.810 --> 00:23:16.395
[Goldberg]
The other problem

497
00:23:16.436 --> 00:23:18.271
is the lack of damage
to the bullet

498
00:23:18.313 --> 00:23:22.067
after going through two men,
smashing two bones,

499
00:23:22.109 --> 00:23:24.069
and making seven wounds.

500
00:23:24.111 --> 00:23:25.946
Dr. Joseph Dolce

501
00:23:25.987 --> 00:23:30.158
was a much-honored battlefield
surgeon during World War II.

502
00:23:30.200 --> 00:23:32.452
He worked
for the Warren Commission.

503
00:23:32.494 --> 00:23:36.706
And so they gave us the original
rifle, the Mannlicher-Carcano,

504
00:23:36.748 --> 00:23:40.585
plus 100 bullets,
6.5 millimeters.

505
00:23:40.627 --> 00:23:44.005
And we went
and we shot the cadaver wrists,

506
00:23:44.047 --> 00:23:46.842
and in every instance,

507
00:23:46.883 --> 00:23:50.679
the front or the tip
of the bullet was smashed.

508
00:23:50.720 --> 00:23:52.722
Under no circumstances,

509
00:23:52.764 --> 00:23:55.267
do I feel that this bullet
could hit the wrist,

510
00:23:55.308 --> 00:23:56.810
and still not be deformed.

511
00:23:56.852 --> 00:23:58.603
[Goldberg]
Dolce came to believe

512
00:23:58.645 --> 00:24:01.314
that two bullets
had struck Connally.

513
00:24:01.356 --> 00:24:03.650
Since Arlen Specter
pre-screened

514
00:24:03.692 --> 00:24:05.777
the medical witnesses
for the commission,

515
00:24:05.819 --> 00:24:08.613
Dolce's name is not in
the Warren Report,

516
00:24:08.655 --> 00:24:11.825
and his testimony
is not in the volumes.

517
00:24:11.867 --> 00:24:14.327
And even Connally
refused to accept

518
00:24:14.369 --> 00:24:15.996
the single-bullet theory.

519
00:24:19.040 --> 00:24:21.293
[reporter]   Former Senator
John Sherman Cooper

520
00:24:21.334 --> 00:24:23.462
is the first member
of the Warren Commission

521
00:24:23.503 --> 00:24:25.338
to agree to talk on television

522
00:24:25.380 --> 00:24:28.800
about what went on
inside the deliberations.

523
00:24:28.842 --> 00:24:30.677
Yes, there were disagreements.

524
00:24:30.719 --> 00:24:33.388
I think the most serious one

525
00:24:33.430 --> 00:24:36.892
that comes to me
the most vividly,

526
00:24:36.933 --> 00:24:40.687
of course, is the question
of whether or not the first shot

527
00:24:40.729 --> 00:24:42.606
went through President Kennedy

528
00:24:42.647 --> 00:24:45.025
and then through
Governor Connally.

529
00:24:45.066 --> 00:24:46.693
[Goldberg]
Although it never specified

530
00:24:46.735 --> 00:24:48.862
the order of the shots,

531
00:24:48.904 --> 00:24:51.698
the Warren Report
had one bullet

532
00:24:51.740 --> 00:24:54.451
going through Kennedy
and Governor Connally,

533
00:24:54.493 --> 00:24:56.161
another missing the car,

534
00:24:56.203 --> 00:24:59.831
hitting a bystander on
Commerce Street, James Tague,

535
00:24:59.873 --> 00:25:02.667
and the final shot
hitting Kennedy in the head.

536
00:25:03.585 --> 00:25:05.921
I could not convince myself

537
00:25:05.962 --> 00:25:09.216
that the same bullet
struck both of them, although...

538
00:25:09.257 --> 00:25:12.385
[reporter] You mean
that you yourself didn't--

539
00:25:12.427 --> 00:25:14.304
Weren't convinced about the
single-bullet theory, which...

540
00:25:14.346 --> 00:25:16.973
No, I wasn't convinced by it.
Neither was Senator Russell.

541
00:25:17.015 --> 00:25:19.059
[Goldberg]   Senator
Richard Russell of Georgia

542
00:25:19.100 --> 00:25:21.895
did not want
to serve on the commission.

543
00:25:21.937 --> 00:25:24.022
After he attended
the first meeting,

544
00:25:24.064 --> 00:25:27.192
he quickly became disenchanted
with the proceedings.

545
00:25:27.234 --> 00:25:30.237
Particularly the roles
of J. Edgar Hoover

546
00:25:30.278 --> 00:25:34.157
and acting attorney general
Nicholas Katzenbach.

547
00:25:34.199 --> 00:25:37.285
His personal papers at the
University of Georgia Library

548
00:25:37.327 --> 00:25:38.912
contain a memo

549
00:25:38.954 --> 00:25:42.749
written after the initial
December 5th, 1963,

550
00:25:42.791 --> 00:25:44.834
executive session.

551
00:25:44.876 --> 00:25:47.254
"Something strange
is happening.

552
00:25:47.295 --> 00:25:50.382
"Warren and Katzenbach know
all about the FBI

553
00:25:50.423 --> 00:25:53.343
"and are apparently
planning to show Oswald

554
00:25:53.385 --> 00:25:55.512
"as the only one considered.

555
00:25:55.554 --> 00:25:59.474
This to me is
an untenable position."

556
00:25:59.516 --> 00:26:02.602
His papers revealed that he
wrote a dissenting opinion

557
00:26:02.644 --> 00:26:04.854
for the presentation
at the final

558
00:26:04.896 --> 00:26:07.691
commission meeting
of September 18th.

559
00:26:07.732 --> 00:26:10.360
On that day,
he shared his concerns

560
00:26:10.402 --> 00:26:11.945
with President Johnson.

561
00:26:50.692 --> 00:26:54.446
[Goldberg]   He also thought
that Oswald     did not act alone.

562
00:26:54.487 --> 00:26:57.407
Russell was strongly influenced
by the Zapruder film

563
00:26:57.449 --> 00:27:00.410
and by the testimony
of Governor Connally.

564
00:27:00.452 --> 00:27:02.203
I understand there's some, uh,

565
00:27:02.245 --> 00:27:04.623
some question
in the minds of the experts

566
00:27:04.664 --> 00:27:06.791
about, uh, whether or not

567
00:27:06.833 --> 00:27:09.294
we could both have been hit
by the same bullet,

568
00:27:09.336 --> 00:27:10.837
and that was the first bullet.

569
00:27:10.879 --> 00:27:13.548
Uh, I just don't happen
to believe that.

570
00:27:13.590 --> 00:27:15.508
I don't believe
that I will believe it.

571
00:27:15.550 --> 00:27:17.385
[Goldberg]   This forced
the other commissioners

572
00:27:17.427 --> 00:27:20.180
to include Connally's dissent
in the report.

573
00:27:20.221 --> 00:27:23.600
And as a result,
they could not absolutely deny

574
00:27:23.642 --> 00:27:27.145
the possibility
of a conspiracy.

575
00:27:27.187 --> 00:27:29.147
Russell became
the first commissioner

576
00:27:29.189 --> 00:27:32.150
to criticize
the Warren Report in public.

577
00:27:32.192 --> 00:27:34.027
He was followed
by commission members

578
00:27:34.069 --> 00:27:38.198
John Sherman Cooper
and Hale Boggs.

579
00:27:38.239 --> 00:27:41.618
But then Walter Cronkite
interviewed John McCloy

580
00:27:41.660 --> 00:27:45.705
during a four-night special,
co-hosted by Dan Rather.

581
00:27:45.747 --> 00:27:48.500
Are you satisfied
that as much effort

582
00:27:48.541 --> 00:27:53.046
was put into challenging that
case as into establishing it?

583
00:27:53.088 --> 00:27:54.297
I'll answer
that in just a moment.

584
00:27:54.339 --> 00:27:56.257
If I may just say one thing,
I would--

585
00:27:56.299 --> 00:27:57.467
I'd like to say
in the first place,

586
00:27:57.509 --> 00:27:59.052
I had some questions

587
00:27:59.094 --> 00:28:01.262
as to the propriety
of my appearing here

588
00:28:01.304 --> 00:28:03.431
as a former member
of the commission

589
00:28:03.473 --> 00:28:05.684
to comment on
the evidence of the commission.

590
00:28:05.725 --> 00:28:09.187
[Goldberg]   McCloy never
answered Cronkite's question.

591
00:28:09.229 --> 00:28:12.691
But even worse,
CBS employee Roger Feinman

592
00:28:12.732 --> 00:28:15.068
later discovered
internal documents

593
00:28:15.110 --> 00:28:17.195
showing McCoy
consulted extensively

594
00:28:17.237 --> 00:28:19.739
on the series
through his daughter, Ellen,

595
00:28:19.781 --> 00:28:24.577
an administrative assistant to
CBS President Richard Salant.

596
00:28:24.619 --> 00:28:28.081
In 1992,
reporter Jerry Policoff

597
00:28:28.123 --> 00:28:31.167
confronted Salant
and Ellen McCoy

598
00:28:31.209 --> 00:28:34.546
with the documents revealing
John McCloy's instructions

599
00:28:34.587 --> 00:28:36.631
for the content of the show.

600
00:28:36.673 --> 00:28:40.677
Only then did Salant
admit to their concealment.

601
00:28:40.719 --> 00:28:43.430
CBS, NBC,
and    The New York Times

602
00:28:43.471 --> 00:28:46.349
continued to support
the commission's finding

603
00:28:46.391 --> 00:28:48.143
and never publicly reviewed

604
00:28:48.184 --> 00:28:52.605
the 26 volumes
of supplemental evidence.

605
00:28:52.647 --> 00:28:55.400
Mr. Dulles, let me put some
of the criticisms to you.

606
00:28:55.442 --> 00:28:56.776
Surely.

607
00:28:56.818 --> 00:28:58.653
Some of the papers
and some of the documents

608
00:28:58.695 --> 00:29:01.197
that are in the archives
are-- are there

609
00:29:01.239 --> 00:29:04.701
but are withheld from public
view by the FBI, the CIA,

610
00:29:04.743 --> 00:29:07.412
an organization with which
you have some experience.

611
00:29:07.454 --> 00:29:10.248
Is there anything in those
which years from now

612
00:29:10.290 --> 00:29:12.500
when they may be released
will upset applecarts?

613
00:29:12.542 --> 00:29:14.002
Oh, no, I don't think so.

614
00:29:14.043 --> 00:29:17.046
No, I think everything
that really is-- is vital

615
00:29:17.088 --> 00:29:19.090
insofar as forming
a judgment as to what

616
00:29:19.132 --> 00:29:21.926
really happened
has been made available.

617
00:29:24.763 --> 00:29:27.682
[Goldberg]
The Warren Commission
was aware     of something else

618
00:29:27.724 --> 00:29:29.350
that was wrong
with their evidence.

619
00:29:29.392 --> 00:29:32.479
All kinds of ballistic tests
show that the bullets, in fact,

620
00:29:32.520 --> 00:29:34.981
came from that rifle.
That was his rifle.

621
00:29:35.023 --> 00:29:36.983
You took
a picture of him with it.

622
00:29:37.025 --> 00:29:38.777
-No, no.
-His home prints
and fingerprints

623
00:29:38.818 --> 00:29:40.987
are all over
the School Book Depository.

624
00:29:41.029 --> 00:29:42.739
[Marina Porter]
You have been misinformed.

625
00:29:42.781 --> 00:29:47.243
The ballistics tests
did not prove anything at all.

626
00:29:47.285 --> 00:29:49.370
[reporter]   This is
the weapon that was used.

627
00:29:49.412 --> 00:29:53.124
A rather well-worn
military rifle.

628
00:29:53.166 --> 00:29:57.754
We know that Oswald
had possession of that rifle

629
00:29:57.796 --> 00:29:59.464
because we have him
photographed with it.

630
00:29:59.506 --> 00:30:03.426
And we have his wife
saying that it was, quote,

631
00:30:03.468 --> 00:30:05.845
"Faithful rifle of Lee Oswald."

632
00:30:07.222 --> 00:30:09.390
[Stone]
Is the rifle in evidence today

633
00:30:09.432 --> 00:30:11.059
the same rifle
the commission said

634
00:30:11.100 --> 00:30:13.019
Oswald ordered
through the mail?

635
00:30:13.061 --> 00:30:15.188
The rifle that Lee Oswald

636
00:30:15.230 --> 00:30:18.858
allegedly ordered under
an alias of Alex Hidell,

637
00:30:18.900 --> 00:30:21.444
was obtained through Klein's
Sporting Goods store in Chicago.

638
00:30:21.486 --> 00:30:25.198
it was a mail-order, got it out
of American Rifleman magazine.

639
00:30:25.240 --> 00:30:27.492
He wrote on the coupon
he wanted

640
00:30:27.534 --> 00:30:29.869
a 36-inch model,
Mannlicher-Carcano,

641
00:30:29.911 --> 00:30:34.165
6.5 millimeter, for $19.95.

642
00:30:34.207 --> 00:30:36.417
Robert Frazier
was one of the examiners

643
00:30:36.459 --> 00:30:38.545
and he was
a firearms expert for the FBI.

644
00:30:38.586 --> 00:30:40.964
And he testified
that he did measure it,

645
00:30:41.005 --> 00:30:41.965
and the measurement

646
00:30:42.006 --> 00:30:44.050
was 40.2 inches in length,

647
00:30:44.092 --> 00:30:45.718
from barrel to stock.

648
00:30:45.760 --> 00:30:48.221
There's a 4.2-inch difference
in the one he ordered,

649
00:30:48.263 --> 00:30:51.391
versus what they found
in the Book Depository.

650
00:30:51.432 --> 00:30:54.060
[Goldberg]   Klein's
may have indeed delivered

651
00:30:54.102 --> 00:30:57.397
a different Mannlicher-Carcano
model to Oswald,

652
00:30:57.438 --> 00:31:00.650
but there are other
anomalies to the story.

653
00:31:00.692 --> 00:31:02.861
The model that Oswald ordered

654
00:31:02.902 --> 00:31:05.238
showed these
strap attachment points

655
00:31:05.280 --> 00:31:07.740
on the bottom
of the barrel and stock.

656
00:31:07.782 --> 00:31:10.076
[Brian Edwards]
In the photograph
is Lieutenant Carl Day,

657
00:31:10.118 --> 00:31:11.411
with the Dallas Police
Department

658
00:31:11.452 --> 00:31:13.913
bringing a rifle out
of the Book Depository.

659
00:31:13.955 --> 00:31:17.375
One of the straps at the back
of the gun is on the left side

660
00:31:17.417 --> 00:31:20.420
of the stock
embedded in the stock.

661
00:31:20.461 --> 00:31:22.463
That's clearly not the rifle
that was ordered,

662
00:31:22.505 --> 00:31:25.633
or at least appears in the
Klein's     Sporting Goods store.

663
00:31:25.675 --> 00:31:28.720
[Goldberg]   The straps shown in
the so-called backyard photos

664
00:31:28.761 --> 00:31:32.765
are on the bottom and
not on the side of the stock.

665
00:31:32.807 --> 00:31:37.020
Marina Oswald took backyard
photographs of Lee Oswald

666
00:31:37.061 --> 00:31:40.273
holding a rifle
and a pistol on his hip.

667
00:31:40.315 --> 00:31:43.860
And in that first photograph,
that she took three of,

668
00:31:43.902 --> 00:31:49.532
Commission Exhibit
133A and 133B

669
00:31:49.574 --> 00:31:54.704
show a ring on the ring finger
of the right hand.

670
00:31:54.746 --> 00:31:59.125
133C, the ring appears
on the left hand.

671
00:31:59.167 --> 00:32:01.628
In fact, the Dallas Police
showed Lee Oswald

672
00:32:01.669 --> 00:32:04.130
one of the pictures
while he was still in custody.

673
00:32:04.172 --> 00:32:05.965
He said, "That's my face,
but I don't remember

674
00:32:06.007 --> 00:32:08.801
ever having that
picture taken of me."

675
00:32:08.843 --> 00:32:11.220
[Goldberg]   But after
all these questions are asked,

676
00:32:11.262 --> 00:32:13.932
the underlying mystery remains.

677
00:32:13.973 --> 00:32:17.977
Why would anyone use a rifle
in an assassination,

678
00:32:18.019 --> 00:32:20.104
knowing there was a paper trail

679
00:32:20.146 --> 00:32:23.483
that would lead
right back to them?

680
00:32:23.524 --> 00:32:26.527
Was there a palm print
found on the rifle?

681
00:32:26.569 --> 00:32:31.157
The foremost fingerprint expert
the FBI had, Sebastian Latona,

682
00:32:31.199 --> 00:32:34.661
took that rifle and attempted
to lift prints off of the rifle,

683
00:32:34.702 --> 00:32:36.496
the stock and/or the barrel.

684
00:32:36.537 --> 00:32:38.373
Uh, he testified
to the Warren Commission

685
00:32:38.414 --> 00:32:41.125
that he found no usable prints

686
00:32:41.167 --> 00:32:45.004
anywhere on that rifle,
on the metal or the stock.

687
00:32:45.046 --> 00:32:47.840
But yet,
Lieutenant Day in Dallas

688
00:32:47.882 --> 00:32:51.052
before the rifle went
to Washington, said he found

689
00:32:51.094 --> 00:32:53.680
a partial palm print on the
trigger guard on the left side

690
00:32:53.721 --> 00:32:57.809
and a partial print underneath
the stock on the barrel.

691
00:32:57.850 --> 00:33:00.019
But Sebastian Latona
said there was no evidence

692
00:33:00.061 --> 00:33:01.437
that a lift had
even been attempted.

693
00:33:01.479 --> 00:33:03.147
[Stone]
No partials at all?

694
00:33:03.189 --> 00:33:04.774
Nothing that he could
use in court.

695
00:33:04.816 --> 00:33:07.276
There has to be eight points
of identification.

696
00:33:07.318 --> 00:33:10.321
He found nothing
that would match that.

697
00:33:10.363 --> 00:33:13.992
[woman on recorder]
J. Edgar Hoover, on 2192.

698
00:33:14.033 --> 00:33:14.742
[Johnson]
Yes?

699
00:33:14.784 --> 00:33:18.538
[Hoover]
I've seen the reports
on this investigation.

700
00:33:18.579 --> 00:33:21.958
This man, Oswald,
he had fired three shots.

701
00:33:22.000 --> 00:33:24.002
He then threw the gun aside,

702
00:33:24.043 --> 00:33:30.508
and, uh, he apparently had come
down the five flights of steps.

703
00:33:30.550 --> 00:33:33.177
A stairway
from the fifth floor.

704
00:33:33.219 --> 00:33:34.846
[Johnson]
You can prove that?

705
00:33:34.887 --> 00:33:37.181
[Hoover]   Oh, yes.
Oh, yes, we can prove that.

706
00:33:37.223 --> 00:33:40.184
[Johnson]   Did anybody hear,
anybody see him?

707
00:33:40.226 --> 00:33:43.062
[Hoover]   Most of the employees
were down on a lower floor, but

708
00:33:43.104 --> 00:33:46.858
he was stopped at the second
floor by a police officer.

709
00:33:46.899 --> 00:33:49.736
And some workers,
some manager in the building

710
00:33:49.777 --> 00:33:51.863
told the police officer, "Well,
he's all right, he works here.

711
00:33:51.904 --> 00:33:53.406
You needn't hold him."

712
00:33:53.448 --> 00:33:55.825
So they let him go.
That's how he got out.

713
00:33:55.867 --> 00:33:58.119
[Marrion Baker]   At the time
that I heard those shots,

714
00:33:58.161 --> 00:34:02.040
I ran into that building and
made it up to the second floor.

715
00:34:02.081 --> 00:34:05.418
It was approximately a minute
and a half to two minutes.

716
00:34:05.460 --> 00:34:07.920
[Cronkite]   In possibly
less than two minutes,

717
00:34:07.962 --> 00:34:10.506
investigators came
to the School Book Building

718
00:34:10.548 --> 00:34:12.884
with stopwatches
and critical eyes.

719
00:34:12.925 --> 00:34:15.845
Not only police and government
agents traced that route,

720
00:34:15.887 --> 00:34:18.347
Chief Justice Warren and some
other commission members

721
00:34:18.389 --> 00:34:19.766
did it for themselves.

722
00:34:21.392 --> 00:34:23.436
I was interested in finding

723
00:34:23.478 --> 00:34:26.272
a specific witness
to the assassination,

724
00:34:26.314 --> 00:34:28.274
which was Victoria Adams.

725
00:34:29.901 --> 00:34:31.611
She worked on the fourth floor

726
00:34:31.652 --> 00:34:33.946
of the Texas School
Book Depository,

727
00:34:33.988 --> 00:34:36.324
and she knew Oswald.

728
00:34:36.365 --> 00:34:38.576
I went to the National Archives

729
00:34:38.618 --> 00:34:42.830
searching for
her original testimony.

730
00:34:42.872 --> 00:34:44.624
I was told that the tape

731
00:34:44.665 --> 00:34:47.460
containing her
testimony was missing.

732
00:34:47.502 --> 00:34:49.962
And later I learned
that that tape

733
00:34:50.004 --> 00:34:53.257
had been destroyed
by the Warren Commission.

734
00:34:53.299 --> 00:34:55.510
And so I finally
ended up finding her

735
00:34:55.551 --> 00:34:58.638
and getting
her side of the story.

736
00:34:58.679 --> 00:35:02.225
Vicki Adams was 22 at
the time of the assassination,

737
00:35:02.266 --> 00:35:04.185
and she testified
that immediately

738
00:35:04.227 --> 00:35:07.021
after the assassination,

739
00:35:07.063 --> 00:35:09.273
she ran down the back stairs

740
00:35:09.315 --> 00:35:11.317
to get     outside
to see what was going on.

741
00:35:12.110 --> 00:35:13.653
If that were true,

742
00:35:13.694 --> 00:35:17.907
she would have seen Oswald
on the back stairs.

743
00:35:17.949 --> 00:35:20.660
But she testified that she saw
and heard no one.

744
00:35:21.994 --> 00:35:24.330
She had realized
that something was wrong,

745
00:35:24.372 --> 00:35:26.415
because no one
was believing her.

746
00:35:26.457 --> 00:35:29.919
So she asked David Belin,
who was questioning her,

747
00:35:29.961 --> 00:35:31.838
"Interview Sandra Styles,

748
00:35:31.879 --> 00:35:35.341
a coworker who went
down the stairs with me."

749
00:35:35.383 --> 00:35:37.760
This became
a rather serious problem

750
00:35:37.802 --> 00:35:39.554
for the Warren Commission,

751
00:35:39.595 --> 00:35:45.184
because discrediting one woman
was easy to do.

752
00:35:45.226 --> 00:35:48.271
But discrediting
a corroborating witness,

753
00:35:48.312 --> 00:35:50.690
that may have been
a little bit tougher.

754
00:35:50.731 --> 00:35:54.485
So Belin said,
"We don't need Sandra Styles,

755
00:35:54.527 --> 00:35:55.403
we have you."

756
00:35:56.571 --> 00:35:57.822
[man]
We've had Mr. Belin here

757
00:35:57.864 --> 00:35:59.365
with us too,
one of our counselors

758
00:35:59.407 --> 00:36:01.284
who's been here
several times, and...

759
00:36:01.325 --> 00:36:05.204
He knows this city now
as very few people do.

760
00:36:05.246 --> 00:36:08.958
[Barry Ernest]
According to Vicki's
original     FBI testimony,

761
00:36:09.000 --> 00:36:11.544
she left the window
on the fourth floor

762
00:36:11.586 --> 00:36:15.047
within 15 to 30 seconds
of the assassination.

763
00:36:15.089 --> 00:36:18.384
The Warren Commission elevated
that time to one minute.

764
00:36:18.426 --> 00:36:21.220
She said she arrived
on the first floor

765
00:36:21.262 --> 00:36:24.056
within 60 seconds
of the assassination.

766
00:36:24.098 --> 00:36:28.186
The Warren Commission elevated
that time to several minutes.

767
00:36:28.227 --> 00:36:30.646
So what
the Warren Commission did

768
00:36:30.688 --> 00:36:32.982
was successfully
deceive the public

769
00:36:33.024 --> 00:36:36.903
into thinking that Vicki was
just another confused witness.

770
00:36:36.944 --> 00:36:37.945
Case closed.

771
00:36:37.987 --> 00:36:39.405
Reenactments prove,

772
00:36:39.447 --> 00:36:42.033
the report says,
that Oswald did have time,

773
00:36:42.074 --> 00:36:45.244
just enough time to fire
the shots, secret the rifle,

774
00:36:45.286 --> 00:36:47.663
and get down to the second floor
cafeteria.

775
00:36:49.540 --> 00:36:55.338
But in 1999, I found a document
in the National Archives

776
00:36:55.379 --> 00:36:59.258
that had been suppressed
for 35 years.

777
00:36:59.300 --> 00:37:01.636
It was a letter written

778
00:37:01.677 --> 00:37:05.514
by Assistant US Attorney
Martha Jo Stroud.

779
00:37:05.556 --> 00:37:08.684
It was a transmittal letter
forwarding

780
00:37:08.726 --> 00:37:11.979
Vicki's signed testimony
to J. Lee Rankin,

781
00:37:12.021 --> 00:37:14.398
the head honcho
of the Warren Commission's

782
00:37:14.440 --> 00:37:16.859
investigation at that point.

783
00:37:16.901 --> 00:37:19.195
In the last paragraph
of that letter,

784
00:37:19.237 --> 00:37:21.239
almost as an afterthought,

785
00:37:21.280 --> 00:37:25.701
we're introduced to a woman
by the name of Dorothy Garner.

786
00:37:25.743 --> 00:37:29.747
Garner was Vicki's
immediate supervisor

787
00:37:29.789 --> 00:37:32.792
who had stood
at the window with Vicki.

788
00:37:32.833 --> 00:37:36.087
The letter quotes Garner
as saying that she saw

789
00:37:36.128 --> 00:37:38.047
Vicki go down the stairs

790
00:37:38.089 --> 00:37:43.970
before she saw Officer Baker
and Roy Truly come up.

791
00:37:44.011 --> 00:37:47.348
When I found and interviewed
Dorothy Garner,

792
00:37:47.390 --> 00:37:49.225
she confirmed everything.

793
00:37:49.267 --> 00:37:52.019
She said that she had been
at the window with Vicki,

794
00:37:52.061 --> 00:37:55.731
that Vicki had left
the window immediately,

795
00:37:55.773 --> 00:37:59.902
that she actually followed
Vicki outside the office

796
00:37:59.944 --> 00:38:03.864
and to a point where she could
see her going down the stairs.

797
00:38:03.906 --> 00:38:07.243
And during that whole time,
she never saw Oswald.

798
00:38:07.285 --> 00:38:10.997
So the Stroud letter became
a very dangerous document

799
00:38:11.038 --> 00:38:13.958
for the Warren Commission.

800
00:38:14.000 --> 00:38:17.295
[Goldberg]
Without the Review Board's
declassification process,

801
00:38:17.336 --> 00:38:21.048
we would never have learned
of the corroborating testimony

802
00:38:21.090 --> 00:38:24.885
of three witnesses
that provide powerful evidence

803
00:38:24.927 --> 00:38:27.388
that Oswald was not
on the sixth floor

804
00:38:27.430 --> 00:38:29.807
at the time of the shooting.

805
00:38:41.277 --> 00:38:45.656
Legally speaking, the autopsy
should have been done in Dallas,

806
00:38:45.698 --> 00:38:48.701
and there was a forensic
pathologist, Earl Rose.

807
00:38:48.743 --> 00:38:51.078
He was there
to assume jurisdiction

808
00:38:51.120 --> 00:38:53.289
and to do the autopsy.

809
00:38:53.331 --> 00:38:55.458
He was pushed
up against the wall

810
00:38:55.499 --> 00:38:57.668
and threatened,
hands on guns,

811
00:38:57.710 --> 00:38:59.587
a lot of expletives and so on.

812
00:38:59.628 --> 00:39:01.422
He followed them
out of the driveway,

813
00:39:01.464 --> 00:39:04.717
and they took the body
illegally out of Dallas

814
00:39:04.759 --> 00:39:07.553
in violation of the laws
in the state of Texas.

815
00:39:08.846 --> 00:39:10.473
[Goldberg]
After    Air Force One

816
00:39:10.514 --> 00:39:12.183
left Dallas for Washington,

817
00:39:12.224 --> 00:39:15.478
two of the key doctors who had
tried to save Kennedy's life

818
00:39:15.519 --> 00:39:18.647
at Parkland Hospital,
held a press conference.

819
00:39:18.689 --> 00:39:22.568
They were Dr. Malcolm Perry
and Dr. Kemp Clark.

820
00:39:22.610 --> 00:39:25.029
When were the two
major points of evidence

821
00:39:25.071 --> 00:39:26.489
revealed by Kemp Clark
and Malcolm Perry

822
00:39:26.530 --> 00:39:28.324
at the press conference?

823
00:39:28.366 --> 00:39:30.409
Dr. Perry performed
the tracheotomy

824
00:39:30.451 --> 00:39:32.828
to help Kennedy breathe,

825
00:39:32.870 --> 00:39:34.997
and at a press conference
right after

826
00:39:35.039 --> 00:39:37.958
the failed resuscitation
efforts in Dallas,

827
00:39:38.000 --> 00:39:39.585
he was asked,
"Well, where was the bullet?"

828
00:39:39.627 --> 00:39:41.379
He said, "The bullet looked like
it was coming at him.

829
00:39:41.420 --> 00:39:43.255
He had an entrance wound
in the throat."

830
00:39:44.340 --> 00:39:45.674
[Douglas Horne]
Kemp Clarke

831
00:39:45.716 --> 00:39:47.051
was the head
of neurosurgery at Parkland.

832
00:39:47.093 --> 00:39:50.304
He said that the President
had a gaping wound

833
00:39:50.346 --> 00:39:51.931
in the occipital-parietal area.

834
00:39:51.972 --> 00:39:54.308
That's, you know,
the right rear of the head.

835
00:39:54.350 --> 00:39:56.394
And so the description
he gave of that

836
00:39:56.435 --> 00:39:59.480
was entirely consistent
with an exit wound.

837
00:39:59.522 --> 00:40:00.815
We have a transcript today

838
00:40:00.856 --> 00:40:02.400
of what they said
at the press conference.

839
00:40:02.441 --> 00:40:05.653
So it's White House transcript
1327C.

840
00:40:05.694 --> 00:40:07.238
That's a very important
historical document,

841
00:40:07.279 --> 00:40:10.408
because the Secret Service
confiscated the videotapes

842
00:40:10.449 --> 00:40:12.243
from the local TV stations.

843
00:40:12.284 --> 00:40:16.163
[Goldberg]   There is, however,
a surviving clip of Dr. Perry

844
00:40:16.205 --> 00:40:19.083
recorded not long
after the press conference.

845
00:40:32.471 --> 00:40:35.224
[Goldberg]   What Clark and Perry
both revealed     that day

846
00:40:35.266 --> 00:40:39.061
would indicate
an assassin from the front.

847
00:40:39.103 --> 00:40:41.313
And Assistant
White House Press Secretary

848
00:40:41.355 --> 00:40:43.649
Malcolm Kilduff's statement

849
00:40:43.691 --> 00:40:47.153
seems to support
this conclusion.

850
00:40:47.194 --> 00:40:53.576
It's a simple matter of a bullet
right through the head.

851
00:40:55.703 --> 00:40:57.079
[Goldberg]
The day after the shooting,

852
00:40:57.121 --> 00:40:59.999
Dr. Perry was seen
by Nurse Audrey Bell,

853
00:41:00.040 --> 00:41:02.334
who had been with him
in the operating room.

854
00:41:02.376 --> 00:41:05.087
[Audrey Bell]   Saturday morning,
when I got over there,

855
00:41:05.129 --> 00:41:07.339
Dr. Perry
came up to the office.

856
00:41:07.381 --> 00:41:08.841
I said, "You look awful.

857
00:41:08.883 --> 00:41:11.177
Did you get
any sleep last night?"

858
00:41:11.218 --> 00:41:13.429
He said, "Well, not too much,

859
00:41:13.471 --> 00:41:17.349
between the calls from Bethesda
that came in during the night."

860
00:41:17.391 --> 00:41:18.851
I said, "What about?"

861
00:41:18.893 --> 00:41:21.896
He said, "Oh, whether
that was an entrance wound

862
00:41:21.937 --> 00:41:23.856
or an exit wound
in the throat."

863
00:41:23.898 --> 00:41:25.774
He said, "They were wanting me
to change my mind."

864
00:41:26.901 --> 00:41:28.861
In his Warren Commission
testimony,

865
00:41:28.903 --> 00:41:31.530
he basically retracted
what he had said

866
00:41:31.572 --> 00:41:33.824
and they forced him
to back down

867
00:41:33.866 --> 00:41:36.243
and     intimidated him
on the witness stand.

868
00:41:36.285 --> 00:41:38.996
It was really quite
embarrassing for me
as a physician

869
00:41:39.038 --> 00:41:41.624
to see how someone else
who was telling the truth

870
00:41:41.665 --> 00:41:44.210
was basically forced
to recant his own opinion.

871
00:41:44.251 --> 00:41:46.921
Did it occur to you at the time
or did you think,

872
00:41:46.962 --> 00:41:51.175
"Was this an entry wound
or was this an exit wound?"

873
00:41:51.217 --> 00:41:53.719
Actually, I didn't really
give it much thought

874
00:41:53.761 --> 00:41:55.513
and I realized that perhaps

875
00:41:55.554 --> 00:41:57.515
it would have been
better had I done so.

876
00:41:57.556 --> 00:42:00.518
But I actually
applied my energies,

877
00:42:00.559 --> 00:42:02.520
and those of us there all did,

878
00:42:02.561 --> 00:42:04.313
to the problem at hand.

879
00:42:04.355 --> 00:42:06.315
And I didn't really
concern myself too much

880
00:42:06.357 --> 00:42:08.692
with how it happened or why.

881
00:42:08.734 --> 00:42:13.239
In 1975, Dr. Shires hired me

882
00:42:13.280 --> 00:42:16.492
on the faculty
at the University of Washington

883
00:42:16.534 --> 00:42:18.494
in the cardiac
surgery division.

884
00:42:18.536 --> 00:42:22.581
So I got to know Malcolm
when I joined the faculty.

885
00:42:22.623 --> 00:42:24.875
We developed
a professional relationship,

886
00:42:24.917 --> 00:42:28.546
and we would operate together
on complex cases.

887
00:42:28.587 --> 00:42:34.552
I was particularly interested
in, uh, Dr. Perry's position

888
00:42:34.593 --> 00:42:36.303
with the JFK assassination

889
00:42:36.345 --> 00:42:40.391
because he did the tracheotomy
on him after he was shot.

890
00:42:40.432 --> 00:42:44.478
The problem is that Malcolm
categorically refused

891
00:42:44.520 --> 00:42:48.148
to ever discuss
the assassination,

892
00:42:48.190 --> 00:42:51.110
uh, and he wouldn't
answer my questions
about that neck wound.

893
00:42:51.151 --> 00:42:53.862
And then one night
after we had operated together

894
00:42:53.904 --> 00:42:57.032
for many hours
on a complex case,

895
00:42:57.074 --> 00:42:59.118
we were sitting in
the surgeons' lounge alone,

896
00:42:59.159 --> 00:43:01.120
drinking coffee,

897
00:43:01.161 --> 00:43:04.873
and I once again asked him
about that neck wound.

898
00:43:04.915 --> 00:43:10.754
And this time, he said
it was an entrance wound,

899
00:43:10.796 --> 00:43:14.758
unquestionably
an entrance wound.

900
00:43:14.800 --> 00:43:19.054
One of the-- the main reasons
Dr. Perry changed his testimony

901
00:43:19.096 --> 00:43:21.974
and publicly agreed
it was an exit wound

902
00:43:22.016 --> 00:43:25.978
is a Secret Service agent, uh,
put the pressure on him,

903
00:43:26.020 --> 00:43:28.814
and that person was Elmer Moore.

904
00:43:29.982 --> 00:43:32.443
In 1970,
Elmer Moore was the head

905
00:43:32.484 --> 00:43:35.321
of the Secret Service office
in Seattle

906
00:43:35.362 --> 00:43:38.699
and a graduate student
named Jim Gochenaur

907
00:43:38.741 --> 00:43:40.659
became friends with him,

908
00:43:40.701 --> 00:43:43.412
and he admitted
to Gochenaur that he regretted

909
00:43:43.454 --> 00:43:46.790
putting pressure on Dr. Perry.

910
00:43:46.832 --> 00:43:48.917
So I asked him directly.

911
00:43:48.959 --> 00:43:54.548
I said, "Mr. Moore,
did you pressure Dr. Perry?"

912
00:43:54.590 --> 00:43:55.924
He stopped for a minute.

913
00:43:55.966 --> 00:43:58.344
He says, "Well, I was
ordered to do that."

914
00:43:58.385 --> 00:43:59.803
He expanded on it.

915
00:43:59.845 --> 00:44:01.263
And he said
that Inspector Kelley

916
00:44:01.305 --> 00:44:04.808
had ordered him
to talk with Perry

917
00:44:04.850 --> 00:44:06.769
and, uh, convince him
that it could be

918
00:44:06.810 --> 00:44:09.521
either an exit
or an entry wound,

919
00:44:09.563 --> 00:44:12.024
not an entry wound.

920
00:44:12.066 --> 00:44:15.527
And I thought
it was pretty interesting

921
00:44:15.569 --> 00:44:20.199
that he would admit to something
that's pretty close to a felony.

922
00:44:20.240 --> 00:44:22.993
[Donald Miller]
Elmer Moore     was also in charge

923
00:44:23.035 --> 00:44:24.703
of getting
the doctors at Parkland

924
00:44:24.745 --> 00:44:26.997
to change their testimony,

925
00:44:27.039 --> 00:44:28.832
and agree
that there was no big hole

926
00:44:28.874 --> 00:44:32.044
in the back of Kennedy's head.

927
00:44:32.086 --> 00:44:34.963
[Goldberg]   Charles Crenshaw,
a third year resident,

928
00:44:35.005 --> 00:44:38.258
was in the emergency room
at Parkland that day.

929
00:44:38.300 --> 00:44:41.804
He later said in public that
he felt the wounds in Kennedy

930
00:44:41.845 --> 00:44:44.306
originated from the front.

931
00:44:44.348 --> 00:44:46.809
From here, through.

932
00:44:46.850 --> 00:44:49.019
[Gary Aguilar]
Charles Crenshaw wrote a book,

933
00:44:49.061 --> 00:44:51.522
Conspiracy of Silence,
in the wake of the film    JFK,

934
00:44:51.563 --> 00:44:53.732
saying, "Look,
I was at Parkland Hospital.

935
00:44:53.774 --> 00:44:56.694
"I saw Kennedy,
I was involved in the treatment,

936
00:44:56.735 --> 00:44:58.404
"and Kennedy's wounds
were not consistent

937
00:44:58.445 --> 00:45:00.489
"with a shot from above
and behind because

938
00:45:00.531 --> 00:45:03.242
he had a defect involving
the right rear of his head."

939
00:45:05.452 --> 00:45:06.995
[man over recorder]
Using the most precise

940
00:45:07.037 --> 00:45:08.497
medical terminology
that you can use.

941
00:45:08.539 --> 00:45:09.915
[Audrey Bell over recorder]
Okay, let's see,

942
00:45:09.957 --> 00:45:13.252
it was on the right rear

943
00:45:13.293 --> 00:45:17.256
and he shifted the head,
a little bit, to the left,

944
00:45:17.297 --> 00:45:21.593
lifted up the, well, kind of
the matted area, the flap.

945
00:45:21.635 --> 00:45:25.556
And you could see
the, uh, hole,

946
00:45:25.597 --> 00:45:27.933
and there was, uh,

947
00:45:27.975 --> 00:45:32.271
brain and spinal fluid
dripping down out of it.

948
00:45:32.312 --> 00:45:35.107
Then I noticed it was dripping,
you know, down into a bucket.

949
00:45:37.568 --> 00:45:39.319
[Stone]
As early as 1981,

950
00:45:39.361 --> 00:45:41.905
copies of the autopsy photos
were leaked

951
00:45:41.947 --> 00:45:45.075
and distributed
among JFK researchers.

952
00:45:45.117 --> 00:45:46.744
The image
of Kennedy's head wound

953
00:45:46.785 --> 00:45:51.415
contradicted what was witnessed
by the Parkland doctors.

954
00:45:51.457 --> 00:45:56.253
I recall the injury being
right along in this area.

955
00:45:59.423 --> 00:46:02.843
[Mantik]   It's as if the autopsy
materials were designed

956
00:46:02.885 --> 00:46:05.304
to hide what
was really happening,

957
00:46:05.345 --> 00:46:07.723
as opposed to what
they should usually do.

958
00:46:07.765 --> 00:46:12.352
They're supposed to reveal
the full extent of things.

959
00:46:12.394 --> 00:46:14.438
[Goldberg]   The evening
of the assassination,

960
00:46:14.480 --> 00:46:18.233
the body of President Kennedy
was returned to Washington.

961
00:46:18.275 --> 00:46:21.653
The autopsy was performed
at Bethesda Medical Center,

962
00:46:21.695 --> 00:46:23.739
a naval institution.

963
00:46:23.781 --> 00:46:25.616
All of the top
forensic pathologists

964
00:46:25.657 --> 00:46:27.159
in the United States

965
00:46:27.201 --> 00:46:30.788
were within one-hour drive
or flying time from D.C.

966
00:46:30.829 --> 00:46:32.831
Not one of them was called upon.

967
00:46:32.873 --> 00:46:34.833
There were two
Navy pathologists,

968
00:46:34.875 --> 00:46:36.418
Commander James Humes

969
00:46:36.460 --> 00:46:38.504
and his associate,
J. Thornton Boswell.

970
00:46:38.545 --> 00:46:42.257
These two military pathologists
who had never done

971
00:46:42.299 --> 00:46:45.803
a single gunshot-wound autopsy
in their entire careers.

972
00:46:45.844 --> 00:46:47.387
This is something that really

973
00:46:47.429 --> 00:46:49.389
has to be emphasized
to every American.

974
00:46:49.431 --> 00:46:51.558
I don't care,
Democrat, Republican,
liberal, conservative.

975
00:46:51.600 --> 00:46:53.018
This is your president,

976
00:46:53.060 --> 00:46:55.270
and you've got
multiple gunshot wounds

977
00:46:55.312 --> 00:46:58.524
to determine angles, trajectory,
range, sequence.

978
00:46:58.565 --> 00:46:59.942
And then you've got to correlate

979
00:46:59.983 --> 00:47:01.568
with the multiple
gunshot wounds in Connally.

980
00:47:01.610 --> 00:47:04.154
This is a formidable task
that would have required

981
00:47:04.196 --> 00:47:08.283
two or three major forensic
pathologists to-- to undertake.

982
00:47:08.325 --> 00:47:10.494
So they called
Humes and Boswell.

983
00:47:10.536 --> 00:47:11.870
They realized
they were over their head.

984
00:47:11.912 --> 00:47:13.247
They called in an expert

985
00:47:13.288 --> 00:47:15.040
from the Armed Forces
Institute of Pathology,

986
00:47:15.082 --> 00:47:16.625
a guy named Pierre Finck.

987
00:47:16.667 --> 00:47:19.169
Dr. Humes and Boswell
started the autopsy

988
00:47:19.211 --> 00:47:21.547
before their forensics
consultant even got there,

989
00:47:21.588 --> 00:47:23.549
but they realized
they were in over their head.

990
00:47:23.590 --> 00:47:26.718
So they asked to have
a medical examiner
because Dr. Finck,

991
00:47:26.760 --> 00:47:29.888
who is a forensic pathologist,
wasn't doing autopsies.

992
00:47:29.930 --> 00:47:31.557
He hadn't done one
in more than two years.

993
00:47:31.598 --> 00:47:33.559
So they asked for permission
to bring in somebody

994
00:47:33.600 --> 00:47:37.479
who knew what they were doing.
Permission was denied.

995
00:47:37.521 --> 00:47:40.023
[Aguilar]
There were a lot of people
at the Bethesda morgue.

996
00:47:40.065 --> 00:47:41.316
The latest count
by all the researchers

997
00:47:41.358 --> 00:47:43.902
that I know of is
about 33 people.

998
00:47:43.944 --> 00:47:46.196
There was a gallery, bleachers.

999
00:47:46.238 --> 00:47:49.241
Apparently, all three rows
were filled with people.

1000
00:47:49.283 --> 00:47:52.327
These three autopsy
pathologists were given a body,

1001
00:47:52.369 --> 00:47:53.537
told, "Here's the body,

1002
00:47:53.579 --> 00:47:55.289
he was shot from behind,
he fell forward,"

1003
00:47:55.330 --> 00:47:57.291
which they wrote
in their autopsy report,

1004
00:47:57.332 --> 00:47:58.458
figure out how the wounds fit

1005
00:47:58.500 --> 00:48:00.460
the known circumstances
of the shooting.

1006
00:48:00.502 --> 00:48:04.006
But what this really speaks to
is the fact that the autopsy

1007
00:48:04.047 --> 00:48:05.465
was not in the control
of the surgeons

1008
00:48:05.507 --> 00:48:07.551
that were charged
with doing it.

1009
00:48:07.593 --> 00:48:09.678
It was in the control of people
who were there,

1010
00:48:09.720 --> 00:48:12.890
who were telling them
what they could do
and what they couldn't do.

1011
00:48:12.931 --> 00:48:15.601
[reporter] Let's talk about
those two wounds, Captain.

1012
00:48:15.642 --> 00:48:18.103
You examined this
whole area of the back.

1013
00:48:18.145 --> 00:48:19.354
[James J. Humes] Yes, sir.

1014
00:48:19.396 --> 00:48:21.064
[Wecht]
So on the night of the autopsy,

1015
00:48:21.106 --> 00:48:23.108
Humes and Boswell said,

1016
00:48:23.150 --> 00:48:25.193
"Hey, we got a bullet hole
in the President's back,"

1017
00:48:25.235 --> 00:48:28.113
which they
examined with the finger,

1018
00:48:28.155 --> 00:48:29.573
then with an instrument,
then took x-rays,

1019
00:48:29.615 --> 00:48:31.366
then took out the lungs.

1020
00:48:31.408 --> 00:48:32.618
And no bullets.

1021
00:48:32.659 --> 00:48:34.119
In a murder case,

1022
00:48:34.161 --> 00:48:36.788
that is a very serious
problem for them.

1023
00:48:36.830 --> 00:48:38.332
So where did that bullet go?

1024
00:48:38.373 --> 00:48:41.084
It was just, like you say,
a work of fiction.

1025
00:48:41.126 --> 00:48:43.420
A call came in
from the FBI in Dallas.

1026
00:48:43.462 --> 00:48:45.005
A bullet was found.

1027
00:48:45.047 --> 00:48:46.590
Darrell Tomlinson,
a maintenance man

1028
00:48:46.632 --> 00:48:48.300
at Parkland Hospital,

1029
00:48:48.342 --> 00:48:51.136
trying to get to the men's room,
passing by the ER,

1030
00:48:51.178 --> 00:48:52.888
found the stretchers
blocking the way,

1031
00:48:52.930 --> 00:48:55.015
bent down,
moved the stretcher,

1032
00:48:55.057 --> 00:48:56.767
and there was a bullet.

1033
00:48:56.808 --> 00:48:58.143
How did that bullet get there?

1034
00:48:58.185 --> 00:48:59.853
Humes and Boswell came up

1035
00:48:59.895 --> 00:49:02.147
with this totally
absurd conclusion

1036
00:49:02.189 --> 00:49:04.191
that when the President lay

1037
00:49:04.232 --> 00:49:07.277
on the stretcher,
supine position,

1038
00:49:07.319 --> 00:49:09.237
and pressure
was applied to his chest

1039
00:49:09.279 --> 00:49:11.657
for cardiopulmonary
resuscitation,

1040
00:49:11.698 --> 00:49:15.243
that pressure, applied
anteriorly, forced the bullet,

1041
00:49:15.285 --> 00:49:17.371
which had gone
deeply into the tissues,

1042
00:49:17.412 --> 00:49:19.039
back out through like a tunnel.

1043
00:49:19.081 --> 00:49:21.333
In and out, a car in reverse.

1044
00:49:21.375 --> 00:49:24.211
And what's
very important to note is

1045
00:49:24.252 --> 00:49:26.838
bullets don't go
in and out like that.

1046
00:49:26.880 --> 00:49:30.509
The bullet becomes encased.
But that was their conclusion.

1047
00:49:30.550 --> 00:49:34.012
Keep in mind, they did not know
that there was a bullet hole

1048
00:49:34.054 --> 00:49:35.847
in the front of
the President's neck.

1049
00:49:35.889 --> 00:49:38.225
Commander.
Now, Captain Humes,

1050
00:49:38.266 --> 00:49:40.352
how many autopsies
have you performed?

1051
00:49:40.394 --> 00:49:42.354
[Humes]   Approximately 1,000.

1052
00:49:42.396 --> 00:49:47.025
It wasn't until the next morning
when Humes decided,

1053
00:49:47.067 --> 00:49:48.443
"Hey, maybe we outta talk with

1054
00:49:48.485 --> 00:49:50.904
the surgeons
at Parkland Hospital."

1055
00:49:50.946 --> 00:49:53.740
Earlier that day, the
doctors at Parkland Hospital

1056
00:49:53.782 --> 00:49:55.575
had determined that the bullet

1057
00:49:55.617 --> 00:49:57.494
had fortuitously
ripped through the trachea.

1058
00:49:57.536 --> 00:50:00.539
So they enlarged
that bullet hole.

1059
00:50:00.580 --> 00:50:02.791
And now they learned,
for the first time,

1060
00:50:02.833 --> 00:50:04.835
that there was a tracheostomy

1061
00:50:04.876 --> 00:50:07.087
superimposed
upon a bullet wound.

1062
00:50:07.129 --> 00:50:09.881
"Aha!" said Humes and Boswell.

1063
00:50:09.923 --> 00:50:11.383
"Now we know!"

1064
00:50:11.425 --> 00:50:14.136
The shot fired from the rear,
entered the back,

1065
00:50:14.177 --> 00:50:16.596
moving around
2,000 feet per second,

1066
00:50:16.638 --> 00:50:19.474
comes out, then stops,
sees the starched white collar,

1067
00:50:19.516 --> 00:50:22.060
gets frightened to death, plops
into the front of his clothing.

1068
00:50:22.102 --> 00:50:23.729
And that's where
the bullet came from,

1069
00:50:23.770 --> 00:50:25.731
found by Tomlinson
on the stretcher.

1070
00:50:25.772 --> 00:50:27.274
Four or five months later,

1071
00:50:27.315 --> 00:50:29.860
under Arlen Specter's
single-bullet theory,

1072
00:50:29.901 --> 00:50:32.571
that bullet
has been rejuvenated,
it's been revitalized.

1073
00:50:32.612 --> 00:50:33.947
That bullet has
now gone through

1074
00:50:33.989 --> 00:50:35.741
Kennedy, through Connally,

1075
00:50:35.782 --> 00:50:39.953
and now, as of April of 1964,
the Stretcher Bullet,

1076
00:50:39.995 --> 00:50:41.830
Commission Exhibit #399,

1077
00:50:41.872 --> 00:50:43.582
the hero of the
Warren Commission report,

1078
00:50:43.623 --> 00:50:46.668
is now from
Connally's left thigh.

1079
00:50:46.710 --> 00:50:48.879
How is that possible?

1080
00:50:48.920 --> 00:50:50.881
It's unbelievable!

1081
00:50:50.922 --> 00:50:53.759
...which is scientific evidence

1082
00:50:53.800 --> 00:51:00.265
that the wound was made
from behind and passed forward.

1083
00:51:00.307 --> 00:51:03.852
[Aguilar]   Dr. Humes destroyed
his original autopsy notes.

1084
00:51:03.894 --> 00:51:05.729
Now, Dr. Humes,
the chief autopsy pathologist,

1085
00:51:05.771 --> 00:51:07.689
and what we all know
as doctors,

1086
00:51:07.731 --> 00:51:09.608
notes taken while
you're doing something

1087
00:51:09.649 --> 00:51:11.109
are much more important,

1088
00:51:11.151 --> 00:51:12.944
and are likely
to be closer to the truth

1089
00:51:12.986 --> 00:51:15.530
than anything you write later.

1090
00:51:15.572 --> 00:51:18.075
And he admitted that
he'd destroyed autopsy notes.

1091
00:51:18.116 --> 00:51:20.118
You destroyed
your original notes

1092
00:51:20.160 --> 00:51:21.787
in a medical legal autopsy?

1093
00:51:21.828 --> 00:51:25.290
And remember, that night
Oswald is still alive.

1094
00:51:25.332 --> 00:51:26.792
You're going
to be asked, doctor,

1095
00:51:26.833 --> 00:51:31.505
at some point in time under oath
to give sworn testimony.

1096
00:51:31.546 --> 00:51:33.757
Why did you
destroy those notes, doctor?

1097
00:51:33.799 --> 00:51:36.760
Doesn't a pathologist
keep his notes?

1098
00:51:36.802 --> 00:51:39.471
And he said, "Well,
I destroyed my own autopsy notes

1099
00:51:39.513 --> 00:51:41.890
"because they were splattered
with the President's blood

1100
00:51:41.932 --> 00:51:44.768
and I didn't want them to become
objects of morbid curiosity."

1101
00:51:44.810 --> 00:51:46.311
The third doctor, Dr. Finck,

1102
00:51:46.353 --> 00:51:48.271
who was there,
also wrote some notes

1103
00:51:48.313 --> 00:51:49.856
and complained
bitterly about the fact

1104
00:51:49.898 --> 00:51:51.441
that his notes disappeared too.

1105
00:51:51.483 --> 00:51:53.568
He was so upset
because he had to go home

1106
00:51:53.610 --> 00:51:56.029
and reconstruct
all of his notes from memory.

1107
00:51:58.031 --> 00:51:59.950
The two FBI agents
at the autopsy,

1108
00:51:59.991 --> 00:52:02.619
Frank O'Neill and James Sibert,

1109
00:52:02.661 --> 00:52:05.580
they reported what they heard
during the autopsy,

1110
00:52:05.622 --> 00:52:08.333
what they heard
the pathologists say,

1111
00:52:08.375 --> 00:52:10.418
specifically Dr. Humes.

1112
00:52:10.460 --> 00:52:15.006
They were interviewed
by Arlen Specter in early 1964.

1113
00:52:15.048 --> 00:52:19.177
He proceeded to write
very unfavorable comments

1114
00:52:19.219 --> 00:52:21.930
about them in a summary memo
for the record.

1115
00:52:21.972 --> 00:52:23.348
We know with confidence

1116
00:52:23.390 --> 00:52:25.225
why he didn't like
what they had to say,

1117
00:52:25.267 --> 00:52:27.352
because they were
providing evidence

1118
00:52:27.394 --> 00:52:29.521
that the single-bullet theory
could not be true.

1119
00:52:29.563 --> 00:52:31.857
[Goldberg]
Neither Sibert nor O'Neill

1120
00:52:31.898 --> 00:52:34.568
were asked to testify
for the Warren Commission,

1121
00:52:34.609 --> 00:52:37.154
and their written notes
became classified.

1122
00:52:37.195 --> 00:52:39.698
In 1997,
their depositions were taken

1123
00:52:39.739 --> 00:52:42.826
by the Assassination
Records Review Board.

1124
00:52:42.868 --> 00:52:45.078
[Douglas Horne]
Both Sibert and O'Neill

1125
00:52:45.120 --> 00:52:48.290
were shown the photographs
of the back of JFK's head,

1126
00:52:48.331 --> 00:52:51.501
the autopsy photographs that
are the most controversial.

1127
00:52:51.543 --> 00:52:53.128
And they both said
that they didn't

1128
00:52:53.170 --> 00:52:55.172
see anything like that
at the autopsy.

1129
00:52:55.213 --> 00:52:57.465
O'Neill had said, "It looks
like it's been doctored.

1130
00:52:57.507 --> 00:52:59.009
"I don't mean the photo
has been doctored.

1131
00:52:59.050 --> 00:53:01.052
It looks like the head
has been put back together,"

1132
00:53:01.094 --> 00:53:02.637
you know, by embalmers
and then photographed."

1133
00:53:02.679 --> 00:53:04.222
That was what
he said under oath.

1134
00:53:04.264 --> 00:53:06.558
Sibert did not remember

1135
00:53:06.600 --> 00:53:09.352
drawing a diagram of the wound
for the House committee.

1136
00:53:09.394 --> 00:53:11.479
So he drew a new one
for the Review Board.

1137
00:53:11.521 --> 00:53:13.523
And it's one of our
most important wound diagrams.

1138
00:53:13.565 --> 00:53:15.984
And it shows what
could only be an exit defect

1139
00:53:16.026 --> 00:53:17.402
in the right rear of the skull.

1140
00:53:24.409 --> 00:53:26.745
[Goldberg]   This new evidence,
combined with

1141
00:53:26.786 --> 00:53:29.915
the Review Board's
declassification
of 40 witnesses

1142
00:53:29.956 --> 00:53:32.751
who saw a hole in the back
of Kennedy's head,

1143
00:53:32.792 --> 00:53:37.214
constitutes powerful evidence
of a shot from the front.

1144
00:53:38.131 --> 00:53:39.591
(gunshot)

1145
00:53:42.427 --> 00:53:44.137
Who was
the autopsy photographer?

1146
00:53:44.179 --> 00:53:46.514
John Stringer.

1147
00:53:46.556 --> 00:53:49.100
He was a Navy civilian.
He was widely respected.

1148
00:53:49.142 --> 00:53:50.310
He had written a textbook

1149
00:53:50.352 --> 00:53:52.229
on medical photography
for the Navy.

1150
00:53:52.270 --> 00:53:53.688
So he was
the photographer of record.

1151
00:53:53.730 --> 00:53:55.941
He photographed
the autopsy itself

1152
00:53:55.982 --> 00:53:59.486
and also photographed
the President's brain.

1153
00:53:59.527 --> 00:54:01.696
[Stone]   The autopsy photos
of the President's brain

1154
00:54:01.738 --> 00:54:03.949
are housed
at the National Archives.

1155
00:54:03.990 --> 00:54:07.035
These photos cannot be scanned
or reproduced,

1156
00:54:07.077 --> 00:54:09.955
but are only available
to be viewed on site

1157
00:54:09.996 --> 00:54:13.792
by researchers authorized
by the Kennedy family.

1158
00:54:13.833 --> 00:54:15.794
[Horne]   Half of
the brain photos are taken

1159
00:54:15.835 --> 00:54:18.421
of a brain from above,
superior views,

1160
00:54:18.463 --> 00:54:21.758
which is what Stringer said
he shot of the complete organ.

1161
00:54:21.800 --> 00:54:24.386
But the other half of the brain
photos in the archives

1162
00:54:24.427 --> 00:54:27.806
are taken of the bottom,
called basilar views.

1163
00:54:27.847 --> 00:54:30.767
Now, we were very careful
to question Mr. Stringer

1164
00:54:30.809 --> 00:54:32.811
about all the photographs
he took,

1165
00:54:32.852 --> 00:54:35.939
and ask him what kind of film
he used for black and white,

1166
00:54:35.981 --> 00:54:37.607
what kind of film
he used for color.

1167
00:54:37.649 --> 00:54:39.526
Jeremy Gunn showed Stringer

1168
00:54:39.567 --> 00:54:43.530
the color positive
transparencies of the brain,

1169
00:54:43.571 --> 00:54:45.115
and Stringer immediately noted,

1170
00:54:45.156 --> 00:54:47.701
"Well, these aren't Kodak.
These might be Ansco."

1171
00:54:47.742 --> 00:54:50.245
He said, "I don't see the name
of the manufacturer on here,

1172
00:54:50.287 --> 00:54:53.164
but these don't have the
right notches in the corner."

1173
00:54:53.206 --> 00:54:54.916
So Jeremy Gunn said,

1174
00:54:54.958 --> 00:54:57.043
"Did you use this film
with these notches in it?"

1175
00:54:57.085 --> 00:54:58.753
Stringer said, "No."

1176
00:54:58.795 --> 00:55:00.880
"Did you take basilar views
when you shot the brain?"

1177
00:55:00.922 --> 00:55:03.591
And he says,
"Not as far as I know."

1178
00:55:03.633 --> 00:55:06.136
[Goldberg]   Doesn't
this all lead to the question

1179
00:55:06.177 --> 00:55:09.806
if Stringer did not take these
photographs,     then who did?

1180
00:55:11.683 --> 00:55:14.853
Robert Knudsen
was a Navy photographer

1181
00:55:14.894 --> 00:55:17.981
who was detailed
to the White House in 1958.

1182
00:55:18.023 --> 00:55:21.192
If you read his obituaries in
The New York Times

1183
00:55:21.234 --> 00:55:22.485
and    The Washington Post,

1184
00:55:22.527 --> 00:55:24.779
you will see
that he is credited

1185
00:55:24.821 --> 00:55:27.365
with photographing
Kennedy's autopsy,

1186
00:55:27.407 --> 00:55:30.785
except officially he was not.

1187
00:55:30.827 --> 00:55:34.956
[Horne]   Robert Knudsen
was not interviewed by
the Warren Commission.

1188
00:55:34.998 --> 00:55:39.002
So they finally found
Robert Knudsen in 1978.

1189
00:55:39.044 --> 00:55:41.171
And to its credit,
the House Select Committee

1190
00:55:41.212 --> 00:55:42.756
did a deposition of him.

1191
00:55:42.797 --> 00:55:45.383
To their discredit,
they never published it.

1192
00:55:45.425 --> 00:55:49.763
They buried it for 50 years
and it got released in 1993.

1193
00:55:49.804 --> 00:55:51.639
And I know why they buried it,

1194
00:55:51.681 --> 00:55:54.559
because everything he told them
about autopsy photography

1195
00:55:54.601 --> 00:55:56.144
contradicted what
they thought they knew

1196
00:55:56.186 --> 00:55:57.520
in the official record.

1197
00:55:57.562 --> 00:56:00.273
[Mantik]   After
his death in 1989,

1198
00:56:00.315 --> 00:56:01.983
his wife was interviewed by

1199
00:56:02.025 --> 00:56:04.402
the Assassination
Records Review Board.

1200
00:56:16.456 --> 00:56:19.709
He told her that one photograph
in particular,

1201
00:56:19.751 --> 00:56:21.252
presumably
the back of the head,

1202
00:56:21.294 --> 00:56:23.755
had been severely altered.

1203
00:56:23.797 --> 00:56:25.757
[Jeremy Gunn]
Where was the wound covered?

1204
00:56:31.304 --> 00:56:34.015
[Jeremy Gunn]   In one sense,
uh, probably worth saying

1205
00:56:34.057 --> 00:56:35.600
that what you're saying
is very different

1206
00:56:35.642 --> 00:56:37.727
from what
the United States government

1207
00:56:37.769 --> 00:56:39.979
has said for a long time.

1208
00:56:40.021 --> 00:56:43.566
And why didn't he say
something to somebody?

1209
00:57:04.587 --> 00:57:06.423
[Horne]
John Stringer is still

1210
00:57:06.464 --> 00:57:08.049
the autopsy
photographer of record,

1211
00:57:08.091 --> 00:57:09.843
I think they both took pictures
and I personally think

1212
00:57:09.884 --> 00:57:12.679
that many of
John Stringer's pictures

1213
00:57:12.720 --> 00:57:14.514
never made it
into the official collection.

1214
00:57:14.556 --> 00:57:15.807
And a lot of the ones
we're looking at

1215
00:57:15.849 --> 00:57:17.642
are Robert Knudsen's pictures.

1216
00:57:21.187 --> 00:57:24.482
[Mantik]   Saundra Spencer worked
at the Anacostia Facility,

1217
00:57:24.524 --> 00:57:26.568
a Naval Photographic Center,

1218
00:57:26.609 --> 00:57:28.987
which was quite separate
from the Bethesda lab.

1219
00:57:29.028 --> 00:57:32.323
That weekend,
she received film.

1220
00:57:32.365 --> 00:57:34.993
[Horne]   The photographs
that Saundra Spencer developed,

1221
00:57:35.034 --> 00:57:37.162
which never made it
into the official record.

1222
00:57:37.203 --> 00:57:39.831
The only evidence we have
of them is her testimony.

1223
00:57:41.666 --> 00:57:43.835
Saundra Spencer
was visibly upset

1224
00:57:43.877 --> 00:57:46.337
when she looked at the
official     autopsy photographs

1225
00:57:46.379 --> 00:57:49.924
because she said,
"I developed pictures
of him and his family

1226
00:57:49.966 --> 00:57:52.677
for almost three years
and he never looked like this."

1227
00:57:52.719 --> 00:57:54.929
She said, "He looks terrible
in these photographs."

1228
00:57:59.434 --> 00:58:01.978
-She started to cry.
-[Stone]   In front of
the Review Board?

1229
00:58:02.020 --> 00:58:04.355
[Horne]   Yes, she started to cry
in front of Jeremy and I

1230
00:58:04.397 --> 00:58:06.232
and the person
from the archives,

1231
00:58:06.274 --> 00:58:08.776
and she said,
"He did not look this bad

1232
00:58:08.818 --> 00:58:10.862
in the photographs
I developed on Sunday."

1233
00:58:10.904 --> 00:58:13.948
He was very cleaned up.
It was very respectful.

1234
00:58:13.990 --> 00:58:16.034
And in one of the photographs
she developed,

1235
00:58:16.075 --> 00:58:17.827
there was a brain,
an intact brain,

1236
00:58:17.869 --> 00:58:19.621
sitting next to the body,

1237
00:58:19.662 --> 00:58:21.080
the nude body of the President.

1238
00:58:21.122 --> 00:58:22.874
Strange, first of all,
that it's intact

1239
00:58:22.916 --> 00:58:26.252
because FBI agent Frank O'Neill
told the Review Board

1240
00:58:26.294 --> 00:58:29.088
that over half of the mass
of the brain was missing.

1241
00:58:31.925 --> 00:58:34.469
[Mantik]   So the brain autopsy
or autopsies,

1242
00:58:34.511 --> 00:58:37.055
there were probably
two such events,

1243
00:58:37.096 --> 00:58:41.851
uh, occurred later and
were not done on November 22nd.

1244
00:58:41.893 --> 00:58:43.603
[Aguilar]   Anybody
that's seen the Zapruder film

1245
00:58:43.645 --> 00:58:44.979
can see Kennedy's
head explodes

1246
00:58:45.021 --> 00:58:46.523
and debris flies
all over the place.

1247
00:58:46.564 --> 00:58:47.857
Jackie Kennedy climbed out

1248
00:58:47.899 --> 00:58:49.609
onto the trunk
of the limousine,

1249
00:58:49.651 --> 00:58:52.779
picked up
a chunk of the President's
brain, had it with her,

1250
00:58:52.820 --> 00:58:54.531
took it in and gave it to, uh,

1251
00:58:54.572 --> 00:58:56.574
one of the doctors
at Parkland Hospital.

1252
00:58:56.616 --> 00:58:58.868
When you look at the autopsy
photographs of the brain,

1253
00:58:58.910 --> 00:59:00.245
which I've seen
the originals of,

1254
00:59:00.286 --> 00:59:02.205
you can just see
that the brain is disrupted,

1255
00:59:02.247 --> 00:59:04.207
but very little
of the tissue is missing.

1256
00:59:04.249 --> 00:59:07.043
Then we look at the autopsy
report of the brain,

1257
00:59:07.085 --> 00:59:09.170
what they call the
supplemental brain examination.

1258
00:59:09.212 --> 00:59:10.755
The brain in evidence
that's weighed there

1259
00:59:10.797 --> 00:59:12.840
weighs 1,500 grams.

1260
00:59:12.882 --> 00:59:16.261
1500 grams is--
is above average weight

1261
00:59:16.302 --> 00:59:17.845
of an adult male brain.

1262
00:59:17.887 --> 00:59:20.932
There was one report
of 8,000 autopsies

1263
00:59:20.974 --> 00:59:23.643
and the average weight of
an adult male brain

1264
00:59:23.685 --> 00:59:25.770
was 1,336 grams.

1265
00:59:25.812 --> 00:59:29.524
So they're saying
that President Kennedy's brain

1266
00:59:29.566 --> 00:59:31.150
was well above
the average weight.

1267
00:59:31.192 --> 00:59:33.194
Where did all that brain tissue
disappear to?

1268
00:59:33.236 --> 00:59:36.990
That flies around Dealey Plaza
that Jackie has in her hand,

1269
00:59:37.031 --> 00:59:38.700
that everybody is picking off
of their clothes?

1270
00:59:41.536 --> 00:59:44.289
[Chesser]
There are two photographs
of the brain     at the archives.

1271
00:59:44.330 --> 00:59:46.749
I viewed those in 2015.

1272
00:59:46.791 --> 00:59:49.127
The brain looked to me
to be distorted.

1273
00:59:49.168 --> 00:59:50.962
My first thought was
that the brain had been sitting

1274
00:59:51.004 --> 00:59:53.006
in a jar of formaldehyde
for a long time.

1275
00:59:53.047 --> 00:59:56.134
The Review Board
had a consultant.

1276
00:59:56.175 --> 00:59:59.012
A renowned
forensic pathologist.

1277
00:59:59.053 --> 01:00:01.723
He looked at the brain
photographs and he said,

1278
01:00:01.764 --> 01:00:04.475
"This is a very
well-fixed brain.

1279
01:00:04.517 --> 01:00:07.270
It's all gray.
It's not pink at all.

1280
01:00:07.312 --> 01:00:10.481
"It's been fixed for two
or three weeks in formaldehyde.

1281
01:00:10.523 --> 01:00:11.858
It's been fixed
at least two weeks,

1282
01:00:11.899 --> 01:00:13.359
maybe as long as three weeks."

1283
01:00:13.401 --> 01:00:15.778
I looked at Jeremy Gunn
and he looked at me

1284
01:00:15.820 --> 01:00:17.071
and the hair stood up
on the back of my neck,

1285
01:00:17.113 --> 01:00:21.618
because I knew that JFK's brain
was examined...

1286
01:00:21.659 --> 01:00:23.995
less than three days
after he was killed.

1287
01:00:24.037 --> 01:00:25.747
One can only imagine
that they wanted

1288
01:00:25.788 --> 01:00:27.624
the-- the damage to the brain

1289
01:00:27.665 --> 01:00:29.751
to be consistent
with the hypothesis

1290
01:00:29.792 --> 01:00:32.128
that Oswald
had done the shooting.

1291
01:00:32.170 --> 01:00:34.631
So if you had a defect
going all the way
to the back of the head,

1292
01:00:34.672 --> 01:00:36.924
like so many witnesses
testified to it,

1293
01:00:36.966 --> 01:00:41.346
it might raise questions
about whether that huge defect

1294
01:00:41.387 --> 01:00:44.057
could've cau-- been caused
by a single shot to the head

1295
01:00:44.098 --> 01:00:46.601
as Oswald is supposed
to have done.

1296
01:00:46.643 --> 01:00:47.852
[Chesser]
At a teaching hospital,

1297
01:00:47.894 --> 01:00:50.772
there was
no shortage of brains.

1298
01:00:50.813 --> 01:00:52.106
Autopsies were very frequent.

1299
01:00:52.148 --> 01:00:53.691
Frequently, the brain was saved

1300
01:00:53.733 --> 01:00:56.194
for teaching medical students,

1301
01:00:56.235 --> 01:00:57.862
so it would not
have been difficult

1302
01:00:57.904 --> 01:01:00.365
to find a brain
for replacement.

1303
01:01:00.406 --> 01:01:01.783
This is just one more reason

1304
01:01:01.824 --> 01:01:04.452
why this cannot be
President Kennedy's brain

1305
01:01:04.494 --> 01:01:08.373
in the photographs that
we have stored at the archives.

1306
01:01:08.414 --> 01:01:14.045
What we have here... is evidence
that impugns the authenticity

1307
01:01:14.087 --> 01:01:16.714
of the brain photographs
in the National Archives.

1308
01:01:16.756 --> 01:01:18.508
If there was a trial today,

1309
01:01:18.549 --> 01:01:21.719
these brain photographs would
not be admissible as evidence.

1310
01:01:23.721 --> 01:01:25.723
I'd hate to be
in your shoes today.

1311
01:01:26.724 --> 01:01:27.767
You have a lot to think about.

1312
01:01:27.809 --> 01:01:29.060
You've seen
much hidden evidence

1313
01:01:29.102 --> 01:01:30.937
the American public
has never seen.

1314
01:01:32.480 --> 01:01:35.900
You know, going back
to when we were children,

1315
01:01:35.942 --> 01:01:37.944
I think that most of us
in this courtroom thought

1316
01:01:37.985 --> 01:01:40.697
that justice came
into being automatically.

1317
01:01:41.698 --> 01:01:43.199
That virtue was its own reward,

1318
01:01:43.241 --> 01:01:45.284
that-- that good
would triumph over evil.

1319
01:01:46.994 --> 01:01:50.790
But as we get older,
we know this just isn't true.

1320
01:01:50.832 --> 01:01:53.501
Individual human beings
have to create justice

1321
01:01:53.543 --> 01:01:54.752
and this is not easy,

1322
01:01:56.295 --> 01:01:59.757
because the truth
often poses a threat to power,

1323
01:01:59.799 --> 01:02:03.886
and one often has to fight power
at great risk to themselves.

1324
01:02:03.928 --> 01:02:05.430
[Goldberg]
The one physician present

1325
01:02:05.471 --> 01:02:08.599
at both Parkland Hospital
and the Bethesda morgue

1326
01:02:08.641 --> 01:02:09.934
was George Burkley,

1327
01:02:09.976 --> 01:02:12.603
Kennedy's personal doctor.

1328
01:02:12.645 --> 01:02:15.940
Arlen Specter did not depose
George Burkley,

1329
01:02:15.982 --> 01:02:20.027
but Burkley did an interview
with the JFK Library in 1967,

1330
01:02:20.069 --> 01:02:22.447
and was asked this question.

1331
01:02:22.488 --> 01:02:23.781
[interviewer speaking]

1332
01:02:31.456 --> 01:02:32.790
[interviewer] I see.

1333
01:02:32.832 --> 01:02:35.168
[Miller]   The reason
he didn't say anything was,

1334
01:02:35.209 --> 01:02:38.671
he was intimately involved
in the coverup.

1335
01:02:38.713 --> 01:02:41.340
[Goldberg]   Burkley signed
the autopsy descriptive sheet

1336
01:02:41.382 --> 01:02:45.386
with a bullet in the back
at the level of T3.

1337
01:02:45.428 --> 01:02:47.972
And he also signed
Kennedy's death certificate,

1338
01:02:48.014 --> 01:02:50.683
which also placed
that wound in the back.

1339
01:02:50.725 --> 01:02:52.685
That death certificate
is not in

1340
01:02:52.727 --> 01:02:55.146
the Warren Commission volumes,

1341
01:02:55.188 --> 01:02:58.357
and the descriptive sheet
in the Commission volumes

1342
01:02:58.399 --> 01:03:00.651
does not have
Burkley's signature.

1343
01:03:02.111 --> 01:03:04.155
In 1977, through his lawyer,

1344
01:03:04.197 --> 01:03:06.491
he wrote a letter
to Richard Sprague,

1345
01:03:06.532 --> 01:03:08.159
Chief Counsel of the House

1346
01:03:08.201 --> 01:03:10.787
Select Committee
on Assassinations.

1347
01:03:10.828 --> 01:03:13.164
He said he had
information indicating

1348
01:03:13.206 --> 01:03:15.416
that others besides Oswald

1349
01:03:15.458 --> 01:03:18.461
must've     participated
in the assassination.

1350
01:03:18.503 --> 01:03:22.006
He was willing
to talk about it at this time.

1351
01:03:22.048 --> 01:03:24.342
Sprague,
who made clear his intention

1352
01:03:24.383 --> 01:03:27.011
to fully investigate
the CIA's involvement,

1353
01:03:27.053 --> 01:03:29.096
was forced out two weeks later.

1354
01:03:29.138 --> 01:03:30.973
Dr. Burkley
submitted a written statement

1355
01:03:31.015 --> 01:03:33.184
to the House Select Committee,

1356
01:03:33.226 --> 01:03:35.061
but there is no official record

1357
01:03:35.102 --> 01:03:38.356
of him     being
deposed as a witness.

1358
01:03:38.397 --> 01:03:42.276
In 1982, he told
JFK researcher Henry Hurt,

1359
01:03:42.318 --> 01:03:43.736
"I know there was
more than one gunman,"

1360
01:03:43.778 --> 01:03:45.154
and when Henry Hurt

1361
01:03:45.196 --> 01:03:47.198
tried to recontact
Burkley for more details,

1362
01:03:47.240 --> 01:03:48.616
Burkley
cut him off at the knees.

1363
01:03:48.658 --> 01:03:50.159
"I don't want to talk
about it anymore."

1364
01:03:50.201 --> 01:03:51.536
The very next year,
Burkley talked

1365
01:03:51.577 --> 01:03:54.247
to Michael Kurtz,
another JFK researcher,

1366
01:03:54.288 --> 01:03:55.832
told him that he knew there was

1367
01:03:55.873 --> 01:03:57.333
a conspiracy
to kill the President

1368
01:03:57.375 --> 01:03:58.876
and that he recalled
an exit wound

1369
01:03:58.918 --> 01:04:01.045
in the back of
President Kennedy's head.

1370
01:04:01.087 --> 01:04:02.922
Now, that's
a very significant statement.

1371
01:04:02.964 --> 01:04:05.007
That the only doctor we know of

1372
01:04:05.049 --> 01:04:07.885
who was present at
both Parkland for treatment,

1373
01:04:07.927 --> 01:04:09.554
and at Bethesda
during the autopsy,

1374
01:04:09.595 --> 01:04:11.848
told Michael Kurtz in 1983

1375
01:04:11.889 --> 01:04:14.225
that Kennedy had an exit wound
in the back of his head.

1376
01:04:14.267 --> 01:04:15.560
When Kurtz tried
to recontact Burkley,

1377
01:04:15.601 --> 01:04:18.062
Burkley cut him off
at the knees.

1378
01:04:18.104 --> 01:04:19.814
"I don't want to talk
about this anymore."

1379
01:04:19.856 --> 01:04:21.190
Dr. Burkley was deceased
by the time

1380
01:04:21.232 --> 01:04:23.067
the Review Board was impaneled.

1381
01:04:23.109 --> 01:04:25.403
So then Jeremy decided, well,

1382
01:04:25.444 --> 01:04:28.656
we can ask
the executor of his estate,

1383
01:04:28.698 --> 01:04:30.533
his daughter, to sign a waiver

1384
01:04:30.575 --> 01:04:33.035
so that we could
go to the law firm

1385
01:04:33.077 --> 01:04:34.704
that Mr. Illig
used to work for,

1386
01:04:34.745 --> 01:04:35.913
because he was deceased also,

1387
01:04:35.955 --> 01:04:37.248
and see if there were

1388
01:04:37.290 --> 01:04:39.000
any records
in the file of Mr. Illig

1389
01:04:39.041 --> 01:04:41.085
that would have
revealed what it was

1390
01:04:41.127 --> 01:04:43.129
he wanted to tell
the HSCA in detail,

1391
01:04:43.170 --> 01:04:45.089
and she said she would do that.

1392
01:04:45.131 --> 01:04:46.507
And then Jeremy
called her on the phone,

1393
01:04:46.549 --> 01:04:48.843
she had completely
changed her mind

1394
01:04:48.885 --> 01:04:50.177
and adamantly
refused to sign it

1395
01:04:50.219 --> 01:04:52.388
and terminated the phone call.

1396
01:04:57.852 --> 01:04:59.854
The face sheet for the autopsy,

1397
01:04:59.896 --> 01:05:02.773
where it shows the front
and back silhouette of the body,

1398
01:05:02.815 --> 01:05:05.818
where you mark scars
and bullet wounds and things,

1399
01:05:05.860 --> 01:05:08.279
the face sheet
showed the bullet wound

1400
01:05:08.321 --> 01:05:13.284
in the back at the level
of thoracic vertebra T3,

1401
01:05:13.326 --> 01:05:16.287
which is five and a half
to six inches below.

1402
01:05:16.329 --> 01:05:18.247
[Goldberg]
That location coincided with

1403
01:05:18.289 --> 01:05:21.792
what Sibert and O'Neill
wrote in their report.

1404
01:05:21.834 --> 01:05:25.421
And in order to make the facts
fit the single-bullet theory,

1405
01:05:25.463 --> 01:05:27.548
one bullet
doing all this damage,

1406
01:05:27.590 --> 01:05:31.302
the doctors needed an exit
point for the back wound.

1407
01:05:31.344 --> 01:05:34.764
The Warren Commission raised
the wound in the back

1408
01:05:34.805 --> 01:05:37.934
so that it would align
with the alleged exit wound

1409
01:05:37.975 --> 01:05:39.936
in the front of Kennedy's neck.

1410
01:05:39.977 --> 01:05:41.604
Commissioner Gerald Ford

1411
01:05:41.646 --> 01:05:44.106
did this simply
via the stroke of a pen,

1412
01:05:44.148 --> 01:05:46.692
changing the description
in their report

1413
01:05:46.734 --> 01:05:49.612
from back, to back of the neck.

1414
01:05:49.654 --> 01:05:51.781
As I recall,
they said about Gerald Ford

1415
01:05:51.822 --> 01:05:54.408
that he could not chew gum
and walk at the same time.

1416
01:05:54.450 --> 01:05:57.244
Now, all of a sudden, he
becomes a forensic pathologist,

1417
01:05:57.286 --> 01:05:59.956
and a photographer, and
a criminalist, and an expert,

1418
01:05:59.997 --> 01:06:02.708
and he knows
where the bullet hole was
and he moved it up.

1419
01:06:02.750 --> 01:06:04.877
[Goldberg]
But then in 1979,

1420
01:06:04.919 --> 01:06:08.297
the House Select Committee
moved it lower in the back

1421
01:06:08.339 --> 01:06:10.967
because they had pictures
from the autopsy.

1422
01:06:11.008 --> 01:06:12.760
It is conceivable that,
at the time,

1423
01:06:12.802 --> 01:06:14.720
the Warren Commission thought

1424
01:06:14.762 --> 01:06:18.140
no one would ever
see the autopsy photos.

1425
01:06:18.182 --> 01:06:20.351
When the Review Board
declassified

1426
01:06:20.393 --> 01:06:22.478
the notation showing
what Ford had done,

1427
01:06:22.520 --> 01:06:25.356
the former commissioner replied
that it had nothing to do

1428
01:06:25.398 --> 01:06:27.650
with a conspiracy theory.

1429
01:06:27.692 --> 01:06:30.695
He was only trying
to be more precise.

1430
01:06:30.736 --> 01:06:34.323
This is directly contradicted
by a conversation Ford had

1431
01:06:34.365 --> 01:06:38.494
with French President
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing.

1432
01:06:38.536 --> 01:06:40.121
Ford told him
the assassination

1433
01:06:40.162 --> 01:06:42.873
was     not the work
of one person.

1434
01:06:42.915 --> 01:06:45.042
It was something set up.

1435
01:06:45.084 --> 01:06:47.294
"We were sure it was set up,

1436
01:06:47.336 --> 01:06:50.297
but we were not able
to discover by whom."

1437
01:06:52.758 --> 01:06:54.135
[Stone]
With all the documents

1438
01:06:54.176 --> 01:06:56.262
declassified
by the Review Board,

1439
01:06:56.303 --> 01:06:59.265
we can see
this scene in a new light.

1440
01:06:59.306 --> 01:07:02.393
In regards
to the JFK assassination,

1441
01:07:02.435 --> 01:07:06.230
conspiracy theories
are now conspiracy facts.

1442
01:07:07.314 --> 01:07:09.108
The forensics show evidence

1443
01:07:09.150 --> 01:07:10.693
of multiple shooters
with Oswald,

1444
01:07:10.735 --> 01:07:12.361
not even at
the sixth floor window

1445
01:07:12.403 --> 01:07:15.031
at the time
of the assassination.

1446
01:07:15.072 --> 01:07:20.494
And his fingerprints not found
on the supposed murder weapon.

1447
01:07:20.536 --> 01:07:24.248
Still, there was no trial
for Lee Harvey Oswald.

1448
01:07:24.290 --> 01:07:25.541
These people
have given me a hearing

1449
01:07:25.583 --> 01:07:27.752
without legal representation
or anything.

1450
01:07:27.793 --> 01:07:29.045
[reporter]
Did you shoot the President?

1451
01:07:29.086 --> 01:07:31.422
I didn't shoot anybody, no, sir.

1452
01:07:31.464 --> 01:07:35.384
[Stone]   Attorney Mark Lane
tried to represent Oswald
in the proceedings,

1453
01:07:35.426 --> 01:07:37.344
but was denied
by the Warren Commission.

1454
01:08:05.498 --> 01:08:08.334
Did the accused man
get a fair trial?

1455
01:08:08.375 --> 01:08:09.752
I can tell you
from my experiences

1456
01:08:09.794 --> 01:08:12.588
having tried several
hundred cases to verdict,

1457
01:08:12.630 --> 01:08:14.799
and being responsible
for thousands of cases

1458
01:08:14.840 --> 01:08:16.050
as head of the criminal courts

1459
01:08:16.092 --> 01:08:17.593
and running
the homicide bureau,

1460
01:08:17.635 --> 01:08:20.221
that I don't believe there's
any courtroom in America

1461
01:08:20.262 --> 01:08:22.056
where Oswald
would've been convicted

1462
01:08:22.098 --> 01:08:23.474
on the evidence
that was presented

1463
01:08:23.516 --> 01:08:25.726
before the Warren Commission.

1464
01:08:25.768 --> 01:08:29.438
[Stone]   Instead of a jury
of 12 American citizens,

1465
01:08:29.480 --> 01:08:32.191
judgment was passed
by a panel of seven

1466
01:08:32.233 --> 01:08:35.611
appointed wise men
and career statesmen.

1467
01:08:35.653 --> 01:08:40.032
A judgment perpetuated
by the media at that time.

1468
01:08:40.074 --> 01:08:42.576
Looking at the
declassified documents,

1469
01:08:42.618 --> 01:08:44.120
we see there's
even more mystery

1470
01:08:44.161 --> 01:08:47.206
behind Oswald to uncover.

1471
01:08:47.248 --> 01:08:51.043
A man who was,
in his own words, a patsy.

1472
01:08:51.085 --> 01:08:54.255
Murdered on live television.

1473
01:08:54.296 --> 01:08:57.633
[reporter 1]
This was the dreary funeral
of Lee Harvey Oswald,

1474
01:08:57.675 --> 01:09:01.387
alleged murderer
of President Kennedy.

1475
01:09:01.428 --> 01:09:03.848
Burial was in
an otherwise empty plot

1476
01:09:03.889 --> 01:09:07.017
in Rose Hill Cemetery
outside Fort Worth.

1477
01:09:07.059 --> 01:09:09.103
A plot that we were told
was bought

1478
01:09:09.145 --> 01:09:11.355
long ago by Oswald's mother.

1479
01:09:11.397 --> 01:09:14.275
No one was on hand
for the funeral as mourners,

1480
01:09:14.316 --> 01:09:17.778
except the family
of the dead man.

1481
01:09:17.820 --> 01:09:21.073
[reporter 2]
Oswald spent his early years
in an orphanage.

1482
01:09:21.115 --> 01:09:25.035
At the age of 17,
he joined the US Marine Corps.

1483
01:09:25.077 --> 01:09:26.787
A year later, he was sent

1484
01:09:26.829 --> 01:09:29.790
to one of the most
secret US bases in the world,

1485
01:09:29.832 --> 01:09:31.625
Atsugi in Japan.

1486
01:09:31.667 --> 01:09:34.086
From here,
the CIA operated spy flights

1487
01:09:34.128 --> 01:09:35.796
over communist China

1488
01:09:35.838 --> 01:09:38.257
using U-2
reconnaissance planes.

1489
01:09:40.092 --> 01:09:43.846
[Goldberg]   During the 1975
Church Committee investigation

1490
01:09:43.888 --> 01:09:46.348
of US intelligence activities,

1491
01:09:46.390 --> 01:09:48.225
Committee member
Richard Schweiker

1492
01:09:48.267 --> 01:09:50.644
remarked about Oswald,

1493
01:09:50.686 --> 01:09:53.314
that everywhere
you looked with him,

1494
01:09:53.355 --> 01:09:56.901
there are fingerprints
of intelligence.

1495
01:09:56.942 --> 01:10:00.279
[man]   Many people
said he was a forthright,
upstanding American

1496
01:10:00.321 --> 01:10:01.864
as a young person,

1497
01:10:01.906 --> 01:10:05.409
and yet they later depicted him
as a Castro-loving,

1498
01:10:05.451 --> 01:10:08.621
Cuban-loving,
Russian-loving person.

1499
01:10:08.662 --> 01:10:10.289
[Jefferson Morley]
In the spring of 1963,

1500
01:10:10.331 --> 01:10:12.583
Oswald started
handing out pamphlets

1501
01:10:12.625 --> 01:10:14.752
for the Fair Play
for Cuba Committee,

1502
01:10:14.793 --> 01:10:17.588
a pro-Castro, pro-Cuban
Revolution group

1503
01:10:17.630 --> 01:10:20.382
that was popular
on college campuses.

1504
01:10:20.424 --> 01:10:23.802
And some of them,
he stamped "544 Camp Street,"

1505
01:10:23.844 --> 01:10:27.556
which was an office
in downtown, uh, New Orleans

1506
01:10:27.598 --> 01:10:30.017
near where
the CIA's offices were,

1507
01:10:30.059 --> 01:10:31.936
right across the street,
in fact.

1508
01:10:31.977 --> 01:10:35.022
There was also the home of
the Cuban Revolutionary Council,

1509
01:10:35.064 --> 01:10:37.775
which was
the leading anti-Castro group.

1510
01:10:37.816 --> 01:10:42.029
Why would a pro-Castro activist
put his headquarters

1511
01:10:42.071 --> 01:10:43.906
in the same headquarters

1512
01:10:43.948 --> 01:10:46.492
as the leading anti-Castro
group in the country?

1513
01:10:48.160 --> 01:10:50.120
'Cause he was a provocateur.

1514
01:10:50.162 --> 01:10:52.706
This gets back to being
an agent or a double agent,

1515
01:10:52.748 --> 01:10:54.750
because he played both roles.

1516
01:10:54.792 --> 01:10:58.796
Here was Oswald
who had two associations.

1517
01:10:58.837 --> 01:11:00.965
One, he has a group
of anti-Castro Cubans.

1518
01:11:01.006 --> 01:11:03.300
At the same time,
he was handing out leaflets

1519
01:11:03.342 --> 01:11:04.468
for the Fair Play
for Cuba committee,

1520
01:11:04.510 --> 01:11:06.470
uh, with the other side
of the fence.

1521
01:11:06.512 --> 01:11:09.473
So the two groups that had
the most motivation

1522
01:11:09.515 --> 01:11:12.643
to assassinate the President,
he was dealing with.

1523
01:11:13.852 --> 01:11:15.896
[Goldberg]
And not surprisingly,

1524
01:11:15.938 --> 01:11:19.316
many of these groups were
known and, in some cases

1525
01:11:19.358 --> 01:11:21.652
supported,
by the US government.

1526
01:11:22.528 --> 01:11:24.947
In the spring of 1963,

1527
01:11:24.989 --> 01:11:29.326
Oswald began associating with
men who, it would be revealed,

1528
01:11:29.368 --> 01:11:33.289
had clear connections
with these government efforts.

1529
01:11:33.330 --> 01:11:35.332
One of these men, David Ferrie,

1530
01:11:35.374 --> 01:11:40.546
had been with Oswald in the
Civil Air Patrol back in 1955,

1531
01:11:40.587 --> 01:11:43.841
and was known
as     an extreme anti-Communist.

1532
01:11:43.882 --> 01:11:47.636
He was also a trainer
and a pilot for the CIA

1533
01:11:47.678 --> 01:11:50.597
in its secret war against Cuba.

1534
01:11:50.639 --> 01:11:52.141
Oswald was involved with these

1535
01:11:52.182 --> 01:11:55.561
Cuban exile training
activities with Ferrie.

1536
01:11:56.729 --> 01:11:58.856
I do know
that I saw him one time

1537
01:11:58.897 --> 01:12:02.484
with a man
by the name of Guy Banister.

1538
01:12:02.526 --> 01:12:05.487
And, uh, what Guy's role was

1539
01:12:05.529 --> 01:12:09.283
in all of this,
I-- I really don't know.

1540
01:12:09.325 --> 01:12:12.119
[Goldberg]   Banister
was an extreme right-winger

1541
01:12:12.161 --> 01:12:14.288
who was close to the FBI,

1542
01:12:14.330 --> 01:12:17.791
the CIA,
and the American Nazi Party.

1543
01:12:17.833 --> 01:12:23.839
Banister gave Oswald his own
office at 544 Camp Street.

1544
01:12:23.881 --> 01:12:26.717
Oswald now began
to use his office

1545
01:12:26.759 --> 01:12:31.055
to print up and stamp
pro-Castro literature.

1546
01:12:31.096 --> 01:12:35.184
After the assassination, when
the FBI questioned Banister,

1547
01:12:35.225 --> 01:12:37.895
a former FBI agent himself,

1548
01:12:37.936 --> 01:12:41.982
they did not ask him
about Oswald.

1549
01:12:42.024 --> 01:12:45.861
At some point, the FBI, I think
probably after the assassination

1550
01:12:45.903 --> 01:12:48.405
decided they didn't--
they wanted to disconnect

1551
01:12:48.447 --> 01:12:50.491
Oswald from the FBI,

1552
01:12:50.532 --> 01:12:53.660
and-- and of course, Banister,
who's associated with the FBI,

1553
01:12:53.702 --> 01:12:56.121
would have to be
disconnected as well.

1554
01:12:56.163 --> 01:12:57.247
The problem with that,

1555
01:12:57.289 --> 01:12:59.291
many of those handbills had

1556
01:12:59.333 --> 01:13:02.211
the 544 Camp Street
address on them.

1557
01:13:02.252 --> 01:13:05.839
There was a message
from New Orleans to the Bureau

1558
01:13:05.881 --> 01:13:08.717
written by Special Agent Maynor,

1559
01:13:08.759 --> 01:13:11.553
uh, who actually
mentioned pamphlets

1560
01:13:11.595 --> 01:13:14.390
that had the 544
Camp Street address on it.

1561
01:13:14.431 --> 01:13:17.518
And before
that message was sent,
it was scratched out.

1562
01:13:19.144 --> 01:13:21.522
[Goldberg]   The Warren
Commission pushed the idea

1563
01:13:21.563 --> 01:13:23.899
that Oswald
was a staunch communist,

1564
01:13:23.941 --> 01:13:26.110
citing evidence
of his defection

1565
01:13:26.151 --> 01:13:29.613
to the Soviet Union in 1959.

1566
01:13:29.655 --> 01:13:32.533
His trip to Russia raised
a number of questions

1567
01:13:32.574 --> 01:13:34.201
that we wanted to get into.

1568
01:13:34.243 --> 01:13:40.958
For example, when
any American went to Russia

1569
01:13:40.999 --> 01:13:43.585
and renounced
his American citizenship,

1570
01:13:43.627 --> 01:13:45.963
and subsequently
changed his mind

1571
01:13:46.004 --> 01:13:49.425
and wanted to come back
to this country.

1572
01:13:49.466 --> 01:13:51.510
Upon returning to this country,

1573
01:13:51.552 --> 01:13:53.929
there was a thorough debriefing

1574
01:13:54.555 --> 01:13:57.433
by the CIA,

1575
01:13:57.474 --> 01:14:01.478
with one exception, as far
as we can ascertain, Oswald.

1576
01:14:03.063 --> 01:14:06.024
Now, that smacks
of an intelligence relationship.

1577
01:14:06.066 --> 01:14:07.359
[reporter]
Did you kill the President?

1578
01:14:07.401 --> 01:14:08.902
No, they're taking me in

1579
01:14:08.944 --> 01:14:11.405
because of the fact that
I lived in the Soviet Union.

1580
01:14:13.323 --> 01:14:17.244
[Goldberg]
State Department Intelligence
Officer Otto Otepka

1581
01:14:17.286 --> 01:14:20.664
had noted the marked increase
in the number of Americans

1582
01:14:20.706 --> 01:14:23.125
defecting to Russia
at the time.

1583
01:14:23.167 --> 01:14:27.004
He also noted that some of them
came from the military.

1584
01:14:27.045 --> 01:14:30.174
He, therefore, suspected
that some of these men

1585
01:14:30.215 --> 01:14:32.134
were fake defectors.

1586
01:14:32.176 --> 01:14:34.178
They had been assigned
by the CIA

1587
01:14:34.219 --> 01:14:38.182
to garner intelligence
behind the Iron Curtain.

1588
01:14:38.223 --> 01:14:42.644
He sent a letter to the CIA
asking which ones were real

1589
01:14:42.686 --> 01:14:45.397
and which were their agents.

1590
01:14:45.439 --> 01:14:49.776
Oswald was one of the names
on Otepka's list.

1591
01:14:49.818 --> 01:14:53.238
Otepka's request was forwarded
to James Angleton,

1592
01:14:53.280 --> 01:14:55.240
Chief of Counterintelligence.

1593
01:14:55.282 --> 01:14:58.994
He instructed that there be
no research done on Oswald,

1594
01:14:59.036 --> 01:15:03.248
but Otepka continued to work
on the Oswald case.

1595
01:15:03.290 --> 01:15:05.125
The thing of significance

1596
01:15:05.167 --> 01:15:07.586
was that he was really
interested in Lee Harvey Oswald

1597
01:15:07.628 --> 01:15:10.088
before the assassination,

1598
01:15:10.130 --> 01:15:14.801
and he actually had a study
of these defectors in his safe.

1599
01:15:14.843 --> 01:15:18.055
Well, things got worse.
His office was not only bugged,

1600
01:15:18.096 --> 01:15:20.682
they planted people in
his office to spy on him.

1601
01:15:20.724 --> 01:15:24.561
They started putting
confidential documents
in his burn bag,

1602
01:15:24.603 --> 01:15:26.146
and then tried
to blame him in saying

1603
01:15:26.188 --> 01:15:27.898
he's burning
confidential documents.

1604
01:15:27.940 --> 01:15:30.234
The guy has gone,
you know, wacko.

1605
01:15:30.275 --> 01:15:32.027
[Goldberg]   As a result,

1606
01:15:32.069 --> 01:15:34.738
he was formally removed
from the State Department

1607
01:15:34.780 --> 01:15:37.908
on November 5th, 1963,

1608
01:15:37.950 --> 01:15:41.119
just 17 days
before the assassination.

1609
01:15:41.161 --> 01:15:44.831
So you will not see Otepka's
name in the Warren Report.

1610
01:15:44.873 --> 01:15:48.460
And he was not called as
a witness before that body.

1611
01:15:48.502 --> 01:15:50.796
In fact, Angleton, the man

1612
01:15:50.837 --> 01:15:55.050
who had access to all
the Oswald files at the CIA,

1613
01:15:55.092 --> 01:15:57.177
coordinated
the agency's response

1614
01:15:57.219 --> 01:16:00.764
to the Warren Commission's
requests.

1615
01:16:00.806 --> 01:16:04.560
[reporter]
The CIA Deputy Director
of Plans,     Richard Helms,

1616
01:16:04.601 --> 01:16:06.270
swore to the Warren Commission

1617
01:16:06.311 --> 01:16:08.105
that the agency never had

1618
01:16:08.146 --> 01:16:11.400
or contemplated
any contact with Oswald.

1619
01:16:11.441 --> 01:16:14.403
The line that the CIA fed
the Warren Commission,

1620
01:16:14.444 --> 01:16:16.989
that they really didn't know
anything about this guy.

1621
01:16:17.030 --> 01:16:20.117
We now know that
that was complete nonsense.

1622
01:16:20.158 --> 01:16:23.745
Oswald was
a figure of intense interest

1623
01:16:23.787 --> 01:16:26.456
for four years
before the assassination.

1624
01:16:26.498 --> 01:16:30.294
And a dozen senior CIA officers

1625
01:16:30.335 --> 01:16:32.129
were very
well acquainted with him.

1626
01:16:32.170 --> 01:16:34.798
Everything he did,
where he went,

1627
01:16:34.840 --> 01:16:37.301
what his politics were,
his family life.

1628
01:16:37.342 --> 01:16:41.013
I mean, remember, they were
reading his mother's mail.

1629
01:16:41.054 --> 01:16:43.098
That's how closely
they were watching him

1630
01:16:43.140 --> 01:16:45.892
right up until
Kennedy was killed.

1631
01:16:45.934 --> 01:16:48.687
And then Kennedy was killed,
Oswald's arrested,

1632
01:16:48.729 --> 01:16:52.232
and they say, "Oh,
we know nothing about this man."

1633
01:16:52.274 --> 01:16:56.111
[Goldberg]
In fact, ARRB records show

1634
01:16:56.153 --> 01:17:00.324
that Angleton and the CIA were
receiving reports on Oswald

1635
01:17:00.365 --> 01:17:04.202
up until one week
before the assassination.

1636
01:17:04.244 --> 01:17:05.996
So, you know,
the whole investigation

1637
01:17:06.038 --> 01:17:09.041
would have been
totally different

1638
01:17:09.082 --> 01:17:12.294
if-- if the public and
the investigators had known

1639
01:17:12.336 --> 01:17:16.048
just how much the CIA knew
about the alleged lone nut.

1640
01:17:18.634 --> 01:17:22.054
[Goldberg]   One of the places
Oswald leafleted     in front of

1641
01:17:22.095 --> 01:17:25.432
was Clay Shaw's
International Trade Mart.

1642
01:17:25.474 --> 01:17:29.978
Shaw, who was arrested by
New Orleans DA Jim Garrison

1643
01:17:30.020 --> 01:17:32.522
on charges that he
was part of the conspiracy

1644
01:17:32.564 --> 01:17:34.358
to kill President Kennedy,

1645
01:17:34.399 --> 01:17:38.528
always denied he was
associated with the CIA.

1646
01:17:38.570 --> 01:17:40.489
[interviewer]
You have never yourself had
any CIA connection?

1647
01:17:40.530 --> 01:17:41.782
None whatsoever.

1648
01:17:41.823 --> 01:17:43.075
Any association
with the organization?

1649
01:17:43.116 --> 01:17:44.242
Not a one.

1650
01:17:44.284 --> 01:17:45.952
[Goldberg]
The Review Board has shown

1651
01:17:45.994 --> 01:17:48.413
these denials to be false.

1652
01:17:48.455 --> 01:17:51.958
Shaw was both
a highly valued     contract agent

1653
01:17:52.000 --> 01:17:54.586
and had
a covert security clearance

1654
01:17:54.628 --> 01:17:58.548
for a project code
named QKENCHANT.

1655
01:18:00.634 --> 01:18:02.719
New Orleans attorney
Dean Andrews

1656
01:18:02.761 --> 01:18:05.347
had worked with Oswald
in May of '63

1657
01:18:05.389 --> 01:18:08.767
in an attempt to upgrade
his military discharge

1658
01:18:08.809 --> 01:18:11.395
from its "undesirable" status.

1659
01:18:11.436 --> 01:18:16.066
After the assassination, a man
calling himself Clay Bertrand

1660
01:18:16.108 --> 01:18:19.695
phoned Andrews and asked him
to consider going to Dallas

1661
01:18:19.736 --> 01:18:22.197
to defend Oswald.

1662
01:18:22.239 --> 01:18:26.159
Under oath, Clay Shaw denied
that he was Clay Bertrand,

1663
01:18:26.201 --> 01:18:28.078
and Andrews claimed
that because

1664
01:18:28.120 --> 01:18:30.706
of the medication he was on,

1665
01:18:30.747 --> 01:18:33.166
he had only imagined
the phone call.

1666
01:18:33.208 --> 01:18:35.585
But today, because of the work

1667
01:18:35.627 --> 01:18:38.088
of the Assassination
Records Review Board,

1668
01:18:38.130 --> 01:18:41.299
we now have evidence
and 12 people who confirmed

1669
01:18:41.341 --> 01:18:44.177
that Shaw
used this name as an alias.

1670
01:18:44.219 --> 01:18:47.472
Andrews later admitted
that Shaw was Bertrand

1671
01:18:47.514 --> 01:18:49.433
to author Harold Weisberg,

1672
01:18:49.474 --> 01:18:51.893
but made him promise
not to reveal this

1673
01:18:51.935 --> 01:18:54.187
until after Andrews' death.

1674
01:18:57.524 --> 01:18:59.276
[John Newman]   In the FBI,

1675
01:18:59.317 --> 01:19:03.989
uh, a stop or flash was placed
on Oswald's files,

1676
01:19:04.030 --> 01:19:07.367
which meant that no one

1677
01:19:07.409 --> 01:19:10.454
could ask for
a document in those files,

1678
01:19:10.495 --> 01:19:14.040
or no one could even add
a document to those files

1679
01:19:14.082 --> 01:19:18.044
without going through
the FBI's espionage division.

1680
01:19:18.086 --> 01:19:21.006
And that lasted for four years.

1681
01:19:21.047 --> 01:19:24.009
It was essentially
a blinking red light

1682
01:19:24.050 --> 01:19:26.303
on Oswald's files at FBI.

1683
01:19:27.846 --> 01:19:31.391
On 8 October, 1963,

1684
01:19:31.433 --> 01:19:34.853
an FBI agent whose name
was Marvin Gheesling

1685
01:19:34.895 --> 01:19:37.773
took that status
off of Oswald's files.

1686
01:19:39.775 --> 01:19:42.152
What that action did
was to lower

1687
01:19:42.194 --> 01:19:46.406
Oswald's threat profile
at the FBI

1688
01:19:46.448 --> 01:19:50.118
just weeks before
the Kennedy assassination.

1689
01:19:50.160 --> 01:19:52.996
And what that would mean
is there was no reason

1690
01:19:53.038 --> 01:19:56.249
to put Oswald's name
on the security index.

1691
01:19:56.291 --> 01:19:58.460
One thing
about the security index

1692
01:19:58.502 --> 01:20:00.921
is when you have
a Presidential motorcade

1693
01:20:00.962 --> 01:20:03.465
going through
a particular route,

1694
01:20:03.507 --> 01:20:04.925
anybody who's on that index

1695
01:20:04.966 --> 01:20:06.760
has to be removed
from where they are.

1696
01:20:06.802 --> 01:20:08.678
They cannot be
on the parade route.

1697
01:20:08.720 --> 01:20:10.555
And, of course, that exposes

1698
01:20:10.597 --> 01:20:13.016
the     President
to a dangerous situation

1699
01:20:13.058 --> 01:20:14.601
that he shouldn't have been in.

1700
01:20:14.643 --> 01:20:18.146
That action at the FBI
didn't happen in isolation.

1701
01:20:18.188 --> 01:20:23.151
The same thing happened at CIA
at exactly the same time.

1702
01:20:23.193 --> 01:20:26.196
[Stone]
Who was the CIA's liaison
they chose to work

1703
01:20:26.238 --> 01:20:29.574
with the House Select
Committee in 1978?

1704
01:20:29.616 --> 01:20:30.659
George Joannides.

1705
01:20:30.700 --> 01:20:32.536
He was the case officer

1706
01:20:32.577 --> 01:20:34.454
for the Cuban students

1707
01:20:34.496 --> 01:20:37.040
who had a series of encounters
with Oswald

1708
01:20:37.082 --> 01:20:38.750
before the assassination.

1709
01:20:38.792 --> 01:20:41.169
And then, 13 years later,

1710
01:20:41.211 --> 01:20:44.005
when Congress
reopens the investigation,

1711
01:20:44.047 --> 01:20:46.800
the CIA calls Joannides
out of retirement,

1712
01:20:46.842 --> 01:20:49.010
and make him the point person

1713
01:20:49.052 --> 01:20:51.221
to deal with
the Congressional investigators

1714
01:20:51.263 --> 01:20:53.014
who are looking into the CIA's

1715
01:20:53.056 --> 01:20:55.851
possible role
in the assassination.

1716
01:20:55.892 --> 01:20:58.061
The HSCA
knew nothing about this,

1717
01:20:58.103 --> 01:20:59.896
and I went to Bob Blakey,

1718
01:20:59.938 --> 01:21:02.524
the head of
the HSCA investigation,

1719
01:21:02.566 --> 01:21:04.860
and I said, "Bob, did you ever
know this guy, Joannides?"

1720
01:21:04.901 --> 01:21:06.862
And he said, "Yeah, you know,
we dealt with him a lot.

1721
01:21:06.903 --> 01:21:08.530
He was the liaison."

1722
01:21:08.572 --> 01:21:11.241
And I said, "Did you know
what he was doing in 1963?"

1723
01:21:11.283 --> 01:21:13.493
And he said, "He wasn't
doing anything in 1963.

1724
01:21:13.535 --> 01:21:15.036
"We had
an agreement with the CIA

1725
01:21:15.078 --> 01:21:16.371
"that nobody
who was operational

1726
01:21:16.413 --> 01:21:18.206
"at the time
of the assassination

1727
01:21:18.248 --> 01:21:20.375
would be involved
in the investigation."

1728
01:21:20.417 --> 01:21:24.045
And I said, "Bob, Joannides
was running those Cubans

1729
01:21:24.087 --> 01:21:26.548
"who were in touch with Oswald.
He was running the Cubans

1730
01:21:26.590 --> 01:21:28.758
"who were blaming Castro
for the assassination.

1731
01:21:28.800 --> 01:21:32.470
"He was Dick Helms'
hand-picked man in Miami,

1732
01:21:32.512 --> 01:21:35.557
"controlling the group that
had the most to do with Oswald

1733
01:21:35.599 --> 01:21:37.475
"before and after
the assassination.

1734
01:21:37.517 --> 01:21:39.853
And then he came along
and he stonewalled you."

1735
01:21:39.895 --> 01:21:42.355
The reason why they brought
Joannides in to do it

1736
01:21:42.397 --> 01:21:45.525
was to hide
the connection to Oswald.

1737
01:21:45.567 --> 01:21:47.944
He was definitely shocked
because

1738
01:21:47.986 --> 01:21:50.488
he saw just how clever
they had been.

1739
01:21:50.530 --> 01:21:53.450
They had gone right to
the heart of his investigation,

1740
01:21:53.491 --> 01:21:55.285
and figured out
how to paralyze it.

1741
01:21:55.327 --> 01:21:57.203
I remember that he said,
you know,

1742
01:21:57.245 --> 01:22:00.457
"I'll never believe anything
the CIA tells me again."

1743
01:22:02.667 --> 01:22:05.086
[Goldberg]
Even the Assassination Records
Review Board

1744
01:22:05.128 --> 01:22:09.090
had trouble getting documents
from government agencies.

1745
01:22:09.132 --> 01:22:12.469
What were some
of your difficulties
working with the CIA?

1746
01:22:12.510 --> 01:22:16.556
One of the censors at the CIA
was at a meeting with us,

1747
01:22:16.598 --> 01:22:20.143
and there was a document
that we put up on the screen

1748
01:22:20.185 --> 01:22:21.978
and said,
"We are prepared to release it."

1749
01:22:22.854 --> 01:22:24.272
And I asked him, you know,

1750
01:22:24.314 --> 01:22:26.608
"Tell us why we shouldn't
release this record?"

1751
01:22:26.650 --> 01:22:29.277
And it was silence
for about two minutes.

1752
01:22:29.319 --> 01:22:32.322
And he finally said,
"I know there is a reason,

1753
01:22:32.364 --> 01:22:34.908
I just can't think
of what it is."

1754
01:22:36.159 --> 01:22:37.827
[Goldberg]
In late 1992,

1755
01:22:37.869 --> 01:22:41.081
a month after
the Records Act was passed,

1756
01:22:41.122 --> 01:22:44.584
the Secret Service began
its compliance plan.

1757
01:22:44.626 --> 01:22:47.629
But by January of 1995,

1758
01:22:47.671 --> 01:22:51.758
it had begun destroying
important documents.

1759
01:22:51.800 --> 01:22:54.594
The destruction of records
is actually referenced

1760
01:22:54.636 --> 01:22:59.391
in the Assassination Records
Review Board final, uh, report.

1761
01:22:59.432 --> 01:23:02.519
Very, um, very disappointing.

1762
01:23:02.560 --> 01:23:04.688
Uh, they were records
that related to trips

1763
01:23:04.729 --> 01:23:09.442
that President Kennedy had
taken, uh, in the fall of 1963

1764
01:23:09.484 --> 01:23:12.112
prior to him going to Dallas.

1765
01:23:12.153 --> 01:23:14.698
[John R. Tunheim]
There were many threats made
to President Kennedy's life

1766
01:23:14.739 --> 01:23:16.866
during the year 1963.

1767
01:23:16.908 --> 01:23:18.493
They're called threat sheets.

1768
01:23:18.535 --> 01:23:20.286
And the Secret Service
fought us

1769
01:23:20.328 --> 01:23:22.539
on release of those records.

1770
01:23:22.580 --> 01:23:23.999
They even enlisted

1771
01:23:24.040 --> 01:23:26.543
Vice President Gore's
wife to help them,

1772
01:23:26.584 --> 01:23:29.170
because she had
a very legitimate concern

1773
01:23:29.212 --> 01:23:31.047
for mental health records.

1774
01:23:31.089 --> 01:23:34.300
And the idea was that this might
disclose the names of people

1775
01:23:34.342 --> 01:23:36.261
who had mental health problems.

1776
01:23:36.302 --> 01:23:39.389
In the end, when we required
agencies to disclose,

1777
01:23:39.431 --> 01:23:41.349
to swear under oath
that they had

1778
01:23:41.391 --> 01:23:43.560
located all
assassination records,

1779
01:23:43.601 --> 01:23:45.687
had turned
everything over to us,

1780
01:23:45.729 --> 01:23:49.941
the Secret Service refused
to sign the document under oath.

1781
01:23:49.983 --> 01:23:51.234
I think that was telling.

1782
01:23:53.111 --> 01:23:55.822
[Goldberg]   Few people knew
that there had been at least

1783
01:23:55.864 --> 01:24:00.410
two prior plots to kill
President Kennedy in 1963.

1784
01:24:00.452 --> 01:24:03.246
One was in Chicago
on November 2nd.

1785
01:24:03.288 --> 01:24:07.042
The second was in Tampa
on November 18th.

1786
01:24:07.083 --> 01:24:09.753
Kennedy ended up
not going to Chicago.

1787
01:24:09.794 --> 01:24:11.421
Tell us about that plot.

1788
01:24:11.463 --> 01:24:14.924
An informant, on October 31st,

1789
01:24:14.966 --> 01:24:19.220
an informant named Lee
gave a warning to the FBI

1790
01:24:19.262 --> 01:24:22.265
stating that four Cubans

1791
01:24:22.307 --> 01:24:24.768
were headed to Chicago
to shoot Kennedy.

1792
01:24:24.809 --> 01:24:28.521
The following day, a landlady
reported to the Chicago police

1793
01:24:28.563 --> 01:24:31.232
that she had rented
a room to four people

1794
01:24:31.274 --> 01:24:33.276
that had rifles
with telescopic sights

1795
01:24:33.318 --> 01:24:35.403
and a sketch of the motorcade.

1796
01:24:35.445 --> 01:24:38.573
The FBI passed that
on     to the Secret Service,

1797
01:24:38.615 --> 01:24:41.868
and the Secret Service
botched the surveillance

1798
01:24:41.910 --> 01:24:43.286
of these four individuals.

1799
01:24:43.328 --> 01:24:44.871
Two of them escaped,

1800
01:24:44.913 --> 01:24:47.165
but they actually picked up
two of the snipers,

1801
01:24:47.207 --> 01:24:48.500
and they detained them.

1802
01:24:48.541 --> 01:24:50.627
They were stonewalled
by the snipers.

1803
01:24:50.668 --> 01:24:52.462
They didn't get
any information out of them.

1804
01:24:52.504 --> 01:24:56.091
While this was going on, there
was another threat coming in

1805
01:24:56.132 --> 01:25:01.054
from another alternate patsy
named Thomas Arthur Vallee,

1806
01:25:01.096 --> 01:25:02.597
who was making
open and loud threats

1807
01:25:02.639 --> 01:25:04.933
that he would
assassinate Kennedy.

1808
01:25:04.974 --> 01:25:08.770
They only picked him up
when Kennedy canceled his trip,

1809
01:25:08.812 --> 01:25:12.398
on November 2nd
at 10:00 in the morning.

1810
01:25:12.440 --> 01:25:16.653
What you found in Vallee
and the whole Chicago plot

1811
01:25:16.694 --> 01:25:20.740
is so many similarities to what
eventually happened in Dallas

1812
01:25:20.782 --> 01:25:23.493
that it can't be
considered coincidental.

1813
01:25:23.535 --> 01:25:28.081
Vallee, if we compare him
to Oswald, is an ex-Marine.

1814
01:25:28.123 --> 01:25:30.917
He had been posted,
like Oswald, in the Far East

1815
01:25:30.959 --> 01:25:34.129
on a station
that was linked to the CIA

1816
01:25:34.170 --> 01:25:37.173
because there were
U-2 surveillance planes on it.

1817
01:25:37.215 --> 01:25:41.177
It was easy to portray him
as disgruntled, anti-Kennedy,

1818
01:25:41.219 --> 01:25:42.971
a loner, armed.

1819
01:25:43.012 --> 01:25:45.723
Uh, he had
another intelligence link

1820
01:25:45.765 --> 01:25:48.351
that he shared with Oswald.

1821
01:25:48.393 --> 01:25:51.062
He trained Cuban exiles
for combat,

1822
01:25:51.104 --> 01:25:53.857
which was a CIA responsibility.

1823
01:25:53.898 --> 01:25:56.901
And Oswald, we know,
at least offered to do that.

1824
01:25:56.943 --> 01:26:01.072
He most likely did train Cuban
exiles, but we know he tried to.

1825
01:26:01.114 --> 01:26:03.575
Oswald, as we know,
was moved

1826
01:26:03.616 --> 01:26:07.162
from New Orleans
to Dallas in October

1827
01:26:07.203 --> 01:26:08.830
to be there just
at the right time...

1828
01:26:09.706 --> 01:26:11.249
for the motorcade.

1829
01:26:11.291 --> 01:26:14.335
And he's placed
in a tall building,
where he gets a job.

1830
01:26:14.377 --> 01:26:17.589
He's adjacent
to the perfect kill zone.

1831
01:26:17.630 --> 01:26:20.508
Now, if we look at what
happened to, uh, Vallee,

1832
01:26:20.550 --> 01:26:23.469
he's moved like a pawn,
in August,

1833
01:26:23.511 --> 01:26:26.389
from Long Island to Chicago

1834
01:26:26.431 --> 01:26:28.224
to be there in time
for the motorcade.

1835
01:26:28.266 --> 01:26:29.851
And where does he get a job?

1836
01:26:29.893 --> 01:26:33.188
In a tall building
adjacent to the motorcade

1837
01:26:33.229 --> 01:26:35.857
with a perfect view
of a kill zone.

1838
01:26:35.899 --> 01:26:38.484
It would have
forced Kennedy's motorcade

1839
01:26:38.526 --> 01:26:40.737
to do a sharp turn, slow down,

1840
01:26:40.778 --> 01:26:42.197
and be in a point

1841
01:26:42.238 --> 01:26:45.033
where you could've had
perfect triangulation of fire.

1842
01:26:45.074 --> 01:26:46.659
And what about
the trip to Florida?

1843
01:26:46.701 --> 01:26:48.244
On November 18th,

1844
01:26:48.286 --> 01:26:50.371
Kennedy was scheduled

1845
01:26:50.413 --> 01:26:52.957
to do a 27-mile-long
motorcade in Tampa.

1846
01:26:52.999 --> 01:26:57.462
Secret Service was very nervous
about the Floridian Hotel

1847
01:26:57.503 --> 01:26:59.214
where the motorcade
would've gone by.

1848
01:26:59.255 --> 01:27:00.757
It would have
forced a sharp turn.

1849
01:27:00.798 --> 01:27:03.593
Nobody fired away at him.
But in this case,

1850
01:27:03.635 --> 01:27:08.181
the patsy would've been
a Gilbert Policarpo Lopez.

1851
01:27:08.223 --> 01:27:09.891
He was a Cuban exile.

1852
01:27:09.933 --> 01:27:13.895
He attended Fair Play
for Cuba Committee meetings.

1853
01:27:13.937 --> 01:27:16.773
And what do you think
was the relevance of it?

1854
01:27:16.814 --> 01:27:19.734
[Paul Bleau]
Well, if he had been
assassinated in Tampa,

1855
01:27:19.776 --> 01:27:22.904
Lopez, he would've been
the, uh, potential patsy,

1856
01:27:22.946 --> 01:27:26.115
if they had to admit
to a front shot...

1857
01:27:26.157 --> 01:27:28.409
because Oswald was behind.

1858
01:27:28.451 --> 01:27:32.247
There were rumors
that he had assisted Oswald

1859
01:27:32.288 --> 01:27:34.082
in the assassination in Dallas.

1860
01:27:34.123 --> 01:27:37.210
Had anyone--
anyone tried to speak
to the Warren Commission

1861
01:27:37.252 --> 01:27:38.878
about these incidents?

1862
01:27:38.920 --> 01:27:40.713
[Bleau]
Abraham Bolden

1863
01:27:40.755 --> 01:27:43.341
was     the first  Black
Secret Service agent

1864
01:27:43.383 --> 01:27:45.385
assigned to
the White House detail,

1865
01:27:45.426 --> 01:27:47.428
and he was
hand-picked by Kennedy.

1866
01:27:47.470 --> 01:27:50.139
He was in Chicago,
uh, when this plot went down.

1867
01:27:50.181 --> 01:27:53.810
So he was there when
the Secret Service was briefed

1868
01:27:53.851 --> 01:27:55.561
about the four snipers.

1869
01:27:55.603 --> 01:27:57.772
And he witnessed how much

1870
01:27:57.814 --> 01:28:00.942
the security
was lax for Chicago.

1871
01:28:00.984 --> 01:28:04.279
And he also witnessed,
after the assassination,

1872
01:28:04.320 --> 01:28:06.531
the steps
that were taken to keep

1873
01:28:06.572 --> 01:28:09.242
the Chicago plot
completely secret.

1874
01:28:09.284 --> 01:28:11.494
No paper trail,
compartmentalized,

1875
01:28:11.536 --> 01:28:14.247
agents ordered
to keep silent about it.

1876
01:28:14.289 --> 01:28:17.208
This information
did not make its way

1877
01:28:17.250 --> 01:28:19.419
to Secret Service agents

1878
01:28:19.460 --> 01:28:21.504
that were protecting Kennedy

1879
01:28:21.546 --> 01:28:23.965
for future motorcades,
including Dallas.

1880
01:28:24.007 --> 01:28:26.050
[Goldberg]   Secret Service
Agent Elmer Moore

1881
01:28:26.092 --> 01:28:30.722
was aware of Agent Bolden
and the Chicago plot.

1882
01:28:30.763 --> 01:28:33.766
I met with Elmer
three times face-to-face,

1883
01:28:33.808 --> 01:28:37.020
several phone calls,
very short, one very long one.

1884
01:28:37.061 --> 01:28:40.898
I first asked him,
"Did you ever interview

1885
01:28:40.940 --> 01:28:42.608
Thomas Arthur Vallee?"

1886
01:28:42.650 --> 01:28:44.569
And he says, "Oh, Washington

1887
01:28:44.610 --> 01:28:46.696
wouldn't let me
see the files on that."

1888
01:28:46.738 --> 01:28:49.282
I said, "Oh, well,
what about a man,

1889
01:28:49.324 --> 01:28:51.951
a Secret Service agent by
the name of Abraham Bolden?"

1890
01:28:53.411 --> 01:28:55.830
His demeanor completely changed.

1891
01:28:55.872 --> 01:28:59.667
He stood up from his chair,
he pulled out his revolver,

1892
01:28:59.709 --> 01:29:02.837
and he put it on the table
right in front of me.

1893
01:29:02.879 --> 01:29:05.506
He leaned over
the table and he says,

1894
01:29:05.548 --> 01:29:08.718
"Jim, tell me right now,
who are you working for?"

1895
01:29:11.387 --> 01:29:14.349
I said,
"I'm an independent researcher."

1896
01:29:14.974 --> 01:29:16.017
He told me...

1897
01:29:18.519 --> 01:29:19.937
in a very loud voice...

1898
01:29:21.731 --> 01:29:24.484
and with a very stern look
on his face,

1899
01:29:24.525 --> 01:29:27.362
"We finally got him."

1900
01:29:27.403 --> 01:29:29.197
[Bleau]
Abraham Bolden was one person

1901
01:29:29.238 --> 01:29:31.074
who did try to say what he knew

1902
01:29:31.115 --> 01:29:34.160
to the Warren Commission,
but they blocked him.

1903
01:29:34.202 --> 01:29:35.703
He was blocked from talking

1904
01:29:35.745 --> 01:29:39.415
and eventually railroaded
into some phony crime

1905
01:29:39.457 --> 01:29:41.459
and put into jail
for a number of years.

1906
01:29:45.922 --> 01:29:48.758
[Stone]
The National Archives is home
to forensic evidence

1907
01:29:48.800 --> 01:29:51.010
of Kennedy's assassination,

1908
01:29:51.052 --> 01:29:54.389
and government files
regarding Lee Harvey Oswald.

1909
01:29:54.430 --> 01:29:56.849
But the Review Board
also declassified

1910
01:29:56.891 --> 01:29:59.185
many documents
regarding Kennedy's plans

1911
01:29:59.227 --> 01:30:01.062
for withdrawal from Vietnam,

1912
01:30:01.104 --> 01:30:03.481
and how he planned
to shape his progressive,

1913
01:30:03.523 --> 01:30:06.484
new American foreign policy.

1914
01:30:06.526 --> 01:30:08.903
A policy that,
if put in motion,

1915
01:30:08.945 --> 01:30:12.407
would completely derail plans
secretly already set up

1916
01:30:12.448 --> 01:30:14.450
by the Pentagon and the CIA.

1917
01:30:19.622 --> 01:30:22.917
I never realized
Kennedy was so dangerous
to the establishment.

1918
01:30:24.335 --> 01:30:26.421
Is that why?

1919
01:30:26.462 --> 01:30:27.922
That's the real question,
isn't it?

1920
01:30:27.964 --> 01:30:29.382
"Why?"

1921
01:30:29.424 --> 01:30:33.678
The "how" and the "who"
is just scenery for the public.

1922
01:30:33.719 --> 01:30:37.056
Oswald, Ruby, Cuba, the Mafia,

1923
01:30:37.098 --> 01:30:39.142
keeps 'em guessing
like some kind of parlor game.

1924
01:30:39.183 --> 01:30:42.562
Prevents 'em from asking the
most important question: "Why?"

1925
01:30:42.603 --> 01:30:45.815
Why was Kennedy killed?
Who benefited?

1926
01:30:45.857 --> 01:30:47.483
Who has the power
to cover it up?

1927
01:30:48.192 --> 01:30:49.110
Who?

1928
01:30:51.696 --> 01:30:53.322
[Donald Sutherland]
His first year in office,

1929
01:30:53.364 --> 01:30:56.951
Kennedy must shape
his own policy as President,

1930
01:30:56.993 --> 01:31:00.455
sometimes in conflict with what
his predecessors have done,

1931
01:31:00.496 --> 01:31:03.499
especially in foreign policy.

1932
01:31:03.541 --> 01:31:08.963
And by the fall of 1963,
Kennedy had made many enemies.

1933
01:31:09.005 --> 01:31:12.842
He was working on an American
withdrawal from Vietnam.

1934
01:31:12.884 --> 01:31:16.179
An upcoming State visit
to Indonesia in '64.

1935
01:31:16.220 --> 01:31:20.433
An independent,
unified democracy in the Congo.

1936
01:31:20.475 --> 01:31:24.061
Through Nasser, a balanced
policy in the Middle East.

1937
01:31:24.103 --> 01:31:27.315
Normalization of relations
with Cuba.

1938
01:31:27.356 --> 01:31:30.318
And a    détente   with Russia.

1939
01:31:30.359 --> 01:31:33.529
Even going so far
as to offer them
a joint mission to the moon.

1940
01:31:34.697 --> 01:31:37.825
But back in April of 1961,

1941
01:31:37.867 --> 01:31:41.162
the first stain on his
administration asserted itself.

1942
01:31:43.206 --> 01:31:46.209
Kennedy, who had campaigned
as a strong anti-Communist,

1943
01:31:46.250 --> 01:31:49.128
signed off on
the Bay of Pigs invasion plan.

1944
01:31:49.170 --> 01:31:50.713
His approval of the plan

1945
01:31:50.755 --> 01:31:53.090
contained two
distinct limitations.

1946
01:31:53.132 --> 01:31:55.885
America would supply
arms and equipment,

1947
01:31:55.927 --> 01:31:59.055
but there would be no Americans
in the landing force.

1948
01:31:59.096 --> 01:32:01.557
Second,
after preliminary air strikes

1949
01:32:01.599 --> 01:32:03.643
by Cuban exile pilots,

1950
01:32:03.684 --> 01:32:05.728
there would
only be further strikes

1951
01:32:05.770 --> 01:32:08.064
after the invasion
secured an airfield.

1952
01:32:09.732 --> 01:32:11.567
Dulles believed
that Kennedy would,

1953
01:32:11.609 --> 01:32:13.736
like Eisenhower,
support the operation

1954
01:32:13.778 --> 01:32:17.406
with direct US military
intervention if needed,

1955
01:32:17.448 --> 01:32:20.826
all the while assuring him
it would not be necessary.

1956
01:32:21.953 --> 01:32:23.913
Well, first, I want to say that

1957
01:32:23.955 --> 01:32:26.582
there will not be,
under any conditions,

1958
01:32:26.624 --> 01:32:29.585
be an intervention in Cuba
by United States armed forces.

1959
01:32:46.852 --> 01:32:49.188
[Sutherland]
The invasion was a disaster.

1960
01:32:49.230 --> 01:32:52.441
Victory has 100 fathers
and defeat is an orphan.

1961
01:32:52.483 --> 01:32:54.402
Further statements, uh...

1962
01:32:54.443 --> 01:32:56.612
detailed, uh, discussions,

1963
01:32:58.072 --> 01:33:01.450
are not to, uh,
conceal responsibility

1964
01:33:01.492 --> 01:33:04.287
because I'm the responsible
officer of the Government.

1965
01:33:04.328 --> 01:33:07.623
[Sutherland]   In public,
Kennedy accepted the blame.

1966
01:33:07.665 --> 01:33:09.584
In private,
he and his brother suspected

1967
01:33:09.625 --> 01:33:12.378
they had been
lied to by the CIA.

1968
01:33:12.420 --> 01:33:16.799
Allen Dulles confessed that
the mission was bound to fail

1969
01:33:16.841 --> 01:33:18.759
as it was planned by the CIA,

1970
01:33:18.801 --> 01:33:21.137
without US military support.

1971
01:33:21.178 --> 01:33:23.472
He confessed this
while, uh, preparing

1972
01:33:23.514 --> 01:33:25.641
an article
for   Harper's Magazine

1973
01:33:25.683 --> 01:33:27.727
with the young editor,
Willie Morris,

1974
01:33:27.768 --> 01:33:31.606
that he couldn't have done this
with his small group of exiles,

1975
01:33:31.647 --> 01:33:33.065
his Cuban brigade.

1976
01:33:33.107 --> 01:33:36.110
He needed the Marines
and the Air Force to go in,

1977
01:33:36.152 --> 01:33:38.988
and he thought Kennedy was
going to be young and pliable,

1978
01:33:39.030 --> 01:33:41.574
and that in the 11th hour,
Kennedy would be forced

1979
01:33:41.616 --> 01:33:45.161
to send in, uh, the full
might     of the US military.

1980
01:33:45.202 --> 01:33:48.581
[Sutherland]   While drafting
the article in 1965,

1981
01:33:48.623 --> 01:33:50.416
Dulles told his editor,

1982
01:33:50.458 --> 01:33:54.170
"That Kennedy--
He thought he was a God."

1983
01:33:54.211 --> 01:33:56.422
[David Talbot]
Jack Kennedy did stand firm.

1984
01:33:56.464 --> 01:33:58.215
He did not send in the military.

1985
01:33:58.257 --> 01:34:01.218
He did not make it
an even bigger global crisis

1986
01:34:01.260 --> 01:34:02.511
than it already was.

1987
01:34:02.553 --> 01:34:04.889
Kennedy is just furious.

1988
01:34:04.930 --> 01:34:06.474
He knows he's been lied to,

1989
01:34:06.515 --> 01:34:10.728
deceived by his senior military
and intelligence advisers.

1990
01:34:10.770 --> 01:34:15.149
He announces that the agency,
uh, is going to be downsized.

1991
01:34:15.191 --> 01:34:18.319
And he vows famously,
he tells friends

1992
01:34:18.361 --> 01:34:21.364
he's going to shatter the CIA
into a thousand pieces

1993
01:34:21.405 --> 01:34:23.866
and scatter it to the winds.

1994
01:34:23.908 --> 01:34:27.620
It wasn't just the Bay of Pigs
that angered President Kennedy

1995
01:34:27.662 --> 01:34:29.288
when it came to the CIA.

1996
01:34:29.330 --> 01:34:33.042
In that same month,
in April of 1961,

1997
01:34:33.084 --> 01:34:37.046
he was also being lied to
about a coup in France,

1998
01:34:37.088 --> 01:34:38.714
a military coup
that was aimed at

1999
01:34:38.756 --> 01:34:41.384
overthrowing
President Charles de Gaulle,

2000
01:34:41.425 --> 01:34:43.886
one of our strongest allies.

2001
01:34:43.928 --> 01:34:45.805
[Sutherland]   Allen Dulles,
who had a long history

2002
01:34:45.846 --> 01:34:48.349
of antagonism with de Gaulle,

2003
01:34:48.391 --> 01:34:49.809
falsely reported to Kennedy

2004
01:34:49.850 --> 01:34:52.395
that the vast majority
of the French military

2005
01:34:52.436 --> 01:34:55.064
was staunchly opposed
to de Gaulle's support

2006
01:34:55.106 --> 01:34:58.484
of Algerian self-determination.

2007
01:34:58.526 --> 01:35:02.988
What he didn't tell him
was that as far back as 1959,

2008
01:35:03.030 --> 01:35:06.200
the CIA had
discussed his overthrow.

2009
01:35:06.242 --> 01:35:09.995
This coup attempt, orchestrated
by four French generals,

2010
01:35:10.037 --> 01:35:11.664
was quickly put down.

2011
01:35:11.706 --> 01:35:15.668
And several news reports
pointed to Allen Dulles' hand

2012
01:35:15.710 --> 01:35:18.087
in supporting the episode.

2013
01:35:18.129 --> 01:35:20.423
JFK assures
the French ambassador,

2014
01:35:20.464 --> 01:35:22.258
"I have nothing to do with this.

2015
01:35:22.299 --> 01:35:25.428
I stand in full support
of President de Gaulle."

2016
01:35:25.469 --> 01:35:27.930
But he says something
very, very alarming.

2017
01:35:27.972 --> 01:35:31.392
He tells the French ambassador,
President Kennedy,

2018
01:35:31.434 --> 01:35:35.062
that "I'm not in full control,
though, of my entire government.

2019
01:35:35.104 --> 01:35:37.273
"I'm not in control of the CIA

2020
01:35:37.314 --> 01:35:39.734
and I can't speak for
what's happening there."

2021
01:35:39.775 --> 01:35:43.362
That's a stunning admission
for a US President to make.

2022
01:35:44.989 --> 01:35:46.824
[Sutherland]   In 1960,

2023
01:35:46.866 --> 01:35:49.744
the Congo had been
granted     its independence

2024
01:35:49.785 --> 01:35:51.454
from Belgian colonial rule

2025
01:35:51.495 --> 01:35:54.749
and carried out
a democratic election.

2026
01:35:54.790 --> 01:35:57.126
In the disorder
of the transition,

2027
01:35:57.168 --> 01:36:00.045
the Belgians,
backed by England and France,

2028
01:36:00.087 --> 01:36:02.840
sought to eliminate
its charismatic Prime Minister,

2029
01:36:02.882 --> 01:36:05.050
Patrice Lumumba.

2030
01:36:05.092 --> 01:36:08.345
Eisenhower
and CIA Director Allen Dulles

2031
01:36:08.387 --> 01:36:12.850
favored the European nation
in this colonial conflict.

2032
01:36:12.892 --> 01:36:17.313
Eisenhower gave the go-ahead
to have Lumumba assassinated.

2033
01:36:18.397 --> 01:36:19.648
Kennedy never knew this.

2034
01:36:19.690 --> 01:36:24.445
He gets elected
the following November of 1960,

2035
01:36:24.487 --> 01:36:27.823
and he heads
in the opposite direction.

2036
01:36:27.865 --> 01:36:29.742
To those new states
whom we welcome

2037
01:36:29.784 --> 01:36:32.578
to the ranks of the free,

2038
01:36:32.620 --> 01:36:38.584
we pledge our word that
one form of colonial control

2039
01:36:38.626 --> 01:36:41.420
shall not have passed away

2040
01:36:41.462 --> 01:36:46.300
merely to be replaced
by a far more iron tyranny.

2041
01:36:46.342 --> 01:36:48.636
[Sutherland]   But events
are already in motion.

2042
01:36:48.677 --> 01:36:52.139
With the backing of British
and US intelligence and arms,

2043
01:36:52.181 --> 01:36:56.060
Col. Joseph Mobutu's forces
captured President Lumumba

2044
01:36:56.101 --> 01:36:59.355
at the beginning
of December 1960.

2045
01:36:59.396 --> 01:37:01.023
[Richard Mahoney]
Dag Hammarskjold,

2046
01:37:01.065 --> 01:37:04.151
the UN Secretary General,
calls JFK,

2047
01:37:04.193 --> 01:37:06.445
uh, who's the President-elect
at this point,

2048
01:37:06.487 --> 01:37:08.239
and asked him to intercede

2049
01:37:08.280 --> 01:37:11.116
to get Lumumba
released from prison.

2050
01:37:11.158 --> 01:37:15.204
When Kennedy
intervenes to save Lumumba,

2051
01:37:15.246 --> 01:37:18.499
that's a signal
directly to the CIA

2052
01:37:18.541 --> 01:37:21.710
that they have to
dispatch this guy immediately.

2053
01:37:21.752 --> 01:37:26.173
And so 48 hours before Kennedy
takes the oath of office,

2054
01:37:26.215 --> 01:37:29.385
Lumumba is delivered
into the hands of his enemies.

2055
01:37:29.426 --> 01:37:31.637
He's taken out
and shot in the head.

2056
01:37:31.679 --> 01:37:34.640
Kennedy doesn't know this
until months later.

2057
01:37:34.682 --> 01:37:36.016
Who finally tells him?

2058
01:37:36.058 --> 01:37:38.686
The CIA?
No, they still keep it a secret.

2059
01:37:38.727 --> 01:37:42.439
He's informed by his
UN ambassador, Adlai Stevenson.

2060
01:37:42.481 --> 01:37:45.067
His face crumples,
he's holding his hand,

2061
01:37:45.109 --> 01:37:47.111
he's grimacing in anguish,

2062
01:37:47.152 --> 01:37:51.156
hearing about the assassination
of Patrice Lumumba.

2063
01:37:51.198 --> 01:37:52.408
[Sutherland]
Within a very short

2064
01:37:52.449 --> 01:37:54.743
period of time
after the assassination,

2065
01:37:54.785 --> 01:37:58.956
Hammarskjold died
in a mysterious plane crash.

2066
01:37:58.998 --> 01:38:00.791
The photographs show his body

2067
01:38:00.833 --> 01:38:03.627
as the only one
not burned or charred,

2068
01:38:03.669 --> 01:38:07.882
and he had a playing card,
reportedly the ace of spades,

2069
01:38:07.923 --> 01:38:11.886
stuffed into his shirt collar
above the knot of the tie.

2070
01:38:11.927 --> 01:38:13.929
There are
controversial documents

2071
01:38:13.971 --> 01:38:15.973
that indicate Allen Dulles

2072
01:38:16.015 --> 01:38:18.100
was involved
in the sabotage of the plane.

2073
01:38:20.603 --> 01:38:22.521
[Lisa Pease]   John Foster Dulles
and Allen Dulles,

2074
01:38:22.563 --> 01:38:25.024
they felt, you know,
what they had to say

2075
01:38:25.065 --> 01:38:27.276
was good enough
for the rest of the world,

2076
01:38:27.318 --> 01:38:29.069
that they knew
more than the President.

2077
01:38:29.111 --> 01:38:31.155
There were things
they didn't tell Eisenhower

2078
01:38:31.196 --> 01:38:34.033
that they were doing
under his administration.

2079
01:38:34.074 --> 01:38:36.160
[Talbot]
And actually, Jack Kennedy

2080
01:38:36.201 --> 01:38:39.538
does move     to decapitate
the top of the CIA.

2081
01:38:39.580 --> 01:38:41.790
He lets it be known
that Allen Dulles,

2082
01:38:41.832 --> 01:38:43.959
as well as his two top advisers,

2083
01:38:44.001 --> 01:38:45.461
Richard Bissell,

2084
01:38:45.502 --> 01:38:47.922
who is also very involved
with the Bay of Pigs,

2085
01:38:47.963 --> 01:38:49.673
and General Cabell,

2086
01:38:49.715 --> 01:38:52.384
who was, uh, the right-hand man
to Allen Dulles.

2087
01:38:52.426 --> 01:38:54.553
So the top three people
in the CIA,

2088
01:38:54.595 --> 01:38:58.432
Kennedy forces them out
before the end of the year.

2089
01:38:58.474 --> 01:39:01.310
Have you ever committed any
act of violence in your life?

2090
01:39:04.396 --> 01:39:05.397
No.

2091
01:39:07.441 --> 01:39:09.109
[Sutherland]
The existence of communism

2092
01:39:09.151 --> 01:39:10.903
so close to American shores

2093
01:39:10.945 --> 01:39:13.906
kept Cuba on Kennedy's plate.

2094
01:39:13.948 --> 01:39:16.992
And the Joint Chiefs of Staff
presented a plan to Kennedy

2095
01:39:17.034 --> 01:39:19.161
called Operation Northwoods,

2096
01:39:19.203 --> 01:39:21.622
whereby the CIA
would secretly perform

2097
01:39:21.664 --> 01:39:24.124
terrorist acts
in the United States

2098
01:39:24.166 --> 01:39:26.126
and blame them on Castro

2099
01:39:26.168 --> 01:39:29.338
to justify bombings
and an invasion of Cuba.

2100
01:39:29.380 --> 01:39:31.340
And you see all these plans

2101
01:39:31.382 --> 01:39:33.926
being sent
to McNamara and to Kennedy.

2102
01:39:33.968 --> 01:39:35.302
[Horne]
"Fake an attack by Cubans

2103
01:39:35.344 --> 01:39:37.096
against the
Guantanamo Bay sentries.

2104
01:39:37.137 --> 01:39:39.598
Sink a US ship
in Guantanamo Bay

2105
01:39:39.640 --> 01:39:41.016
and blame it on Cuba."

2106
01:39:41.058 --> 01:39:45.521
The one that scares me the most
was very sophisticated.

2107
01:39:45.562 --> 01:39:49.566
Uh, take an airliner and fly it
as a drone over Cuba

2108
01:39:49.608 --> 01:39:50.985
without any people in it,

2109
01:39:51.026 --> 01:39:52.319
with a tape-recording
that would play,

2110
01:39:52.361 --> 01:39:54.029
"We're under attack
by Cuban aircraft!

2111
01:39:54.071 --> 01:39:55.948
'Oh, my God,
they're going to kill us!"

2112
01:39:55.990 --> 01:39:57.199
Blow up the airplane!

2113
01:39:57.241 --> 01:39:58.951
Blow up this huge drone

2114
01:39:58.993 --> 01:40:02.538
and use that to start a war.

2115
01:40:02.579 --> 01:40:05.040
[Sutherland]   The President
declined the recommendation.

2116
01:40:06.333 --> 01:40:08.168
The Northwoods plan
was our big find

2117
01:40:08.210 --> 01:40:09.878
in the way of military records.

2118
01:40:09.920 --> 01:40:11.130
They are universally
recognized today

2119
01:40:11.171 --> 01:40:12.673
for their importance.

2120
01:40:12.715 --> 01:40:14.967
It's one of those releases
that the Review Board members,

2121
01:40:15.009 --> 01:40:18.137
the board members themselves
were justifiably proud of

2122
01:40:18.178 --> 01:40:20.139
that came out of
the JFK Records Act.

2123
01:40:22.266 --> 01:40:24.685
[Stone]   In addition to
the problems with the CIA,

2124
01:40:24.727 --> 01:40:27.938
Kennedy's own military advisers
started pressuring him

2125
01:40:27.980 --> 01:40:29.606
to send troops to Vietnam.

2126
01:40:29.648 --> 01:40:31.483
A country that
Kennedy had visited

2127
01:40:31.525 --> 01:40:33.652
10 years earlier
as a Congressman,

2128
01:40:33.694 --> 01:40:36.238
and witnessed firsthand
how the French

2129
01:40:36.280 --> 01:40:37.865
were losing their war

2130
01:40:37.906 --> 01:40:41.243
against the Viet Minh
in the fight for independence.

2131
01:40:41.285 --> 01:40:42.578
Once he became President,

2132
01:40:42.619 --> 01:40:46.123
Kennedy wanted
to avoid the same trap.

2133
01:40:46.165 --> 01:40:49.501
The Vietnam decision
is finally arrived at,

2134
01:40:49.543 --> 01:40:51.170
which is NSAM 111,

2135
01:40:51.211 --> 01:40:54.006
where Kennedy
says no combat troops

2136
01:40:54.048 --> 01:40:55.924
but will increase the advisers.

2137
01:40:55.966 --> 01:40:58.927
And that was his decision,
in the Kennedy presidency.

2138
01:40:58.969 --> 01:41:01.513
never to cross that line.

2139
01:41:03.474 --> 01:41:05.934
[Sutherland]   Near the end
of his first year in office,

2140
01:41:05.976 --> 01:41:07.561
Kennedy received a report

2141
01:41:07.603 --> 01:41:10.272
from Walt Rostow
and General Maxwell Taylor,

2142
01:41:10.314 --> 01:41:12.399
his foreign policy
and military advisers,

2143
01:41:12.441 --> 01:41:13.942
that called
for increased training

2144
01:41:13.984 --> 01:41:16.070
of South Vietnamese troops,

2145
01:41:16.111 --> 01:41:17.946
increased bombings
of the North,

2146
01:41:17.988 --> 01:41:21.116
and the use
of US combat troops.

2147
01:41:21.158 --> 01:41:22.785
The influence
on Kennedy's reluctance

2148
01:41:22.826 --> 01:41:24.787
to committing ground troops

2149
01:41:24.828 --> 01:41:28.791
was his ambassador to India,
John Kenneth Galbraith.

2150
01:41:28.832 --> 01:41:31.835
[James K. Galbraith]   My father
went to see, uh, Walt Rostow.

2151
01:41:31.877 --> 01:41:33.462
He went in to talk to him.

2152
01:41:33.504 --> 01:41:37.299
Rostow gestured on his desk
to the, uh, pile of papers.

2153
01:41:37.341 --> 01:41:40.594
The Rostow Taylor report
was plainly visible.

2154
01:41:40.636 --> 01:41:42.596
Uh, my father asked to see it.

2155
01:41:42.638 --> 01:41:44.473
Walt said that
his security classification

2156
01:41:44.515 --> 01:41:46.517
wasn't sufficiently high.

2157
01:41:46.558 --> 01:41:48.227
My father did not think that

2158
01:41:48.268 --> 01:41:51.688
Walt Rostow's
security classification
was higher than his.

2159
01:41:51.730 --> 01:41:54.566
Uh, and at the given moment,
uh, the phone rang.

2160
01:41:54.608 --> 01:41:56.610
Walt turned to--
to answer the phone

2161
01:41:56.652 --> 01:41:58.779
and-- and Dad
picked up the report

2162
01:41:58.821 --> 01:42:01.824
and walked out
of the office and read it.

2163
01:42:01.865 --> 01:42:03.992
[Sutherland]   Kennedy
sent Galbraith to Saigon

2164
01:42:04.034 --> 01:42:07.079
to write a report that would
differ in its recommendations

2165
01:42:07.121 --> 01:42:11.125
from what Taylor and Rostow
had given to him.

2166
01:42:11.166 --> 01:42:12.751
Kennedy knew what he wanted

2167
01:42:12.793 --> 01:42:14.419
and he knew what my father
would deliver, which he did,

2168
01:42:14.461 --> 01:42:17.089
which is a very detailed
and skeptical report

2169
01:42:17.131 --> 01:42:19.842
about the efficiency of the
South Vietnamese government,

2170
01:42:19.883 --> 01:42:23.178
about the capacity
of any military force

2171
01:42:23.220 --> 01:42:25.681
to prevail in
the security situation

2172
01:42:25.722 --> 01:42:28.517
that was in existence
in South Vietnam at that time.

2173
01:42:28.559 --> 01:42:30.185
[Sutherland]
Kennedy told Galbraith

2174
01:42:30.227 --> 01:42:33.689
to deliver his report to
Defense Secretary McNamara,

2175
01:42:33.730 --> 01:42:35.858
and he,
in turn, gave instructions

2176
01:42:35.899 --> 01:42:39.027
to begin the withdrawal
to General Harkins,

2177
01:42:39.069 --> 01:42:42.614
the commanding General
of all forces in Vietnam.

2178
01:42:42.656 --> 01:42:45.784
The Pentagon dragged its feet
on formulating plans,

2179
01:42:45.826 --> 01:42:50.706
and McNamara called for
a meeting in May of 1963.

2180
01:42:50.747 --> 01:42:53.792
One of the most important finds
of the Review Board

2181
01:42:53.834 --> 01:42:56.295
are the notes
from this meeting.

2182
01:42:56.336 --> 01:42:58.297
[Horne]   McNamara said,
"It's not fast enough.

2183
01:42:58.338 --> 01:42:59.715
I want you to accelerate it."

2184
01:42:59.756 --> 01:43:02.092
He says,
"I want to pull out 1,000 men,

2185
01:43:02.134 --> 01:43:04.303
uh, in December
by the end of the year.

2186
01:43:04.344 --> 01:43:06.388
"And I want you to pull out

2187
01:43:06.430 --> 01:43:08.473
complete units,
not just individuals."

2188
01:43:08.515 --> 01:43:10.893
He wanted units to come out.

2189
01:43:10.934 --> 01:43:13.562
[Sutherland]
After the withdrawal plan
was approved,

2190
01:43:13.604 --> 01:43:16.023
Kennedy sent
Secretary of Defense McNamara

2191
01:43:16.064 --> 01:43:20.569
and General Taylor
to Saigon in September of '63.

2192
01:43:20.611 --> 01:43:23.405
He planned on using
their report as the basis

2193
01:43:23.447 --> 01:43:26.533
to formally order
the withdrawal to begin.

2194
01:43:26.575 --> 01:43:28.410
Kennedy controlled the report,

2195
01:43:28.452 --> 01:43:30.037
since it was
actually being written

2196
01:43:30.078 --> 01:43:33.248
under the supervision
of Bobby Kennedy.

2197
01:43:33.290 --> 01:43:34.917
[Newman]
Three days later,

2198
01:43:34.958 --> 01:43:36.501
that leaks out
into the newspapers.

2199
01:43:36.543 --> 01:43:39.087
Then his opponents find out.

2200
01:43:39.129 --> 01:43:40.881
And McGeorge Bundy
says to Kennedy, "Hey, look,

2201
01:43:40.923 --> 01:43:42.424
"if they're talking about it
in the newspapers,

2202
01:43:42.466 --> 01:43:43.800
we might as well
put it on paper."

2203
01:43:43.842 --> 01:43:46.053
And they put it,
and it was NSAM 263.

2204
01:43:46.094 --> 01:43:49.306
And that's how it was
actually written and why.

2205
01:43:49.348 --> 01:43:51.266
Well, here's one of the things

2206
01:43:51.308 --> 01:43:52.893
McNamara said
in the secret debrief.

2207
01:43:52.935 --> 01:43:56.438
He said, "We had agreed,
the President and I,

2208
01:43:56.480 --> 01:43:58.315
"that we had trained them,

2209
01:43:58.357 --> 01:44:00.150
"we had given them
everything we could.

2210
01:44:00.192 --> 01:44:02.778
"And if they couldn't win,
too bad.

2211
01:44:02.819 --> 01:44:06.823
We had to get out even if
they were going to be defeated."

2212
01:44:06.865 --> 01:44:10.369
So McNamara and Kennedy had
decided that they were willing

2213
01:44:10.410 --> 01:44:13.455
to pull out of Vietnam
in a losing scenario.

2214
01:44:13.497 --> 01:44:14.623
That's very important.

2215
01:44:15.958 --> 01:44:18.627
But later in that month,
McGeorge Bundy,

2216
01:44:18.669 --> 01:44:21.255
who's the National
Security Adviser,

2217
01:44:21.296 --> 01:44:23.257
puts together a memo

2218
01:44:23.298 --> 01:44:25.384
based upon the--
the truth about the war,

2219
01:44:25.425 --> 01:44:27.552
which is just going terribly.

2220
01:44:27.594 --> 01:44:30.764
And he does it in a way
to try and make sure

2221
01:44:30.806 --> 01:44:32.891
that Kennedy would be able
to go along with this.

2222
01:44:32.933 --> 01:44:34.476
[Sutherland]
This is reflected in

2223
01:44:34.518 --> 01:44:36.728
the National Security
Action Memorandum:

2224
01:44:36.770 --> 01:44:39.606
NSAM 273.

2225
01:44:39.648 --> 01:44:42.859
[Newman]   The way Bundy writes
the first draft of 273

2226
01:44:42.901 --> 01:44:44.486
is to say,
"Look, we need to intensify

2227
01:44:44.528 --> 01:44:47.364
"the war effort
against the communists.

2228
01:44:47.406 --> 01:44:49.283
"But the way
we're going to do it

2229
01:44:49.324 --> 01:44:51.952
is to increase
South Vietnamese forces."

2230
01:44:51.994 --> 01:44:54.454
There's not a word
about American forces

2231
01:44:54.496 --> 01:44:56.164
or Americanizing the war.

2232
01:44:58.834 --> 01:45:01.044
While Kennedy's body
is still in the casket

2233
01:45:01.086 --> 01:45:03.588
in the rotunda
over in the Capitol building,

2234
01:45:03.630 --> 01:45:07.968
is when Johnson changes NSAM 273
to a new version.

2235
01:45:08.010 --> 01:45:10.512
And when it comes
to the key paragraph,

2236
01:45:10.554 --> 01:45:12.347
paragraph seven,
which just talks about

2237
01:45:12.389 --> 01:45:14.975
how we're going
to intensify the war,

2238
01:45:15.017 --> 01:45:16.518
instead of changing a few words,

2239
01:45:16.560 --> 01:45:19.813
there's two big hash marks
through that paragraph,

2240
01:45:19.855 --> 01:45:21.440
and it's completely rewritten.

2241
01:45:21.481 --> 01:45:22.858
And I said--
I asked Bundy in an interview,

2242
01:45:22.899 --> 01:45:24.651
I said,
"Who told you to do that?"

2243
01:45:24.693 --> 01:45:26.361
He said, "Johnson did."

2244
01:45:26.403 --> 01:45:27.946
[Sutherland]
These changes allowed the US

2245
01:45:27.988 --> 01:45:31.033
to unilaterally engage
in combat in Vietnam

2246
01:45:31.074 --> 01:45:33.327
rather than simply
supporting and advising

2247
01:45:33.368 --> 01:45:34.870
South Vietnamese troops.

2248
01:45:35.829 --> 01:45:37.622
And within days,

2249
01:45:37.664 --> 01:45:40.792
we're talking about
sending out the DESOTO missions.

2250
01:45:40.834 --> 01:45:43.462
These-- These naval excursions

2251
01:45:43.503 --> 01:45:46.465
along the coastline
of North Vietnam

2252
01:45:46.506 --> 01:45:49.176
that ends up with    The Maddox

2253
01:45:49.217 --> 01:45:51.678
and the, and the so-called
Tonkin Gulf attacks.

2254
01:45:51.720 --> 01:45:53.722
And then
the resolution in Congress

2255
01:45:53.764 --> 01:45:56.808
opening the door
to intervention in Vietnam.

2256
01:45:56.850 --> 01:45:59.478
[Sutherland]   In the Review
Board's declassifications,

2257
01:45:59.519 --> 01:46:01.772
there's evidence
that Johnson was fully aware

2258
01:46:01.813 --> 01:46:04.149
of Kennedy's
Vietnam withdrawal plans,

2259
01:46:04.191 --> 01:46:05.817
disagreed with them,

2260
01:46:05.859 --> 01:46:08.737
and worked on Robert McNamara
to make him renounce them.

2261
01:46:09.696 --> 01:46:11.531
[Lyndon B. Johnson speaking]

2262
01:46:20.707 --> 01:46:23.126
In retaliation
for this unprovoked

2263
01:46:23.168 --> 01:46:25.629
attack on the high seas,

2264
01:46:25.670 --> 01:46:27.839
our forces
have struck the bases

2265
01:46:27.881 --> 01:46:31.885
used     by the North Vietnamese
patrol craft.

2266
01:46:31.927 --> 01:46:34.179
[Sutherland]
And as declassified
memos     have revealed,

2267
01:46:34.221 --> 01:46:35.889
by autumn of 1964,

2268
01:46:35.931 --> 01:46:38.600
during his campaign
against Barry Goldwater,

2269
01:46:38.642 --> 01:46:40.727
Johnson had already decided

2270
01:46:40.769 --> 01:46:43.772
that he was going
to escalate the Vietnam War.

2271
01:46:43.814 --> 01:46:45.399
In fact, the directive
that would become

2272
01:46:45.440 --> 01:46:47.192
the Tonkin Gulf Resolution

2273
01:46:47.234 --> 01:46:51.488
had been written before the
Tonkin Gulf Incident itself.

2274
01:46:51.530 --> 01:46:53.281
Three months
before the election,

2275
01:46:53.323 --> 01:46:56.910
Johnson had already planned
for an extensive air war.

2276
01:46:56.952 --> 01:46:59.746
It was to begin
after his inauguration.

2277
01:47:01.373 --> 01:47:05.585
[Johnson]   We intend
to convince the communists

2278
01:47:05.627 --> 01:47:10.549
that we cannot be defeated
by force of arms

2279
01:47:10.590 --> 01:47:12.634
or by superior power.

2280
01:47:17.514 --> 01:47:19.558
[Pease]   When news
came of Kennedy's death,

2281
01:47:19.599 --> 01:47:21.977
all over the planet,
people were mourning

2282
01:47:22.018 --> 01:47:24.813
and crying
and going to embassies.

2283
01:47:24.855 --> 01:47:27.149
In Latin America,
the people just lit candles

2284
01:47:27.190 --> 01:47:29.568
because they didn't even
have electrical power,

2285
01:47:29.609 --> 01:47:31.111
but they wanted
to honor his killing.

2286
01:47:31.153 --> 01:47:32.904
In the Yucatan Peninsula,

2287
01:47:32.946 --> 01:47:36.783
peasants cleared an area
and planted a peace garden.

2288
01:47:36.825 --> 01:47:38.452
[Philip Muehlenbeck]   Nasser
learned of Kennedy's death

2289
01:47:38.493 --> 01:47:40.912
in the middle of the night.
He got up, dressed,

2290
01:47:40.954 --> 01:47:43.540
went down to his office,
and then realized,

2291
01:47:43.582 --> 01:47:45.625
"Well, there's nothing
I can do about this."

2292
01:47:45.667 --> 01:47:48.170
According to his son,
Nasser went to a--

2293
01:47:48.211 --> 01:47:51.298
a great state of depression
after Kennedy's death.

2294
01:47:51.339 --> 01:47:54.759
Uh, relations with Egypt
gradually deteriorated,

2295
01:47:54.801 --> 01:47:57.679
and they increasingly shifted
their allegiance

2296
01:47:57.721 --> 01:47:59.473
towards the Soviet Union
as well.

2297
01:47:59.514 --> 01:48:03.226
A mass was held in the leading
Catholic Church in Cairo,

2298
01:48:03.268 --> 01:48:05.395
which has a capacity of 600.

2299
01:48:05.437 --> 01:48:09.065
They somehow fit 4,000 people
into that church.

2300
01:48:09.107 --> 01:48:11.735
Algeria, which had
special feeling for Kennedy,

2301
01:48:11.776 --> 01:48:13.945
declared a state
of mourning for a week.

2302
01:48:13.987 --> 01:48:17.365
Flags were flown,
uh, at half mast.

2303
01:48:17.407 --> 01:48:20.035
The US ambassador to Egypt said

2304
01:48:20.076 --> 01:48:22.913
that he thought the Egyptians
had seen in Kennedy

2305
01:48:22.954 --> 01:48:24.831
the best of what
they saw in Americans.

2306
01:48:24.873 --> 01:48:28.084
That Kennedy had represented
a kind of ideal of America

2307
01:48:28.126 --> 01:48:30.212
to ordinary Egyptians.

2308
01:48:30.253 --> 01:48:32.172
[Sutherland]   Castro got
the news of Kennedy's death

2309
01:48:32.214 --> 01:48:33.965
while discussing   détente

2310
01:48:34.007 --> 01:48:36.593
with     the French journalist
Jean Daniel.

2311
01:48:36.635 --> 01:48:39.971
He then exclaimed,
"This is bad news.

2312
01:48:40.013 --> 01:48:41.973
Everything is now
going to change."

2313
01:48:44.392 --> 01:48:47.145
When Khrushchev paid his
respects to President Kennedy

2314
01:48:47.187 --> 01:48:49.731
at the American embassy,

2315
01:48:49.773 --> 01:48:52.484
he was reportedly
holding back tears.

2316
01:48:54.069 --> 01:48:56.988
Robert Kennedy knew
that after his brother's death,

2317
01:48:57.030 --> 01:49:01.451
relations with the Soviet Union
hung in the balance.

2318
01:49:01.493 --> 01:49:07.415
My father, he wanted to convey
a message to Premier Khrushchev

2319
01:49:07.457 --> 01:49:09.167
saying that our family knew

2320
01:49:09.209 --> 01:49:12.963
that the Soviets were not
involved in the assassination.

2321
01:49:13.004 --> 01:49:17.384
That it was a right-wing plot
from our own country.

2322
01:49:17.425 --> 01:49:19.553
In other words, the CIA,

2323
01:49:19.594 --> 01:49:21.888
or forces aligned with the CIA.

2324
01:49:21.930 --> 01:49:24.766
[Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]
The day that his brother died,

2325
01:49:24.808 --> 01:49:27.852
my father's first phone call

2326
01:49:27.894 --> 01:49:32.983
was to the CIA
desk officer at Langley

2327
01:49:33.024 --> 01:49:38.947
and he asked them, "Did your
people conduct this horror?"

2328
01:49:41.074 --> 01:49:43.702
[Talbot]
We know from how Bobby operated

2329
01:49:43.743 --> 01:49:47.539
that terrible day,
November 22nd, 1963,

2330
01:49:47.581 --> 01:49:50.333
at his home in,
uh, McLean, Virginia,

2331
01:49:50.375 --> 01:49:55.255
that he immediately suspected
there was not a lone gunman.

2332
01:49:55.297 --> 01:49:56.881
Why do we know this?

2333
01:49:56.923 --> 01:49:59.926
Because he was being told
by his closest aides,

2334
01:49:59.968 --> 01:50:02.470
people like Kenny O'Donnell
and Dave Powers,

2335
01:50:02.512 --> 01:50:03.972
who were in the limousine

2336
01:50:04.014 --> 01:50:06.683
immediately behind
President Kennedy's limousine.

2337
01:50:06.725 --> 01:50:08.560
They were both
World War II veterans.

2338
01:50:08.602 --> 01:50:11.146
They knew
what gunfire sounded like.

2339
01:50:11.187 --> 01:50:13.189
They reported it to him
that gunfire

2340
01:50:13.231 --> 01:50:15.483
had not just come
from the-- the rear.

2341
01:50:15.525 --> 01:50:17.360
It had come
from different sides.

2342
01:50:17.402 --> 01:50:19.779
There was gunfire
from the front as well.

2343
01:50:19.821 --> 01:50:22.240
It was a crossfire.

2344
01:50:22.282 --> 01:50:25.118
[Kennedy Jr.]
I was in the East Room,

2345
01:50:25.160 --> 01:50:29.456
with my dad and with Jackie
and a couple of my siblings,

2346
01:50:29.497 --> 01:50:31.791
and Lyndon Johnson came in,

2347
01:50:31.833 --> 01:50:34.753
and told the adults in the room

2348
01:50:34.794 --> 01:50:37.631
that Lee Harvey Oswald
had been killed,

2349
01:50:37.672 --> 01:50:41.092
and that a man had shot him.

2350
01:50:41.134 --> 01:50:44.638
And I said to my dad and mom
at that time,

2351
01:50:44.679 --> 01:50:46.097
"Why did he shoot him?

2352
01:50:46.139 --> 01:50:48.642
Did he--
Did he love our family?"

2353
01:50:48.683 --> 01:50:50.268
And the way that they acted

2354
01:50:50.310 --> 01:50:52.979
was that this only
compounded the tragedy.

2355
01:50:54.564 --> 01:50:55.940
[Sutherland]
Many people at home

2356
01:50:55.982 --> 01:50:57.692
felt that after
Kennedy's death,

2357
01:50:57.734 --> 01:51:01.863
a period of depression and
cynicism overtook the country,

2358
01:51:01.905 --> 01:51:05.533
and that America
was somehow changed forever.

2359
01:51:05.575 --> 01:51:07.202
Our overwhelming disbelief

2360
01:51:07.243 --> 01:51:08.953
in the Warren
Commission's findings

2361
01:51:08.995 --> 01:51:11.539
contributed to
increased skepticism

2362
01:51:11.581 --> 01:51:14.209
of all our foundational beliefs
about government.

2363
01:51:17.003 --> 01:51:20.131
But I think Allen Dulles'
appointment to
the Warren Commission

2364
01:51:20.173 --> 01:51:23.301
is one of the great frauds
of American history.

2365
01:51:23.343 --> 01:51:26.221
I don't think that even if
you had 10 more commissions,

2366
01:51:26.262 --> 01:51:27.764
you'd never
get away from the idea

2367
01:51:27.806 --> 01:51:29.349
that maybe there was a plot.

2368
01:51:29.391 --> 01:51:31.726
We just didn't
find any traces of it.

2369
01:51:31.768 --> 01:51:34.229
What really happened
with Allen Dulles was

2370
01:51:34.270 --> 01:51:37.357
the CIA lobbied to have
him put on the Commission,

2371
01:51:37.399 --> 01:51:40.068
'cause they needed to have one
of their own on the Commission

2372
01:51:40.110 --> 01:51:44.197
to make sure that
certain doors remained closed.

2373
01:51:44.239 --> 01:51:49.953
I think there's a direct thread
between the events of 1963

2374
01:51:49.994 --> 01:51:52.205
and the kind of horror show

2375
01:51:52.247 --> 01:51:56.292
that America is having
to endure right now.

2376
01:51:56.334 --> 01:51:59.170
And I think once
you kill     a President

2377
01:51:59.212 --> 01:52:01.047
in broad daylight on the
streets of an American city,

2378
01:52:01.089 --> 01:52:03.717
and everyone knows
that powerful forces did it,

2379
01:52:03.758 --> 01:52:07.595
that sends a signal not
only to the American people,

2380
01:52:07.637 --> 01:52:11.349
but to the American media,
to the American future leaders.

2381
01:52:11.391 --> 01:52:14.352
And if America really wants
a democratic society,

2382
01:52:14.394 --> 01:52:17.856
then we should get to the bottom
of this traumatic crime

2383
01:52:17.897 --> 01:52:21.276
that continues to reverberate
throughout American history.

2384
01:52:21.317 --> 01:52:24.696
They poll historians,
they poll the American people,

2385
01:52:24.738 --> 01:52:27.574
and they say, "Who were
the most popular Presidents?"

2386
01:52:27.615 --> 01:52:29.451
Well, one metric
that you can use

2387
01:52:29.492 --> 01:52:33.872
to objectively-- at least
judge the foreign policy,

2388
01:52:33.913 --> 01:52:36.291
is how many boulevards are named

2389
01:52:36.332 --> 01:52:38.793
after that President
in foreign countries?

2390
01:52:38.835 --> 01:52:42.547
How many hospitals, how many
colleges,     how many schools?

2391
01:52:42.589 --> 01:52:47.051
How many statues are--
are standing     of that President

2392
01:52:47.093 --> 01:52:48.970
in capitals all over the world?

2393
01:52:49.012 --> 01:52:51.055
And in that sense,
President Kennedy

2394
01:52:51.097 --> 01:52:53.767
beats every other President,
hands down.

2395
01:52:56.811 --> 01:52:58.438
[Stone]
Although many of Kennedy's

2396
01:52:58.480 --> 01:53:00.648
progressive
and unprecedented goals

2397
01:53:00.690 --> 01:53:05.862
and changes in policy were
undone after his assassination,

2398
01:53:05.904 --> 01:53:09.491
a few powerful ones remain.

2399
01:53:09.532 --> 01:53:11.284
I think Mr. Kennedy has done

2400
01:53:11.326 --> 01:53:13.953
some significant things
in civil rights,

2401
01:53:13.995 --> 01:53:16.498
and I would include
the Attorney General.

2402
01:53:16.539 --> 01:53:21.461
I think both of these men
are men of genuine goodwill.

2403
01:53:21.503 --> 01:53:24.339
And, uh, I think
there is a necessity now

2404
01:53:24.380 --> 01:53:26.925
to see the urgency
of the moment.

2405
01:53:29.511 --> 01:53:32.430
I'm asking from you
an unequivocal assurance

2406
01:53:32.472 --> 01:53:35.433
that you will not bar entry
to these students,

2407
01:53:35.475 --> 01:53:37.602
and that you will
step aside peacefully,

2408
01:53:37.644 --> 01:53:40.188
do your constitutional duty.

2409
01:53:40.230 --> 01:53:42.857
[Stone]   In showdowns
using federal troops,

2410
01:53:42.899 --> 01:53:46.152
the Kennedy administration won
admission of Black students

2411
01:53:46.194 --> 01:53:49.531
to the last public colleges
in the south.

2412
01:53:49.572 --> 01:53:52.575
George Wallace made it clear
that this fight was not over.

2413
01:53:52.617 --> 01:53:56.329
And the-- the South
this year-- next year

2414
01:53:56.371 --> 01:53:58.748
will decide who
the next President is,

2415
01:53:58.790 --> 01:54:01.167
whoever the South votes for
will be the President.

2416
01:54:01.209 --> 01:54:03.127
And you're gonna see
that the South

2417
01:54:03.169 --> 01:54:06.047
is going to be
against some folks.

2418
01:54:06.089 --> 01:54:08.299
[Stone]   That night,
Kennedy addressed the nation

2419
01:54:08.341 --> 01:54:10.385
in what many
consider the finest

2420
01:54:10.426 --> 01:54:12.720
Presidential speech
on civil rights

2421
01:54:12.762 --> 01:54:14.472
since Abraham Lincoln.

2422
01:54:14.514 --> 01:54:17.475
...and that the rights of
every man are diminished

2423
01:54:17.517 --> 01:54:20.562
when the rights
of one man are threatened.

2424
01:54:20.603 --> 01:54:24.232
If an American,
because his skin is dark...

2425
01:54:24.274 --> 01:54:29.404
cannot enjoy the full and free
life which all of us want,

2426
01:54:29.445 --> 01:54:31.656
then who among us
would be content

2427
01:54:31.698 --> 01:54:34.993
to have the color
of his skin changed?

2428
01:54:35.034 --> 01:54:37.871
One hundred years of delay
have passed

2429
01:54:37.912 --> 01:54:41.165
since President Lincoln
freed the slaves,

2430
01:54:41.207 --> 01:54:45.461
yet their heirs, their
grandsons, are not fully free.

2431
01:54:45.503 --> 01:54:50.550
And this nation, for all
its hopes     and all its boasts,

2432
01:54:50.592 --> 01:54:54.721
will not be fully free until
all its citizens are free.

2433
01:54:54.762 --> 01:54:56.180
We face, therefore,

2434
01:54:56.222 --> 01:54:58.474
a moral crisis
as a country and a people,

2435
01:54:58.516 --> 01:55:00.476
and this is a matter
which concerns

2436
01:55:00.518 --> 01:55:02.979
this country
and what it stands for.

2437
01:55:03.021 --> 01:55:06.482
And in meeting it, I ask the
support of all of our citizens.

2438
01:55:06.524 --> 01:55:08.651
Thank you very much.

2439
01:55:08.693 --> 01:55:11.779
[somber music playing]

2440
01:56:11.255 --> 01:56:14.342