1 00:00:02,000 --> 00:00:07,000 Downloaded from YTS.MX 2 00:00:08,000 --> 00:00:13,000 Official YIFY movies site: YTS.MX 3 00:00:15,222 --> 00:00:17,155 ARTURO ELIZONDO: Food is emotional. 4 00:00:17,189 --> 00:00:20,986 If I don't eat, you know, eggs, that means I can't have, you know, 5 00:00:21,021 --> 00:00:23,471 the cookies that my grandma used to make when we were little. 6 00:00:23,506 --> 00:00:26,647 WOMAN: Nobody enjoys the concept of less. 7 00:00:26,681 --> 00:00:28,511 MARION NESTLE: People like eating meat. 8 00:00:28,545 --> 00:00:30,375 RUSSEL KATEMAN: So how is it that eating less meat 9 00:00:30,409 --> 00:00:32,170 will change the temperature of the world? 10 00:00:32,204 --> 00:00:34,896 MICHELE SIMON: So it's not just a matter of, oh, I hear information, 11 00:00:34,931 --> 00:00:36,622 and then I go make a change. 12 00:00:36,657 --> 00:00:38,072 ETHAN BROWN: So what happens when people 13 00:00:38,107 --> 00:00:40,074 that you really love and care about 14 00:00:40,109 --> 00:00:43,181 just don't see this issue, right? 15 00:00:43,215 --> 00:00:44,768 You know, do you dismiss them? 16 00:01:10,000 --> 00:01:11,726 BRIAN KATEMAN: One of the reasons why I wanted to make 17 00:01:11,761 --> 00:01:14,626 this documentary is that I'm confused. 18 00:01:14,660 --> 00:01:16,869 I'm a guy who wants to end factory farming. 19 00:01:16,904 --> 00:01:20,770 And I started a nonprofit organization to help make that happen. 20 00:01:20,804 --> 00:01:22,392 And so many people 21 00:01:22,427 --> 00:01:25,395 seem seriously pissed off about it. 22 00:01:25,430 --> 00:01:29,779 I'm confused why it's so difficult to get people to eat less meat. 23 00:01:29,813 --> 00:01:33,990 I mean, there are so many alarms going off from countless scientific bodies 24 00:01:34,024 --> 00:01:38,063 about the problems with our food system, particularly factory farming, 25 00:01:38,098 --> 00:01:41,204 and yet, meat consumption continues to climb. 26 00:01:42,481 --> 00:01:44,000 BILL MCKIBBEN: So at the moment, 27 00:01:44,034 --> 00:01:48,004 the extra carbon that we're trapping is the heat equivalent 28 00:01:48,038 --> 00:01:52,802 every day of about 400,000 Hiroshima sized explosions. 29 00:01:52,836 --> 00:01:55,460 That's enough extra heat that we've been able to melt 30 00:01:55,494 --> 00:01:58,428 most of the summer sea ice in the Arctic. 31 00:01:58,463 --> 00:02:01,155 That's enough extra heat that the world's coral reefs 32 00:02:01,190 --> 00:02:04,434 are now dying at a stupendous rate. 33 00:02:04,469 --> 00:02:08,058 It's enough heat that cities in tropical Asia 34 00:02:08,093 --> 00:02:10,371 are becoming almost impossible to live in. 35 00:02:10,406 --> 00:02:14,893 So, a fight is on to see 36 00:02:14,927 --> 00:02:17,551 not if we can stop global warming, at this point 37 00:02:17,585 --> 00:02:20,623 It's too late for that, but to see if we can stop it 38 00:02:20,657 --> 00:02:25,421 short of the point where it takes out 39 00:02:25,455 --> 00:02:27,526 the kind of civilizations we're used to having. 40 00:02:27,561 --> 00:02:30,322 Global temperatures reached extreme highs this past week. 41 00:02:30,357 --> 00:02:34,878 REPORTER 1: Sixteen rivers and North and South Carolina remain at major flood state. 42 00:02:34,913 --> 00:02:37,571 REPORTER 2: Strongest storm to hit Puerto Rico in more than 80 years. 43 00:02:37,605 --> 00:02:40,574 ...now largest wildfire ever recorded in California. 44 00:02:40,608 --> 00:02:43,370 REPORTER 3: More snow at the city's airport in a single day 45 00:02:43,404 --> 00:02:44,612 since they started keeping records. 46 00:02:44,647 --> 00:02:46,338 REPORTER 4: 20 to 30 million people 47 00:02:46,373 --> 00:02:49,928 will become climate refugees in Bangladesh by 2015. 48 00:02:49,962 --> 00:02:53,759 The greenies say raising beef contributes to global warming. 49 00:02:53,794 --> 00:02:57,315 And what is the relationship between meat consumption 50 00:02:57,349 --> 00:02:59,075 and anthropogenic climate change? 51 00:02:59,109 --> 00:03:04,563 So... almost everything that a human being does in the course of a day... 52 00:03:06,289 --> 00:03:08,705 burns some fossil fuel. 53 00:03:08,740 --> 00:03:11,674 Uh, releases some carbon. I mean, from the moment you get up 54 00:03:11,708 --> 00:03:16,092 and turn on the light or the radio or, you know, whatever it is. 55 00:03:16,126 --> 00:03:22,132 But one of the things that produces a fair amount is livestock. 56 00:03:22,167 --> 00:03:25,515 The latest estimates I've seen from the FAO 57 00:03:25,550 --> 00:03:27,414 and others think that if you add up everything, 58 00:03:27,448 --> 00:03:32,522 you may get 18-19% of the world's global warming emissions 59 00:03:32,557 --> 00:03:36,871 coming out of agriculture, especially out of livestock. 60 00:03:36,906 --> 00:03:38,563 So it's not as big, perhaps, 61 00:03:38,597 --> 00:03:44,258 as the drivers were sort of used to talking about. 62 00:03:44,293 --> 00:03:48,193 Power plants and cars and things but it's big, 63 00:03:48,228 --> 00:03:53,336 and obviously it's one of those places where change is possible. 64 00:03:53,371 --> 00:03:59,687 You know, you don't have to wait for someone to build an enormous wind turbine 65 00:03:59,722 --> 00:04:04,451 next to you, you can change what you're having for dinner tonight. 66 00:04:08,834 --> 00:04:10,491 BRIAN: I always cared about the environment 67 00:04:10,526 --> 00:04:12,735 and that became especially true In college. 68 00:04:12,769 --> 00:04:14,495 I was that guy on campus who told people 69 00:04:14,530 --> 00:04:17,222 that they should recycle, walk instead of drive. 70 00:04:17,257 --> 00:04:20,398 Use a refillable bottle of water instead of a plastic one. 71 00:04:20,432 --> 00:04:24,264 And when I learned about the problems with factory farming, I was outraged. 72 00:04:24,298 --> 00:04:28,164 I decided that the sensible thing to do was for me to go immediately vegetarian 73 00:04:28,198 --> 00:04:31,961 with the aim to be fully vegan, and for the most part that worked out. 74 00:04:31,995 --> 00:04:33,756 But there were some problems. 75 00:04:33,790 --> 00:04:36,724 I remember one Thanksgiving in particular, 76 00:04:36,759 --> 00:04:42,523 where my dad was kind of cajoling me to have a small piece of turkey. 77 00:04:42,558 --> 00:04:45,319 And when I popped it in my mouth, my sister said, 78 00:04:45,354 --> 00:04:47,804 "I thought you were a vegetarian, Brian." 79 00:04:47,839 --> 00:04:50,531 They were kind of making fun of me even though I was the only person 80 00:04:50,566 --> 00:04:53,879 at the table who was trying at all. 81 00:04:53,914 --> 00:04:56,882 And I thought, "Well, maybe I'm not a vegetarian," 82 00:04:56,917 --> 00:05:00,783 but I still cared a lot about the problems. 83 00:05:00,817 --> 00:05:05,615 And so, my friends and I came up with the concept "reducetarian", 84 00:05:05,650 --> 00:05:08,342 wants to inspire as many people as possible 85 00:05:08,377 --> 00:05:11,725 to cut back on animal products, especially people 86 00:05:11,759 --> 00:05:15,004 who were never going to go vegan or vegetarian. 87 00:05:15,038 --> 00:05:18,973 ANNOUNCER: Failure to do so could result in serious injury. 88 00:05:19,008 --> 00:05:20,596 In case of an emergency, 89 00:05:20,630 --> 00:05:23,530 listen for announcements and instructions from the group. 90 00:05:23,564 --> 00:05:28,258 Please familiarize yourself with the location of life jackets on this ferry. 91 00:05:28,293 --> 00:05:30,882 They are located... [CONTINUES INDISTINCTLY] 92 00:05:33,471 --> 00:05:34,851 BRIAN: I love seeing my parents. 93 00:05:37,267 --> 00:05:40,305 I have to practice patience. You know, it's always... 94 00:05:40,340 --> 00:05:42,514 [LAUGHS] When you're different people, 95 00:05:42,549 --> 00:05:43,964 it could be challenging sometimes, 96 00:05:43,998 --> 00:05:48,002 but I love them, and I'm always glad to see them. 97 00:05:48,037 --> 00:05:52,766 I just have to always, you know... Not too many religious debates, 98 00:05:52,800 --> 00:05:56,632 maybe not too much politics and then everything is okay. 99 00:05:58,427 --> 00:06:01,257 My dad is the happiest man alive. 100 00:06:01,291 --> 00:06:04,087 I don't know who dropped him as a kid 101 00:06:04,122 --> 00:06:07,781 or what happened, but he is just always happy. 102 00:06:07,815 --> 00:06:12,372 No matter what's going on, he's happy. 103 00:06:12,406 --> 00:06:14,650 He has faith things will work out. 104 00:06:14,684 --> 00:06:17,756 Everything happens for a reason. 105 00:06:17,791 --> 00:06:22,209 As a kid, whenever I was scared, he would say, "Fear is just acronym 106 00:06:22,243 --> 00:06:25,074 for false evidence appearing real." 107 00:06:25,108 --> 00:06:28,422 He loved to tell me that whenever I was scared. 108 00:06:37,638 --> 00:06:41,090 But as far as, Isn't it hard to eat healthy and exercise? 109 00:06:41,124 --> 00:06:45,197 RUSSEL: No... If my life depended on it, 110 00:06:45,232 --> 00:06:48,028 if I, if I ate meat, a steak, 111 00:06:48,062 --> 00:06:50,893 and if I thought that it would kill me right away, I would never have it. 112 00:06:50,927 --> 00:06:53,033 The problem is, everything is a slow process. 113 00:06:53,067 --> 00:06:55,104 You're having that one drink, doesn't kill you. 114 00:06:55,138 --> 00:06:56,830 You're over eating one meal, doesn't kill you. 115 00:06:56,864 --> 00:06:59,419 It's what you do on a routine basis, 116 00:06:59,453 --> 00:07:01,904 day in and day out that kills you. 117 00:07:01,938 --> 00:07:03,664 And stress is the number one, probably. 118 00:07:03,699 --> 00:07:06,771 What about not what it does to our bodies, 119 00:07:06,805 --> 00:07:08,013 but what it does to the planet, 120 00:07:08,048 --> 00:07:09,670 what It does to other animals. What are... 121 00:07:09,705 --> 00:07:12,155 Yeah, I am not as much a humanitarian as I should be. 122 00:07:12,190 --> 00:07:15,504 I'm very concerned about you, you, my immediate family. 123 00:07:15,538 --> 00:07:18,576 My daughter. You know, my immediate family, 124 00:07:18,610 --> 00:07:21,406 I'm incredibly interested in and my own health, 125 00:07:21,441 --> 00:07:25,755 I'm interested in. I talk to people every day, see a lot of patients. 126 00:07:25,790 --> 00:07:28,378 So I feel like I'm doing my service there. 127 00:07:28,413 --> 00:07:32,486 But people talk about the... What's it called? 128 00:07:32,521 --> 00:07:34,108 What's it with the heat, uh... 129 00:07:34,143 --> 00:07:35,834 -BRIAN: Oh, global warming? -Global warming. 130 00:07:35,869 --> 00:07:37,629 -So-- -That pail out there. 131 00:07:37,664 --> 00:07:39,286 Did it work? Did it work on you? 132 00:07:39,320 --> 00:07:41,357 RUSSEL: I guess not. So I am not that concerned about global warming 133 00:07:41,391 --> 00:07:43,428 to be honest. I shouldn't be saying this, 134 00:07:43,463 --> 00:07:44,774 but I'm being honest with you. 135 00:07:44,809 --> 00:07:47,984 Um, everyone has a certain number of hours in the day, 136 00:07:48,019 --> 00:07:51,712 and, uh, I'm more concerned when I walk in the house, 137 00:07:51,747 --> 00:07:52,748 the temperature of the house. 138 00:07:52,782 --> 00:07:54,715 I'm not, I guess, a humanitarian. 139 00:07:54,750 --> 00:08:00,134 Do you think it's arrogant to think that humans are changing 140 00:08:00,169 --> 00:08:02,240 the temperature of the planet? 141 00:08:02,274 --> 00:08:05,519 [LAUGHS] I don't recall though, which is it, today? 142 00:08:07,279 --> 00:08:09,903 -BRIAN: That's global warming. -The world is getting hotter. 143 00:08:09,937 --> 00:08:12,043 The summer has been very hot here, I don't know. 144 00:08:12,077 --> 00:08:14,286 But the winter, I don't feel it's... 145 00:08:14,321 --> 00:08:17,600 I think it's... a joke. 146 00:08:17,635 --> 00:08:19,429 I don't think there's anything to it. 147 00:08:19,464 --> 00:08:21,259 Why do you think that there's nothing to it? 148 00:08:22,432 --> 00:08:25,090 The world has been going on for how many freakin' years? 149 00:08:25,125 --> 00:08:28,404 And I guess 'cause we don't really see any proof to it. 150 00:08:28,438 --> 00:08:31,407 -What, they put thermometers in places and they measure it? -You know like it hasn't... 151 00:08:31,441 --> 00:08:35,515 -Because things are melting? -Like he said, the summers have gotten... 152 00:08:36,619 --> 00:08:38,172 God is controlling everything. 153 00:08:38,207 --> 00:08:40,796 I think, actually, the summer is the way the summer always is. 154 00:08:40,830 --> 00:08:43,177 Some summers were hotter than other summers. 155 00:08:43,212 --> 00:08:45,732 It's a worldwide situation. Not talking about Staten Island. 156 00:08:46,180 --> 00:08:47,147 I'm not either. 157 00:08:47,181 --> 00:08:49,632 What if I told you that most-- 158 00:08:49,667 --> 00:08:53,740 99% of scientists thought that global warming 159 00:08:53,774 --> 00:08:56,397 was a real phenomenon, and it was happening, in part, 160 00:08:56,432 --> 00:08:57,882 because of our actions on the planet? 161 00:08:57,916 --> 00:09:01,886 -Do you think... -[LAUGHS] That's unbelievable. 162 00:09:02,680 --> 00:09:04,267 These people actually study that. 163 00:09:04,302 --> 00:09:07,029 The world is falling apart and they're worried about the temperature. 164 00:09:07,063 --> 00:09:09,341 Or do they think it's going to affect everything? 165 00:09:09,376 --> 00:09:12,241 I don't know. They're worried about the temperature. 166 00:09:12,275 --> 00:09:14,657 Call me crazy, I think they're spending a lot of time 167 00:09:14,692 --> 00:09:17,004 doing something that has not much validity. 168 00:09:17,039 --> 00:09:19,559 In a few years from now, they'll be talking about 169 00:09:19,593 --> 00:09:21,319 if everything is getting too cold. 170 00:09:21,353 --> 00:09:22,700 God is taking care of everything. 171 00:09:22,734 --> 00:09:25,254 He's in control. Leave it alone. Worry about what you do. 172 00:09:25,288 --> 00:09:27,774 -[LAUGHS] -Eat less meat, don't worry about the... 173 00:09:27,808 --> 00:09:29,603 How is it that eating less meat 174 00:09:29,638 --> 00:09:31,432 will change the temperature of the world? 175 00:09:31,467 --> 00:09:34,263 If everyone ate less meat... 176 00:09:34,297 --> 00:09:37,853 What if no one ate meat? They produce less animals. 177 00:09:37,887 --> 00:09:40,200 Then the temperature would change? I don't get this. 178 00:09:40,234 --> 00:09:43,168 I gotta talk to one of these PhD scientists about this. 179 00:09:43,203 --> 00:09:46,965 -Well, let me be the resident... -Spokespersons. 180 00:09:47,000 --> 00:09:50,037 What would they say? So they would say that factory farming 181 00:09:50,072 --> 00:09:55,111 is when you put lots of animals in these very intense environments. 182 00:09:55,146 --> 00:09:56,837 And you have to have all these inputs. 183 00:09:56,872 --> 00:09:59,875 You have to water the feed so that the feed grows. 184 00:09:59,909 --> 00:10:02,256 You have to feed the animals. 185 00:10:02,291 --> 00:10:03,810 This resource. 186 00:10:03,844 --> 00:10:05,777 You have to butcher them, grow them. 187 00:10:05,812 --> 00:10:07,814 You have to ship them far distances. 188 00:10:07,848 --> 00:10:11,887 And through this process there are results, 189 00:10:11,921 --> 00:10:14,717 and these results are greenhouse gas emissions 190 00:10:14,752 --> 00:10:17,513 and these are gasses that go into the atmosphere. 191 00:10:17,547 --> 00:10:20,861 And there's through this process, the planet heats up. 192 00:10:20,896 --> 00:10:23,553 And so it is the same thing when you drive a car, 193 00:10:23,588 --> 00:10:24,969 or you go on an airplane. 194 00:10:25,003 --> 00:10:28,179 Everything that we do has some impact on the planet. 195 00:10:28,213 --> 00:10:31,182 Well, I do think that the technology is getting out of hand, 196 00:10:31,216 --> 00:10:33,115 that that the world is getting not better, 197 00:10:33,149 --> 00:10:34,806 but worse because of all the technology. 198 00:10:34,841 --> 00:10:36,670 But one of these technologies 199 00:10:36,705 --> 00:10:41,330 is the way we raise animals for food, that we raise them with such efficiency, 200 00:10:41,364 --> 00:10:45,403 and at such high volumes that were spewing all of these 201 00:10:45,437 --> 00:10:49,234 -gases into the environment. -Then which is worse, driving cars or that? 202 00:10:49,269 --> 00:10:51,064 Like, where do you pick? 203 00:10:51,098 --> 00:10:53,894 All the fields, you try to help everything? 204 00:10:53,929 --> 00:10:56,172 -Some-- -Amstel cans is a problem? 205 00:10:56,207 --> 00:10:59,417 Some scientists have said that factory farming 206 00:10:59,451 --> 00:11:04,111 produces more greenhouse gases than all of transportation combined. 207 00:11:04,146 --> 00:11:06,010 -So if you're-- -Some scientists say that. 208 00:11:06,044 --> 00:11:09,116 Some scientists say that, but all scientists agree that factory farming 209 00:11:09,151 --> 00:11:12,913 has a major impact on climate change. 210 00:11:12,948 --> 00:11:14,743 Do these scientists eat meat? 211 00:11:15,882 --> 00:11:18,194 -Some do, some don't? -Some do, some don't. 212 00:11:18,229 --> 00:11:22,267 What do you eat... what do you eat for breakfast? 213 00:11:22,302 --> 00:11:23,406 For breakfast, 214 00:11:23,441 --> 00:11:27,859 I either have a smoothie, which has banana, strawberries, 215 00:11:27,894 --> 00:11:32,933 blueberries, or I'll have avocado toast. 216 00:11:32,968 --> 00:11:36,661 Every millennial has avocado toast. You've had avocado toast? 217 00:11:36,696 --> 00:11:38,421 -I never heard of it. -Do you like avocados? 218 00:11:38,456 --> 00:11:40,734 I know what avocados are, but I never heard of avocado toast. 219 00:11:40,769 --> 00:11:42,184 Have you ever had an avocado? 220 00:11:43,426 --> 00:11:44,669 No. 221 00:11:44,704 --> 00:11:46,257 -Have you ever had an avocado? -No. 222 00:11:47,948 --> 00:11:49,225 Okay, I heard of it. 223 00:11:50,882 --> 00:11:53,436 -Where do you go to eat? -Where do they sell this? 224 00:11:53,471 --> 00:11:54,575 Everywhere. 225 00:11:54,610 --> 00:11:55,749 Do you eat Mexican food ever? 226 00:11:55,784 --> 00:11:56,819 -No. -No. 227 00:11:56,854 --> 00:11:58,752 The color turns me off. 228 00:11:58,787 --> 00:12:01,203 [CHUCKLES] So, green... 229 00:12:01,237 --> 00:12:03,757 -Blue. -What colors do you like in food? 230 00:12:03,792 --> 00:12:05,586 -I don't know. -Brown, like meat. 231 00:12:05,621 --> 00:12:07,623 There's very little I can eat right now. 232 00:12:07,657 --> 00:12:09,832 Can you take your finger like this? 233 00:12:11,351 --> 00:12:14,043 I believe in you. We're gonna make history. 234 00:12:14,078 --> 00:12:15,942 You're going to have guacamole for the first time. 235 00:12:15,976 --> 00:12:17,702 Corn chips are right here. 236 00:12:17,737 --> 00:12:19,497 I'll do it with you. 237 00:12:19,531 --> 00:12:20,878 Please take your finger... 238 00:12:21,879 --> 00:12:24,398 -take a scoop. -I'm not taking a scoop. 239 00:12:24,433 --> 00:12:27,091 -You're doing something, we have to do this. -I'll take a speck. 240 00:12:27,125 --> 00:12:28,092 Take a speck. 241 00:12:28,851 --> 00:12:30,439 Take a speck of guacamole. 242 00:12:31,440 --> 00:12:32,337 Oh, my goodness. 243 00:12:33,787 --> 00:12:34,961 Are you ready? 244 00:12:34,995 --> 00:12:37,342 Everybody-- Get some here. At the same time. 245 00:12:38,205 --> 00:12:41,001 All right. One, two, three... 246 00:12:45,834 --> 00:12:46,973 Interesting taste. 247 00:12:50,839 --> 00:12:52,979 I don't like it particularly much, but it's okay. 248 00:12:53,013 --> 00:12:55,119 -I don't like it. -RUSSEL: Corn chip, I like. 249 00:12:55,153 --> 00:12:58,122 -This is good. -[BRIAN LAUGHS] 250 00:12:58,156 --> 00:13:01,090 -Combination's okay. It kills the taste. -LINDA: Oh, God! 251 00:13:01,125 --> 00:13:02,851 I think the way to think about it is, 252 00:13:02,885 --> 00:13:05,508 if it came from the ground, it's healthy. 253 00:13:05,543 --> 00:13:08,822 So a tomato is a little bit better than tomato juice. 254 00:13:08,857 --> 00:13:11,549 -Unless it's just-- -We eat a lot of tomatoes. 255 00:13:11,583 --> 00:13:12,653 RUSSEL: Apparently. 256 00:13:12,688 --> 00:13:13,965 Well, we love tomatoes. 257 00:13:14,000 --> 00:13:15,415 Actually, that's a fruit. 258 00:13:15,449 --> 00:13:17,520 -I know pizza has tomato sauce on top. -We eat a lot of tomatoes. 259 00:13:17,555 --> 00:13:19,143 Does not qualify. 260 00:13:19,177 --> 00:13:22,560 Well, you get the good tomato sauce. The sauce is not good? 261 00:13:22,594 --> 00:13:27,082 A small amount of tomato sauce at the expense of a lot of white flour and cheese. 262 00:13:27,116 --> 00:13:28,531 They used to say pizza. 263 00:13:28,566 --> 00:13:29,981 This is how things change. 264 00:13:30,016 --> 00:13:31,500 They used to say pizza was very healthy. 265 00:13:31,534 --> 00:13:33,847 -It's a whole food, it has everything in it. -Who said that? 266 00:13:33,882 --> 00:13:35,159 -Scientists. -Scientists. 267 00:13:35,193 --> 00:13:37,230 They said pizza was very healthy. 268 00:13:37,264 --> 00:13:40,371 -It had everything. -It had the vitamin C from the sauce, 269 00:13:40,405 --> 00:13:42,856 the tomatoes, and that the cheese... 270 00:13:42,891 --> 00:13:45,031 And the bread, yeah, whole food, has everything. 271 00:13:45,065 --> 00:13:48,551 And the bread but now we know that pizza is not healthy. 272 00:13:48,586 --> 00:13:50,105 We know or believe? 273 00:13:50,139 --> 00:13:52,038 We'll see what they say in ten years from now. 274 00:13:53,833 --> 00:13:57,906 BRIAN: I left my parents' house feeling sad and frustrated. 275 00:13:57,940 --> 00:14:02,945 I love them and they won't do what I think is important 276 00:14:03,635 --> 00:14:05,706 for even their own health. 277 00:14:05,741 --> 00:14:07,467 It's like watching a sinking ship. 278 00:14:09,779 --> 00:14:12,023 And not being able to do anything about it. 279 00:14:13,922 --> 00:14:16,303 But my parents are not alone. 280 00:14:16,338 --> 00:14:19,306 Just about one in ten Americans gets the recommended amount 281 00:14:19,341 --> 00:14:21,584 of fruits and vegetables in their diet. 282 00:14:21,619 --> 00:14:25,657 The average American consumes over 200 pounds of meat each year. 283 00:14:25,692 --> 00:14:30,007 We have some of the highest rates of diet related illnesses in the developed world. 284 00:14:30,041 --> 00:14:31,663 How is this possible? 285 00:14:31,698 --> 00:14:33,010 ERIC ADAMS: You get a reward. 286 00:14:33,044 --> 00:14:35,046 You did a great job on your exam, 287 00:14:35,081 --> 00:14:37,117 we're gonna give you a nice slice of pizza. 288 00:14:37,152 --> 00:14:40,500 If you're good and finish up your chores, 289 00:14:40,534 --> 00:14:42,709 we're going to give you two scoops of ice cream. 290 00:14:42,743 --> 00:14:48,784 No one is saying, "Hey, Johnny, you got in A, so I'm gonna give you some broccoli. 291 00:14:48,818 --> 00:14:52,374 NESTLE: One of the things we know is that physicians 292 00:14:52,408 --> 00:14:55,515 talking to patients about changing their diet 293 00:14:55,549 --> 00:14:59,070 is one of the most important motivators that there is. 294 00:14:59,105 --> 00:15:02,902 If your doctor tells you, you need to change your diet, 295 00:15:02,936 --> 00:15:05,111 you need to eat more healthfully and is specific 296 00:15:05,145 --> 00:15:07,113 about how you're supposed to do that, 297 00:15:07,147 --> 00:15:09,322 you're going to take that very seriously. 298 00:15:09,356 --> 00:15:11,876 But doctors don't know anything about nutrition. 299 00:15:11,911 --> 00:15:14,327 They're not taught in medical school. 300 00:15:14,361 --> 00:15:18,296 They're not even taught how to refer patients 301 00:15:18,331 --> 00:15:22,749 to dietitians or nutritionists to get advice about it. 302 00:15:22,783 --> 00:15:25,648 AUDREY LAWSON-SANCHEZ: There are foods that are served in schools 303 00:15:25,683 --> 00:15:30,377 that the American Academy of Pediatrics have labeled carcinogens. 304 00:15:30,412 --> 00:15:34,036 67,000 pediatricians have come forward and said, 305 00:15:34,071 --> 00:15:35,693 "Do not serve this to children." 306 00:15:35,727 --> 00:15:38,972 Those are still on most menus multiple times a week. 307 00:15:39,007 --> 00:15:41,147 WALTER WILLETT: There's a marketing lobbying 308 00:15:41,181 --> 00:15:44,219 that is constantly conducted by the meat industry. 309 00:15:44,253 --> 00:15:47,670 and that distorts what people hear about what people see. 310 00:15:47,705 --> 00:15:49,396 So there's layer upon layer 311 00:15:49,431 --> 00:15:53,021 where the meat industry does cause confusion. 312 00:15:53,055 --> 00:15:57,025 Consumers hear misleading information. 313 00:15:57,059 --> 00:15:59,406 The American public, does not get a balance. 314 00:15:59,441 --> 00:16:01,201 view of the scientific evidence. 315 00:16:01,236 --> 00:16:03,479 NESTLE: I mean, to explain why doctors don't know 316 00:16:03,514 --> 00:16:05,550 anything about nutrition is really very simple. 317 00:16:05,585 --> 00:16:10,348 The entire medical care system is set up to reimburse doctors 318 00:16:10,383 --> 00:16:13,455 for what they do, not what they prevent. 319 00:16:13,489 --> 00:16:15,008 I mean, if you want to look at it 320 00:16:15,043 --> 00:16:19,806 from a really cynical standpoint, you can ask the question, 321 00:16:19,840 --> 00:16:23,637 "Who would benefit if people ate more healthfully?" 322 00:16:23,672 --> 00:16:29,989 What corporations, what industries, what money making operations would benefit 323 00:16:30,023 --> 00:16:32,060 if people ate more healthfully? 324 00:16:34,200 --> 00:16:35,995 DAVID KATZ: I have a morbid fantasy, Brian, 325 00:16:36,029 --> 00:16:37,582 that that big food, big pharma, 326 00:16:37,617 --> 00:16:40,585 you know, each one CEO smoking a big cigar 327 00:16:40,620 --> 00:16:43,623 in a, you know, big smoky board room with the door closed 328 00:16:43,657 --> 00:16:44,969 strike a deal. 329 00:16:45,004 --> 00:16:48,352 Big food CEO's job is to make people sick and profit from it. 330 00:16:48,386 --> 00:16:52,149 Big pharma CEO's job is to treat the unnecessary illness and profit from it. 331 00:16:52,183 --> 00:16:54,323 They have a good laugh, shake hands. 332 00:16:54,358 --> 00:16:56,946 All right, um, I mean, our culture runs 333 00:16:56,981 --> 00:16:59,570 as if that deal were actually struck that way. 334 00:16:59,604 --> 00:17:01,468 And, you know, if you were sort of 335 00:17:01,503 --> 00:17:03,677 an extraterrestrial intelligence, you came down here 336 00:17:03,712 --> 00:17:06,094 and you saw a place that runs on Dunkin', 337 00:17:06,128 --> 00:17:08,993 you know, everybody's drinking Coca Cola. 338 00:17:09,028 --> 00:17:11,064 McDonald's sponsors the Olympics 339 00:17:11,099 --> 00:17:14,067 and multi-colored marshmallows are part of a complete breakfast. 340 00:17:14,102 --> 00:17:18,899 You know, you had basically conclude there's no intelligent life down here. 341 00:17:18,934 --> 00:17:21,626 BRIAN: Our society gives value to cheap meat and junk food 342 00:17:21,661 --> 00:17:24,353 in a way that I just can't understand. 343 00:17:24,388 --> 00:17:25,941 So how did you get that way? 344 00:17:25,975 --> 00:17:28,495 Did humans evolve eating vast amounts of meat? 345 00:17:30,532 --> 00:17:35,606 So, we know that our earliest ancestors in Africa, let's say, 346 00:17:35,640 --> 00:17:39,610 more than three million years ago had a diet that was probably like that 347 00:17:39,644 --> 00:17:42,751 of the great apes today, largely vegetarian. 348 00:17:42,785 --> 00:17:45,926 And then we get evidence about two and a half million years ago 349 00:17:45,961 --> 00:17:49,068 of the butchery of mammal carcasses. 350 00:17:49,102 --> 00:17:52,243 We find bones with cut marks on them. 351 00:17:52,278 --> 00:17:55,350 Stone tools scattered around those, so we get evidence 352 00:17:55,384 --> 00:17:57,179 of increasing amounts of meat eating. 353 00:17:57,214 --> 00:18:00,907 If our ancestors, you know, a group of them or just one 354 00:18:00,941 --> 00:18:04,048 were walking across the Savannah and then there would be, you know, 355 00:18:04,083 --> 00:18:08,880 half eaten zebra, it was a great idea to eat it, right? 356 00:18:08,915 --> 00:18:10,399 It was, you know, nutritious. 357 00:18:10,434 --> 00:18:13,022 There was a lot of calories, fat in it. 358 00:18:13,057 --> 00:18:17,475 So once they started trying, you know, somebody tried here and another person there, 359 00:18:17,510 --> 00:18:20,133 they were like, "Hey, you know, it filled my stomach? 360 00:18:20,168 --> 00:18:22,239 It was good and I didn't fall sick." 361 00:18:22,273 --> 00:18:26,484 Most of them, at least. So, you know, it was food. 362 00:18:26,519 --> 00:18:28,659 So that's basically why they started eating it. 363 00:18:28,693 --> 00:18:31,351 And they soon learned 364 00:18:31,386 --> 00:18:34,285 that it was caloric and nutritious and good for them. 365 00:18:34,320 --> 00:18:37,495 And the assumption has been that meat eating 366 00:18:37,530 --> 00:18:39,773 was a critical part of our evolution, 367 00:18:39,808 --> 00:18:41,879 in that it gave us access 368 00:18:41,913 --> 00:18:47,022 to a concentrated source of nutrients which freed up energy for us 369 00:18:47,056 --> 00:18:50,094 to evolve a larger brain. Obviously were opportunistic, 370 00:18:50,129 --> 00:18:52,234 they took what they could from there on. 371 00:18:52,269 --> 00:18:54,788 And there was no single paleo diet. 372 00:18:54,823 --> 00:18:58,620 It was a varied diet and at all times in the past, 373 00:18:58,654 --> 00:19:02,037 certainly, it would have included for humans, probably some meat, 374 00:19:02,071 --> 00:19:05,489 but often not a lot of meat and a lot of vegetable foods. 375 00:19:05,523 --> 00:19:07,180 If you want to take a sort of a big picture 376 00:19:07,215 --> 00:19:09,355 approach to this is to start with Native Americans 377 00:19:09,389 --> 00:19:11,667 before Europeans ever settled in North America. 378 00:19:11,702 --> 00:19:16,396 And, you know, what you found were hunting habits that were quite cyclical, 379 00:19:16,431 --> 00:19:20,573 and the Native Americans would, in many ways, 380 00:19:20,607 --> 00:19:23,817 form semi nomadic communities 381 00:19:23,852 --> 00:19:27,545 that would follow game and certainly not hunt 382 00:19:27,580 --> 00:19:28,650 more than they needed to hunt. 383 00:19:28,684 --> 00:19:32,447 When the Europeans... ran out of land 384 00:19:32,481 --> 00:19:34,587 or saw that their population was growing 385 00:19:34,621 --> 00:19:36,140 to the point where 386 00:19:36,175 --> 00:19:39,868 that just wasn't going to be enough land to raise enough food for everybody, 387 00:19:39,902 --> 00:19:44,907 that was one of the incentives for the so-called "age of exploration." 388 00:19:44,942 --> 00:19:48,394 That's what sent Europeans looking for new land. 389 00:19:48,428 --> 00:19:52,639 And when they got here, they found-- 390 00:19:52,674 --> 00:19:55,815 Always difficult to figure out how to say this, 391 00:19:55,849 --> 00:20:00,613 but they found an indigenous population who were kind of defenseless. 392 00:20:00,647 --> 00:20:03,685 And they took advantage of that. 393 00:20:03,719 --> 00:20:06,688 And one of the biggest genocides in history 394 00:20:06,722 --> 00:20:10,347 happened as the Europeans took over this continent. 395 00:20:10,381 --> 00:20:13,453 They were faced with the biggest, richest, 396 00:20:13,488 --> 00:20:17,492 most naked patch of land that anyone had ever seen, 397 00:20:17,526 --> 00:20:21,254 and they just started tearing it up and farming it like mad. 398 00:20:21,289 --> 00:20:22,842 And the Europeans brought domesticated animals. 399 00:20:22,876 --> 00:20:24,568 A, because they were not very good hunters, 400 00:20:24,602 --> 00:20:26,328 they didn't know the environment very well, 401 00:20:26,363 --> 00:20:27,916 and Europeans very strongly believed 402 00:20:27,950 --> 00:20:31,368 that to domesticate an animal was a sign of cultural superiority. 403 00:20:31,402 --> 00:20:34,819 It meant that you're in control, it meant that you had some stability in your life. 404 00:20:34,854 --> 00:20:37,270 So you didn't have to go diving into the woods 405 00:20:37,305 --> 00:20:40,169 every time you were hungry to shoot an animal. 406 00:20:40,204 --> 00:20:44,312 They actually saw that as being a kind of mark of "savagery". 407 00:20:44,346 --> 00:20:47,729 And back in Europe, hunting was a sport for the elite, it was a game. 408 00:20:47,763 --> 00:20:49,317 Not something you wanted to be dependent on. 409 00:20:49,351 --> 00:20:50,559 So they domesticated animals. 410 00:20:50,594 --> 00:20:53,182 And did actually an extremely good job 411 00:20:53,217 --> 00:20:55,909 of domesticating animals and breeding animals. 412 00:20:55,944 --> 00:21:00,500 PAUL FREEDMAN: We have letters and memoirs from Italian immigrants 413 00:21:00,535 --> 00:21:01,812 in the late 19th century. 414 00:21:01,846 --> 00:21:06,023 One, I think, goes back to her village, 415 00:21:06,057 --> 00:21:08,681 and the people think she's a liar 416 00:21:08,715 --> 00:21:11,753 when she tells them that she eats meat four times a week. 417 00:21:11,787 --> 00:21:13,962 You'd only have eaten the amount that the average 418 00:21:13,996 --> 00:21:18,449 American person eats today, if you were very, very rich. 419 00:21:18,484 --> 00:21:21,314 You know, Henry VIII probably would've exceeded 420 00:21:21,349 --> 00:21:23,696 the average American meat consumption. 421 00:21:23,730 --> 00:21:25,870 But if you're a middle class person, 422 00:21:25,905 --> 00:21:28,701 no way would you be eating this amount. 423 00:21:28,735 --> 00:21:30,875 MCWILLIAMS: Certainly until the early 20th century, 424 00:21:30,910 --> 00:21:33,395 most Americans were both producers and consumers 425 00:21:33,430 --> 00:21:35,363 of the food that they ate. 426 00:21:35,397 --> 00:21:39,712 FREEDMAN: In 1900, something approaching half of the population, 427 00:21:39,746 --> 00:21:44,337 still lived on farms and made their living off of agriculture. 428 00:21:44,372 --> 00:21:47,133 By the end of the 20th century, 429 00:21:47,167 --> 00:21:50,792 no more than 2% of the population lived on farms, 430 00:21:50,826 --> 00:21:55,106 and I think now, in 2018, it's dipped under 1%. 431 00:21:55,141 --> 00:21:56,660 MCWILLIAMS: And there's a lot of good reasons for that. 432 00:21:56,694 --> 00:21:59,145 Farming is an extremely difficult, 433 00:21:59,179 --> 00:22:04,288 unstable material way of living and making a living, 434 00:22:04,323 --> 00:22:05,876 and a lot of Americans, 435 00:22:05,910 --> 00:22:08,085 when they had an opportunity to leave the farm, left the farm. 436 00:22:08,119 --> 00:22:13,746 FREEDMAN: What's different in increasing numbers in the 20th century 437 00:22:13,780 --> 00:22:17,301 are people who haven't the faintest idea what a farm looks like, 438 00:22:17,336 --> 00:22:18,889 except from the Interstate highway. 439 00:22:18,923 --> 00:22:21,029 PETER SINGER: So if we do think about it, 440 00:22:21,063 --> 00:22:24,343 we have this quite pleasant image of the traditional farm 441 00:22:24,377 --> 00:22:27,380 that essentially is obsolete. 442 00:22:27,415 --> 00:22:30,452 I mean, I'm not saying that those farms don't exist at all, 443 00:22:30,487 --> 00:22:34,180 but they produce a tiny, tiny percentage 444 00:22:34,214 --> 00:22:35,906 of the animal products that we eat. 445 00:22:35,940 --> 00:22:38,253 So that's the disassociation I'm talking about 446 00:22:38,287 --> 00:22:42,499 that either we don't think of the meat as an animal at all, 447 00:22:42,533 --> 00:22:45,087 or if we do think of it as an animal, 448 00:22:45,122 --> 00:22:49,333 we think of it as an animal that really largely comes 449 00:22:49,368 --> 00:22:52,405 from a different era of animal production. 450 00:22:55,304 --> 00:22:58,929 MAN: We had to cede authority over the production of food 451 00:22:58,963 --> 00:23:03,347 to people we didn't know, to not just people, but institutions, 452 00:23:03,382 --> 00:23:07,040 organizations, corporations that began to produce our food. 453 00:23:07,075 --> 00:23:10,803 And that's when food kind of became categorized 454 00:23:10,837 --> 00:23:14,323 with a lot of these other goods that were being mass produced, 455 00:23:14,358 --> 00:23:18,224 where the emphasis was on, you know, producing the most 456 00:23:18,258 --> 00:23:21,469 with the least amount of inputs and efficiency and that kind of thing. 457 00:23:21,503 --> 00:23:23,194 MARYN MCKENNA: At about the same time, 458 00:23:23,229 --> 00:23:26,439 for reasons that are kind of just serendipitous, 459 00:23:26,474 --> 00:23:28,855 the early manufacturers of antibiotics 460 00:23:28,890 --> 00:23:31,824 who who had gone after these drugs in order to solve 461 00:23:31,858 --> 00:23:35,414 the worldwide ancient menace of infectious diseases, 462 00:23:35,448 --> 00:23:40,660 discovered that if you gave antibiotics to animals that were not sick, 463 00:23:40,695 --> 00:23:43,870 then it would affect them in kind of mysterious ways. 464 00:23:43,905 --> 00:23:47,080 The first thing it did was it made them put on weight, 465 00:23:47,115 --> 00:23:49,393 muscle weight, meat basically, 466 00:23:49,428 --> 00:23:51,430 much faster than they would have otherwise. 467 00:23:51,464 --> 00:23:53,224 And then they also figured out 468 00:23:53,259 --> 00:23:57,228 that if they gave antibiotics to animals that already seemed to be healthy, 469 00:23:57,263 --> 00:23:58,851 it would keep them healthy. 470 00:23:58,885 --> 00:24:02,371 Even if you crowded a lot of animals in together. 471 00:24:02,406 --> 00:24:05,651 So suddenly, here are these new drugs 472 00:24:05,685 --> 00:24:08,550 that were just kind of new on the market, 473 00:24:08,585 --> 00:24:12,209 promised a way to make meat more cheap. 474 00:24:12,243 --> 00:24:16,731 I don't wanna say Americans began to care less necessarily about their food, 475 00:24:16,765 --> 00:24:18,836 because, I mean, we're always concerned about our food, 476 00:24:18,871 --> 00:24:20,769 particularly the safety of our food, 477 00:24:20,804 --> 00:24:24,497 but it wasn't as ever present because we were not involved in the production of it, 478 00:24:24,532 --> 00:24:29,502 so we were more likely to just kind of eat what was made available to to us. 479 00:24:29,537 --> 00:24:31,055 MCKENNA: Giving antibiotics to animals 480 00:24:31,090 --> 00:24:35,335 had created this whole entire new health threat, 481 00:24:35,370 --> 00:24:42,308 which was antibiotic resistance arising not from the misuse of antibiotics and medicine, 482 00:24:42,342 --> 00:24:46,485 but from misuse of antibiotics in animals that became meat. 483 00:24:46,519 --> 00:24:53,112 A whole new sort of strand or channel or chain of a public health threat 484 00:24:53,146 --> 00:24:56,115 flowing from agriculture in a way that no one had predicted. 485 00:24:56,149 --> 00:24:59,877 We don't really have any sort of ethic. I mean, as a culture, 486 00:24:59,912 --> 00:25:04,054 we don't have any sort of ethic to manage the way 487 00:25:04,088 --> 00:25:07,160 we enter into this world of abundant, cheap food. 488 00:25:07,195 --> 00:25:12,580 And so we have a kind of sense that we can, "A", eat whatever we want to eat 489 00:25:12,614 --> 00:25:14,892 when we want to eat it, that the food should be cheap, 490 00:25:14,927 --> 00:25:16,825 and that food should be safe. 491 00:25:16,860 --> 00:25:21,071 And those are assumptions that for the most part we can get away with having 492 00:25:21,105 --> 00:25:23,073 and most of the time, our food is safe. 493 00:25:23,107 --> 00:25:26,007 Most of the time, Americans eat what they want when they want to eat it, 494 00:25:26,041 --> 00:25:27,802 and most of the time it's cheap. 495 00:25:27,836 --> 00:25:32,669 And that all sounds great until you look at the consequences on the other end. 496 00:25:32,703 --> 00:25:36,638 So within about five years of the first growth promoters being trialed, 497 00:25:37,328 --> 00:25:39,745 500,000 pounds of antibiotics 498 00:25:39,779 --> 00:25:43,956 were being given to livestock in the United States. 499 00:25:43,990 --> 00:25:47,269 In 2015, that number was 34 million pounds. 500 00:25:47,304 --> 00:25:49,513 MAN: Factory farms are poisoning people's water, 501 00:25:49,548 --> 00:25:54,000 they're polluting people's air, they're poisoning the ground. 502 00:25:54,035 --> 00:25:55,554 MCWILLIAMS: Back to where it started here, 503 00:25:55,588 --> 00:26:00,144 it's that when the consumer's so distant from the producer, 504 00:26:00,179 --> 00:26:05,322 the producer makes sure that we see only what the producer wants us to see. 505 00:26:05,356 --> 00:26:07,842 And it's generally a very sort of happy picture. 506 00:26:07,876 --> 00:26:10,672 And, you know, I think one of the... 507 00:26:10,707 --> 00:26:14,814 One of the first things anybody who starts to actually scratch the surface of the food system 508 00:26:14,849 --> 00:26:19,198 realizes is that this is really not a happy picture at all. 509 00:26:19,232 --> 00:26:21,338 I mean, we're kind of trapped in a food system 510 00:26:21,372 --> 00:26:22,615 that is very, very bad for us, 511 00:26:22,650 --> 00:26:25,445 and it happened so quickly, really, 512 00:26:25,480 --> 00:26:28,207 that we're still sort of waking up to the consequences of it. 513 00:26:29,726 --> 00:26:32,245 But this isn't exactly news to most people. 514 00:26:32,280 --> 00:26:34,523 There have been undercover slaughterhouse videos, 515 00:26:34,558 --> 00:26:37,975 lots of information about the pollution coming out of these farms, 516 00:26:38,010 --> 00:26:41,703 serious questions about the health of the food they're producing, 517 00:26:41,738 --> 00:26:44,879 for decades, and none of it has made any difference. 518 00:26:45,880 --> 00:26:47,675 So I wanted to do what seemed practical, 519 00:26:47,709 --> 00:26:49,815 and the basic premise of my approach was simple. 520 00:26:49,849 --> 00:26:51,713 If we can get the average person 521 00:26:51,748 --> 00:26:53,991 who's eating well over 200 pounds of meat each year, 522 00:26:54,026 --> 00:26:55,993 most of which came from factory farms, 523 00:26:56,028 --> 00:26:57,961 to cut back by even a small percentage, 524 00:26:57,995 --> 00:26:59,928 that would make a much greater difference 525 00:26:59,963 --> 00:27:02,103 in terms of number of animals spared for suffering, 526 00:27:02,137 --> 00:27:04,346 environmental impacts, human health issues, 527 00:27:04,381 --> 00:27:06,832 than getting a small number of highly committed people 528 00:27:06,866 --> 00:27:09,075 to go fully vegetarian or vegan. 529 00:27:09,110 --> 00:27:11,906 I thought I'd cracked it. Made perfect sense to me. 530 00:27:11,940 --> 00:27:14,494 But when I spoke about it at an animal rights conference, 531 00:27:14,529 --> 00:27:16,151 it didn't exactly go over well. 532 00:27:16,186 --> 00:27:17,705 They compared me to Donald Trump. 533 00:27:17,739 --> 00:27:19,707 They said it was inappropriate for me to be there, 534 00:27:19,741 --> 00:27:21,605 that I was watering down their message, 535 00:27:21,640 --> 00:27:24,056 even that I was there to co-op their interests on behalf of the meat industry. 536 00:27:25,505 --> 00:27:26,852 Was I missing something? 537 00:27:26,886 --> 00:27:28,647 I wanted to get to the bottom of it. 538 00:27:28,681 --> 00:27:30,683 So the next year, I got a hotel room 539 00:27:30,718 --> 00:27:32,892 and I went back to have some more conversations. 540 00:27:33,721 --> 00:27:34,791 -Hey, Brian. -How you doing? 541 00:27:34,825 --> 00:27:36,378 Thanks for taking the time to meet me. 542 00:27:36,413 --> 00:27:38,587 I'm great. Thank you. If you could just take a seat right here. 543 00:27:38,622 --> 00:27:43,731 I have found in my life that a lot of people simply don't want to go vegan, 544 00:27:43,765 --> 00:27:46,561 and they tell me that they would never go vegan. 545 00:27:46,595 --> 00:27:48,667 And where that's left me is in a position 546 00:27:48,701 --> 00:27:50,841 where I want to tell them something 547 00:27:50,876 --> 00:27:53,913 that's going to make some change in a positive direction. 548 00:27:53,948 --> 00:27:59,781 So what I tell them is that meat consumption isn't an all-or-nothing premise. 549 00:27:59,816 --> 00:28:01,956 If you're not willing to go vegan, 550 00:28:01,990 --> 00:28:03,992 then you should simply cut back 551 00:28:04,027 --> 00:28:06,443 on the amount of animal products that you consume. 552 00:28:06,477 --> 00:28:09,722 And I'm wondering if you think that's an acceptable premise. 553 00:28:09,757 --> 00:28:11,172 And if not, I'd love to know why. 554 00:28:11,206 --> 00:28:13,726 I don't think it's an acceptable premise 555 00:28:13,761 --> 00:28:18,282 to say that one should eat less meat. 556 00:28:18,317 --> 00:28:23,149 Because when we go to slaughterhouses and see the victims, 557 00:28:23,184 --> 00:28:24,737 the animal victims, 558 00:28:24,772 --> 00:28:27,809 every individual matters, every single one. 559 00:28:27,844 --> 00:28:31,364 Just like every human matters, like in a human rights, 560 00:28:31,399 --> 00:28:37,681 And I think that we need to speak the truth. 561 00:28:37,716 --> 00:28:41,167 Those individual animals do not want to die. 562 00:28:41,202 --> 00:28:45,793 And I think there's a power in just saying that. 563 00:28:45,827 --> 00:28:48,381 Animal rights activists are coming at this 564 00:28:48,416 --> 00:28:49,969 from a very ethical perspective 565 00:28:50,004 --> 00:28:52,006 that animals have a right to live. 566 00:28:52,040 --> 00:28:56,700 And supporting any level of slaughter is wrong. 567 00:28:56,735 --> 00:29:00,773 Even if the animals are hypothetically treated well up until that point, 568 00:29:00,808 --> 00:29:02,982 there's an objection to the act of killing. 569 00:29:03,017 --> 00:29:06,537 Right. Arguably, your dog is treated really well at home. 570 00:29:06,572 --> 00:29:09,368 Would you feel comfortable slaughtering and eating your dog? 571 00:29:10,127 --> 00:29:11,439 Well, the best way to understand 572 00:29:11,473 --> 00:29:16,064 carnism is through sort of a thought experiment. 573 00:29:16,099 --> 00:29:18,342 So just imagine you're a guest at a dinner party 574 00:29:18,377 --> 00:29:21,794 and you're eating a delicious beef stew. 575 00:29:21,829 --> 00:29:24,314 And so you decide to ask your host for the recipe, 576 00:29:24,348 --> 00:29:27,144 and she tells you that the secret is in the meat. 577 00:29:27,179 --> 00:29:32,218 You need to use three pounds of well marinated golden retriever. 578 00:29:33,185 --> 00:29:35,497 So your response is an example of carnism. 579 00:29:35,532 --> 00:29:39,812 Carnism is the invisible belief system or ideology 580 00:29:39,847 --> 00:29:43,402 that conditions us to eat certain animals. 581 00:29:43,436 --> 00:29:50,374 Carnism is why we find cows and pigs and chickens, for example, appetizing, 582 00:29:50,409 --> 00:29:52,652 and the idea of eating dogs and cats 583 00:29:52,687 --> 00:29:57,347 and other animals that we haven't been socialized to think of as edible, 584 00:29:57,381 --> 00:29:58,900 as disgusting. 585 00:29:58,935 --> 00:30:01,006 BRIAN: Part of the challenge is that people feel 586 00:30:01,040 --> 00:30:03,318 somewhat removed from these systems. 587 00:30:03,353 --> 00:30:05,907 And I know, I grew up in Staten Island, New York, 588 00:30:05,942 --> 00:30:08,496 I never felt like when I walked into a supermarket, 589 00:30:08,530 --> 00:30:13,639 when I was purchasing pork loin or a steak or drumstick, 590 00:30:13,673 --> 00:30:16,849 that I was supporting violence. 591 00:30:16,884 --> 00:30:19,576 For some people, that's a big leap. 592 00:30:19,610 --> 00:30:21,889 Um, can you appreciate that? 593 00:30:21,923 --> 00:30:24,270 Oh, you know, most of us grow up, 594 00:30:24,305 --> 00:30:28,309 and we're unaware of the impacts of our actions, 595 00:30:28,343 --> 00:30:32,692 and we are removed and I think it's intentional. 596 00:30:32,727 --> 00:30:37,387 And so, in a sense, consumers are also disempowered 597 00:30:37,421 --> 00:30:40,666 and were discouraged from thinking and paying attention. 598 00:30:40,700 --> 00:30:43,876 And in fact, there are systems and laws, ag-gag laws, 599 00:30:43,911 --> 00:30:45,567 so that we can't see what is happening. 600 00:30:45,602 --> 00:30:49,433 I think I was charged for giving water to thirsty pigs 601 00:30:49,468 --> 00:30:52,920 because the industry wanted us to go away. 602 00:30:52,954 --> 00:30:55,577 We were getting a lot of attention 603 00:30:55,612 --> 00:31:01,652 for doing this act of mercy, like the videos that we had of these incidents went viral. 604 00:31:01,687 --> 00:31:04,966 And so the slaughterhouse industry 605 00:31:05,001 --> 00:31:07,900 asked drivers to call the police 606 00:31:07,935 --> 00:31:09,937 next time they see us giving water, 607 00:31:09,971 --> 00:31:11,973 and most drivers were unwilling to do this. 608 00:31:12,008 --> 00:31:14,044 But there was one driver, Jeff, 609 00:31:14,079 --> 00:31:16,426 who decided to, you know, jump out of his cab and he said, 610 00:31:16,460 --> 00:31:19,360 "Don't give them water." And I said, you know, 611 00:31:19,394 --> 00:31:24,917 "Jesus said if someone is thirsty, give them water." 612 00:31:24,952 --> 00:31:27,782 And then he said, "They're not humans, you dumb, frickin' broad." 613 00:31:27,816 --> 00:31:31,234 And I said, you know, "If the pigs are thirsty, they'll get water." 614 00:31:31,268 --> 00:31:33,167 And then he said, I'll call the police." And I said... 615 00:31:33,201 --> 00:31:34,962 JEFF: What are you doing? 911. 616 00:31:34,996 --> 00:31:38,103 "Call Jesus," and I continued to give water, 617 00:31:38,137 --> 00:31:40,829 and he said he'd slap the bottle out of my hand, 618 00:31:40,864 --> 00:31:42,521 and the pigs were still coming to us, 619 00:31:42,555 --> 00:31:46,939 like, literally coming to the water bottle despite this confrontation, 620 00:31:46,974 --> 00:31:48,423 and then he just drove off. 621 00:31:48,458 --> 00:31:50,943 And then nothing happened for, like, six weeks. 622 00:31:50,978 --> 00:31:55,258 And then a police officer came to my home and issued a summons 623 00:31:55,292 --> 00:31:59,469 and with a charge of criminal mischief, interference with property. 624 00:31:59,987 --> 00:32:01,574 And did you win? 625 00:32:01,609 --> 00:32:04,474 In the end, the judge said that I didn't interfere with property 626 00:32:04,508 --> 00:32:07,201 'cause the property still went to the slaughterhouse. 627 00:32:07,235 --> 00:32:09,858 So there were no-- It wasn't a legal victory. 628 00:32:09,893 --> 00:32:13,379 I mean, we were hoping that the judge would 629 00:32:13,414 --> 00:32:18,005 make an progressive ruling on the fact that pigs are not property 630 00:32:18,039 --> 00:32:21,249 and that they're persons, but that wasn't the case, 631 00:32:21,284 --> 00:32:24,114 so my charges were dropped, but we did not make a legal-- 632 00:32:24,149 --> 00:32:26,289 There was no legal victory in terms of the pigs. 633 00:32:26,323 --> 00:32:30,534 All of us in society have a duty to not look away 634 00:32:30,569 --> 00:32:33,123 when someone's suffering but to come close and try to help. 635 00:32:33,158 --> 00:32:34,814 So the purpose of the Save Movement 636 00:32:34,849 --> 00:32:36,782 is to change the cultural norm 637 00:32:36,816 --> 00:32:39,267 so that everyone sees it as natural 638 00:32:39,302 --> 00:32:41,787 and their duty to bear witness. 639 00:32:41,821 --> 00:32:45,618 And so, as in, I don't identify as an animal rights activist, 640 00:32:45,653 --> 00:32:52,142 but you think it would be good for me if I participated in something like that? 641 00:32:52,177 --> 00:32:54,731 -A vigil? -I think you would, um... 642 00:32:54,765 --> 00:32:58,907 I think you would identify as an activist after you bear witness. 643 00:32:58,942 --> 00:33:01,324 Is there an opportunity for me to go to one? 644 00:33:01,358 --> 00:33:06,087 We have a vigil tonight, at Farmer John. 645 00:33:06,122 --> 00:33:08,779 It's in downtown LA. 646 00:33:08,814 --> 00:33:11,782 And they kill 4,000 pigs a day, 647 00:33:11,817 --> 00:33:18,410 and I invite you to come and see what impact it has on you. 648 00:33:18,444 --> 00:33:21,930 I'm nervous. I think it's scary. 649 00:33:21,965 --> 00:33:24,140 And it's odd and weird in a way. 650 00:33:24,174 --> 00:33:29,076 And it's hard to imagine myself doing that. 651 00:33:29,110 --> 00:33:32,424 But I'd like to think about it, and maybe I'll come. 652 00:33:32,458 --> 00:33:36,359 Think about the animals like, do you love animals? 653 00:33:36,876 --> 00:33:38,050 -I do. -Okay. 654 00:33:38,085 --> 00:33:41,536 So I think they want your compassionate eyes 655 00:33:41,571 --> 00:33:45,954 to be there and they want your assistance. 656 00:33:45,989 --> 00:33:47,784 Does it make a difference? Me being there? 657 00:33:47,818 --> 00:33:51,029 You're gonna be a different person after you go there. 658 00:33:58,622 --> 00:34:02,488 BRIAN: If you would have told me five years ago 659 00:34:02,523 --> 00:34:08,046 that I would be witnessing pigs on their way to get slaughtered, 660 00:34:08,080 --> 00:34:10,807 I would have thought you were absolutely insane. 661 00:34:10,841 --> 00:34:12,153 WOMAN: [OVER PA] So how it works, 662 00:34:12,188 --> 00:34:16,364 we have people in front of the slaughterhouse gate. 663 00:34:16,399 --> 00:34:18,228 Those are our gatekeepers. 664 00:34:18,263 --> 00:34:21,197 They're the ones responsible for stopping the trucks. 665 00:34:21,231 --> 00:34:25,373 The drivers will stop when they see people standing in front of the gate. 666 00:34:25,408 --> 00:34:27,996 Once the truck comes to a complete stop, 667 00:34:28,031 --> 00:34:32,139 that's when we approach with our water bottles and water sprayers, 668 00:34:32,173 --> 00:34:35,176 and our gentle, calm voices. 669 00:34:35,901 --> 00:34:37,868 And we're looking for snouts. 670 00:34:37,903 --> 00:34:42,114 Do not start spraying or pouring water inside the truck. 671 00:34:42,149 --> 00:34:43,667 Look for a snout. 672 00:34:43,702 --> 00:34:46,222 If you don't see a snout, it's not your turn to give water. 673 00:35:12,800 --> 00:35:14,422 WOMAN 2: We need water over here. 674 00:35:43,417 --> 00:35:47,352 OFFICER: Careful. Careful. That truck is not gonna stop. 675 00:35:49,561 --> 00:35:52,184 -That truck is not gonna stop. -MAN 2: Don't step up. 676 00:35:52,219 --> 00:35:53,737 WOMAN 3: Stay where you are. 677 00:36:21,593 --> 00:36:23,353 BRIAN: The most painful part... 678 00:36:26,080 --> 00:36:27,495 was making... 679 00:36:28,565 --> 00:36:32,155 dead eye contact with one of the pigs. 680 00:36:32,190 --> 00:36:38,334 I don't know why, but I feel like I'll never forget that look. 681 00:36:39,714 --> 00:36:44,167 And it's just an indescribable feeling 682 00:36:44,202 --> 00:36:51,312 of making eye contact with another being that is suffering. 683 00:36:51,347 --> 00:36:53,625 And there's nothing you can do to help them. 684 00:36:53,659 --> 00:36:57,353 And it's a very painful feeling. 685 00:36:57,387 --> 00:37:00,218 And I think anyone who was here... 686 00:37:01,460 --> 00:37:03,359 whether or not they're vegan or vegetarian, 687 00:37:03,393 --> 00:37:06,224 just if they're a decent human being 688 00:37:06,258 --> 00:37:08,812 would feel the same way, and it's not right. 689 00:37:12,954 --> 00:37:14,266 It's not right. 690 00:37:18,960 --> 00:37:20,686 It's a very lonely feeling. 691 00:37:26,244 --> 00:37:28,487 And I think what I'm most worried about 692 00:37:28,522 --> 00:37:30,800 is that I'll never be the same 693 00:37:30,834 --> 00:37:33,458 for having gone through this experience and that... 694 00:37:36,288 --> 00:37:40,119 it'll just be hard to connect with others in the same way 695 00:37:40,154 --> 00:37:42,190 who haven't had this experience 696 00:37:42,225 --> 00:37:44,469 because it's such a unique 697 00:37:44,503 --> 00:37:47,299 disturbing experience that... 698 00:37:47,334 --> 00:37:49,128 you know, I thought it would be similar 699 00:37:49,163 --> 00:37:52,442 to like watching a factory farming video, but it's not. 700 00:37:52,477 --> 00:37:54,306 There's something about being here, 701 00:37:54,341 --> 00:37:58,517 the sounds of the pigs squealing are awful. 702 00:37:58,552 --> 00:38:03,281 I mean, they're just so painful to hear and the smell, 703 00:38:03,315 --> 00:38:05,179 it smells awful, 704 00:38:05,213 --> 00:38:08,078 and it's just so pathetic, too. 705 00:38:08,113 --> 00:38:15,189 I mean, these animals are putting out their snouts through these holes 706 00:38:15,223 --> 00:38:19,227 just to find a little bit of water, 707 00:38:19,262 --> 00:38:21,851 and the whole thing is just so pathetic. 708 00:38:23,162 --> 00:38:25,579 It's sad. It's awful. 709 00:38:25,613 --> 00:38:28,444 And I don't know what the answer is moving forward, 710 00:38:28,478 --> 00:38:30,411 but I know that this is not the way. 711 00:38:30,446 --> 00:38:32,862 This is not the way, it just doesn't make sense. 712 00:38:46,841 --> 00:38:48,671 I mean, look at this. Look at this... 713 00:38:48,705 --> 00:38:54,193 this smiling happy pig with a fucking baseball hat on. 714 00:38:54,228 --> 00:38:56,368 I mean, it's just ridiculous. 715 00:38:57,404 --> 00:39:00,476 And where the trees, you know? Where... [SCOFFS] 716 00:39:00,510 --> 00:39:02,995 We're in the middle of fucking nowhere. 717 00:39:05,170 --> 00:39:06,654 Oh... 718 00:39:08,518 --> 00:39:12,108 It's just... in the middle of nowhere. 719 00:39:13,937 --> 00:39:15,387 And it's... 720 00:39:17,216 --> 00:39:18,528 It's fucking audacious 721 00:39:18,563 --> 00:39:21,013 because the slaughterhouse is right here, 722 00:39:21,048 --> 00:39:27,572 and so to have this mural that depicts something that's so joyous and happy 723 00:39:27,606 --> 00:39:31,472 is so devious and frustrating. 724 00:39:50,733 --> 00:39:52,804 That experience definitely made me feel 725 00:39:52,838 --> 00:39:56,911 a lot more sympathetic to the activists that protested me. 726 00:39:56,946 --> 00:39:58,982 If everyone could see what I had seen here, 727 00:39:59,017 --> 00:40:01,122 would that be enough to end factory farming? 728 00:40:02,814 --> 00:40:06,334 SIMON: I think a mistake that a lot 729 00:40:06,369 --> 00:40:07,957 of activists tend to make 730 00:40:07,991 --> 00:40:10,684 is that it's just a simple matter of information. 731 00:40:10,718 --> 00:40:12,479 That if people just knew, 732 00:40:12,513 --> 00:40:15,378 you know, how animals were treated on factory farms 733 00:40:15,413 --> 00:40:18,139 or how much, you know, excess beef production 734 00:40:18,174 --> 00:40:21,315 is destroying the environment or even that saturated fat 735 00:40:21,349 --> 00:40:23,110 is harmful for our hearts, 736 00:40:23,144 --> 00:40:24,594 that people would just switch 737 00:40:24,629 --> 00:40:25,871 from eating meats to plants. 738 00:40:25,906 --> 00:40:27,908 It's that simple, provide information. 739 00:40:27,942 --> 00:40:31,359 But what that fails to take into account 740 00:40:31,394 --> 00:40:34,293 is the incredible, powerful role 741 00:40:34,328 --> 00:40:38,056 that the environment and marketing plays 742 00:40:38,090 --> 00:40:41,577 and that the environment that people live in every day 743 00:40:41,611 --> 00:40:44,165 shapes their every day food choices. 744 00:40:44,200 --> 00:40:46,305 NESTLE: There are problems with factory farms that 745 00:40:46,340 --> 00:40:47,410 everybody knows about 746 00:40:47,445 --> 00:40:48,963 but nobody's doing anything about them 747 00:40:48,998 --> 00:40:52,035 because of the pressure to keep the cost of food 748 00:40:52,070 --> 00:40:53,140 as low as possible. 749 00:40:53,174 --> 00:40:56,143 So it's not just a matter of, oh, I hear information, 750 00:40:56,177 --> 00:40:57,558 and then I go make a change, 751 00:40:57,593 --> 00:40:58,904 if every single day, 752 00:40:58,939 --> 00:41:00,906 the first thing they see when they walk out the door 753 00:41:00,941 --> 00:41:02,736 is a McDonald's, or a Burger King, 754 00:41:02,770 --> 00:41:05,497 or a Dunkin' Donuts, or a Baskin-Robbins. 755 00:41:05,532 --> 00:41:07,982 Why wouldn't they eat there? It's right there. 756 00:41:08,017 --> 00:41:10,329 It's convenient, it's cheap, and it tastes good. 757 00:41:10,364 --> 00:41:14,333 And those are the three most powerful drivers of food choices. 758 00:41:14,368 --> 00:41:15,887 Taste, price, and convenience. 759 00:41:15,921 --> 00:41:18,303 Do I think factory farms are good thing? 760 00:41:18,337 --> 00:41:20,685 No, I mean, I've seen them. 761 00:41:21,686 --> 00:41:23,515 I don't want to eat that way. 762 00:41:23,550 --> 00:41:26,760 I'm in a very privileged position 763 00:41:26,794 --> 00:41:29,141 to be able to make that decision. 764 00:41:29,176 --> 00:41:31,074 Not everybody is, 765 00:41:31,109 --> 00:41:36,114 and I'm careful about what I advocate for. 766 00:41:36,148 --> 00:41:38,323 Because if it raises the cost, 767 00:41:38,357 --> 00:41:42,983 if eliminating factory farms raised the cost of food 768 00:41:43,017 --> 00:41:47,401 beyond which most people in the country could afford, 769 00:41:47,435 --> 00:41:50,024 um, that would not be a good thing. 770 00:41:50,059 --> 00:41:53,165 There are trade-offs here that are complicated, 771 00:41:53,200 --> 00:41:55,409 and I don't think the issues are black and white. 772 00:41:55,443 --> 00:41:57,445 I think there's a lot of grays. 773 00:41:57,480 --> 00:41:59,965 BRIAN: Do these food access issues affect 774 00:42:00,000 --> 00:42:02,105 different populations differently? 775 00:42:02,140 --> 00:42:05,143 Does it matter what race you are or wealth you have 776 00:42:05,177 --> 00:42:08,284 in terms of access to fruits and vegetables? 777 00:42:09,147 --> 00:42:10,044 I believe it does. 778 00:42:10,079 --> 00:42:12,668 I believe, depending on where you live, 779 00:42:12,702 --> 00:42:15,049 your zip code determines the quality 780 00:42:15,084 --> 00:42:18,018 of fruits and vegetables you're going to receive. 781 00:42:18,466 --> 00:42:20,641 Far too many 782 00:42:20,676 --> 00:42:25,335 quality stores and supermarkets 783 00:42:25,370 --> 00:42:29,719 really don't believe that inner city communities 784 00:42:29,754 --> 00:42:32,653 would like that quality of food. 785 00:42:33,481 --> 00:42:35,414 That's why you don't see 786 00:42:35,449 --> 00:42:39,522 a Whole Foods in Brownsville. 787 00:42:39,557 --> 00:42:41,144 You see it in Park Slope. 788 00:42:41,179 --> 00:42:43,871 OLYMPIA AUSET: So 23.5 million Americans 789 00:42:43,906 --> 00:42:45,632 live in what are called food deserts. 790 00:42:45,666 --> 00:42:47,012 It means that you're about 791 00:42:47,047 --> 00:42:50,015 two miles away from a supermarket, 792 00:42:50,050 --> 00:42:52,604 and that's interesting statistic to hear, 793 00:42:52,639 --> 00:42:53,847 but how that translates 794 00:42:53,881 --> 00:42:55,745 is that the things that are around you 795 00:42:55,780 --> 00:42:58,679 and available for you to eat most easily 796 00:42:58,714 --> 00:43:02,027 are fast food places and liquor stores. 797 00:43:02,062 --> 00:43:05,237 So these are environments where it's really hard to get 798 00:43:05,272 --> 00:43:06,791 tomatoes and avocados like... 799 00:43:06,825 --> 00:43:09,069 You and I may feel really... 800 00:43:09,103 --> 00:43:11,727 It may feel natural for us to just, "Oh, I'm going to have an apple," 801 00:43:11,761 --> 00:43:13,176 or, "I'm going to make this smoothie 802 00:43:13,211 --> 00:43:15,144 that includes bananas, et cetera." 803 00:43:15,178 --> 00:43:16,663 But there are places where it's hard 804 00:43:16,697 --> 00:43:19,251 to get the ingredients for a healthy life. 805 00:43:19,286 --> 00:43:21,633 And there's usually triple the death rates 806 00:43:21,668 --> 00:43:23,601 from preventable disease. 807 00:43:23,635 --> 00:43:26,638 ADAMS: We cannot continue to allow 808 00:43:26,673 --> 00:43:30,677 the affluent areas of our country 809 00:43:30,711 --> 00:43:35,405 to have the best quality fresh fruits and vegetables, 810 00:43:35,440 --> 00:43:37,269 and then in the inner cities, 811 00:43:37,304 --> 00:43:38,823 we have just the opposite. 812 00:43:38,857 --> 00:43:42,033 AUSET: In South LA, there are 1.3 million residents 813 00:43:42,067 --> 00:43:44,069 and there are only 60 grocery stores. 814 00:43:44,104 --> 00:43:46,416 So we are in South LA right now. 815 00:43:46,451 --> 00:43:48,246 Um, if you're on the west side, 816 00:43:49,350 --> 00:43:52,526 there are maybe 660,000 people 817 00:43:52,560 --> 00:43:54,045 and there are 57 grocery stores. 818 00:43:54,079 --> 00:43:56,254 Usually in a more affluent area, 819 00:43:56,288 --> 00:44:00,396 there's double the amount of grocery stores as in a less affluent area. 820 00:44:00,430 --> 00:44:01,949 The Brownsvilles, 821 00:44:01,984 --> 00:44:04,296 the South Side of Chicago, 822 00:44:04,331 --> 00:44:07,437 the Liberty City of Miami, 823 00:44:07,472 --> 00:44:10,682 the Compton of California. 824 00:44:10,717 --> 00:44:13,409 They should have the quality food, 825 00:44:13,443 --> 00:44:18,310 just as some of the prestigious area of the country. 826 00:44:18,345 --> 00:44:20,243 AUSET: So, the thing that we do is we make 827 00:44:20,278 --> 00:44:21,555 fresh food affordable 828 00:44:21,589 --> 00:44:24,938 in places where it's hard to find and hard to afford. 829 00:44:24,972 --> 00:44:27,492 So every week we do pop-ups 830 00:44:27,526 --> 00:44:29,183 of organic produce affordably. 831 00:44:29,218 --> 00:44:32,911 We accept EBT And we do education 832 00:44:32,946 --> 00:44:35,189 to show people how to use the food as well. 833 00:44:35,224 --> 00:44:38,641 So, the big thing is just making fresh food affordable 834 00:44:38,676 --> 00:44:39,815 to the people who need it most, 835 00:44:39,849 --> 00:44:41,679 and the places that need it most. 836 00:44:41,713 --> 00:44:45,786 If we don't do that, then we are using food 837 00:44:45,821 --> 00:44:49,031 as an apartheid system. 838 00:44:49,065 --> 00:44:51,619 That would not allow those inner cities 839 00:44:51,654 --> 00:44:53,552 to have quality food. 840 00:44:53,587 --> 00:44:55,209 They can't have junk food 841 00:44:55,244 --> 00:44:57,833 while affluent areas have Whole Foods. 842 00:44:57,867 --> 00:45:00,490 That is not the way America should be. 843 00:45:00,525 --> 00:45:02,354 I'm a really creative person, 844 00:45:02,389 --> 00:45:04,115 and there are a lot of things 845 00:45:04,149 --> 00:45:07,463 that I think that I'm capable of doing. 846 00:45:07,497 --> 00:45:10,846 And sometimes I get upset that this is even a problem. 847 00:45:10,880 --> 00:45:13,055 I think something as simple as food-- 848 00:45:13,089 --> 00:45:14,988 It's kind of like, you know, I'm young, 849 00:45:15,022 --> 00:45:19,613 like I'm 27 and you look around 850 00:45:19,647 --> 00:45:21,511 at the planet you've inherited, 851 00:45:21,546 --> 00:45:23,859 and you see some of the things going on and you're like, 852 00:45:23,893 --> 00:45:25,930 "How did humans even mess this up?" 853 00:45:25,964 --> 00:45:28,035 You know what I mean? Like, it's really simple. 854 00:45:28,070 --> 00:45:30,072 Fruits and vegetables should be around. 855 00:45:30,106 --> 00:45:32,730 We've been growing food for thousands of years. 856 00:45:32,764 --> 00:45:34,041 How do we get to the point 857 00:45:34,076 --> 00:45:36,561 where there's all these resources available to us, 858 00:45:36,595 --> 00:45:39,840 and we're in a perfect position to be able to feed everyone, 859 00:45:39,875 --> 00:45:42,360 and there's not food for people. 860 00:45:45,432 --> 00:45:46,778 BRIAN: This is terrible. 861 00:45:46,813 --> 00:45:48,538 Getting people to eat more veggies 862 00:45:48,573 --> 00:45:50,506 and less meat seems impossible. 863 00:45:50,540 --> 00:45:53,474 For all these forces at play that make the default choice, 864 00:45:53,509 --> 00:45:54,821 a meaty one. 865 00:45:54,855 --> 00:45:57,168 But what if we could provide an alternative meat? 866 00:45:57,202 --> 00:45:59,653 One that doesn't come from a factory farm? 867 00:45:59,687 --> 00:46:00,999 What options are out there? 868 00:46:03,105 --> 00:46:06,142 Is there a meaningful difference between 869 00:46:06,177 --> 00:46:10,215 a factory farm and an ideal farm 870 00:46:10,250 --> 00:46:13,494 or, more generally, a non-factory farm? 871 00:46:13,529 --> 00:46:16,739 There's a significant difference between a factory farm 872 00:46:16,774 --> 00:46:19,293 and, a higher welfare certified farm. 873 00:46:19,328 --> 00:46:23,263 And to be clear, higher welfare certified is a broad term, 874 00:46:23,297 --> 00:46:25,817 and there's a spectrum underneath that. 875 00:46:25,852 --> 00:46:27,715 And there are three certifications 876 00:46:27,750 --> 00:46:29,510 that we believe are meaningful 877 00:46:29,545 --> 00:46:31,478 and offer a significant improvement 878 00:46:31,512 --> 00:46:32,686 for farm animals lives 879 00:46:32,720 --> 00:46:35,068 above a factory farming situation. 880 00:46:35,102 --> 00:46:37,518 Both because they set standards 881 00:46:37,553 --> 00:46:40,038 that are appropriate for animals, 882 00:46:40,073 --> 00:46:41,937 physical and natural and emotional needs, 883 00:46:41,971 --> 00:46:43,628 but also because there's a level 884 00:46:43,662 --> 00:46:45,733 of transparency and accountability 885 00:46:45,768 --> 00:46:48,081 that just doesn't exist in factory farming. 886 00:46:48,115 --> 00:46:50,117 In fact, it characterizes factory farming 887 00:46:50,152 --> 00:46:52,050 to have nobody looking at these animals 888 00:46:52,085 --> 00:46:55,157 and to have the complete freedom to do whatever they want. 889 00:46:56,089 --> 00:47:00,127 So, for example, Thanksgiving is coming up 890 00:47:00,162 --> 00:47:03,027 and I've been wrestling with this discomfort 891 00:47:03,061 --> 00:47:05,892 because on the one hand I would prefer 892 00:47:05,926 --> 00:47:07,341 it'd be a plant based meal. 893 00:47:07,376 --> 00:47:09,792 And on the other hand, I don't believe 894 00:47:09,827 --> 00:47:13,831 I can force people to do exactly what I want. 895 00:47:13,865 --> 00:47:15,625 And it hadn't even occurred to me 896 00:47:15,660 --> 00:47:19,215 that I could perhaps 897 00:47:20,561 --> 00:47:24,393 work with that person or even provide a turkey 898 00:47:24,427 --> 00:47:26,809 that did not come from a factory farm 899 00:47:26,844 --> 00:47:29,053 but came from another source. 900 00:47:30,019 --> 00:47:31,918 You got to get to White Oak. [CHUCKLES] 901 00:47:32,401 --> 00:47:33,402 What's White Oak? 902 00:47:33,436 --> 00:47:35,473 White Oak Farms 903 00:47:37,026 --> 00:47:39,580 is a pretty incredible farm down in Bluffton, Georgia, 904 00:47:39,615 --> 00:47:43,688 where they raise at least seven species out on pasture. 905 00:47:43,722 --> 00:47:48,727 They are certified humane Global Animal Partnership stepped five, I believe, 906 00:47:48,762 --> 00:47:50,557 and Animal Welfare Approved. 907 00:47:50,591 --> 00:47:52,800 They have every certification under the sun. 908 00:47:52,835 --> 00:47:55,907 And, while it still involves an animal dying, 909 00:47:55,942 --> 00:47:58,392 if there's going to be a turkey on the table, 910 00:47:58,427 --> 00:48:01,879 I believe it's very important, especially around the holiday, 911 00:48:01,913 --> 00:48:04,157 when people are really thinking carefully 912 00:48:04,191 --> 00:48:08,195 about the food to center that meal on, 913 00:48:08,230 --> 00:48:09,921 you know, certainly plant based food 914 00:48:09,956 --> 00:48:12,096 to the extent that you can 915 00:48:12,130 --> 00:48:15,582 but also on animals that lived a decent life. 916 00:48:16,548 --> 00:48:17,722 While there's still time, 917 00:48:17,756 --> 00:48:20,000 we may have to turn this into a Portlandiaepisode 918 00:48:20,035 --> 00:48:22,658 -where I go visit White Oaks Farm. -Yeah. [LAUGHS] 919 00:48:36,361 --> 00:48:40,987 When you're a 63-year-old Southern rancher, 920 00:48:41,021 --> 00:48:42,436 you talk like this. 921 00:48:43,058 --> 00:48:44,991 People put you in a box. 922 00:48:45,025 --> 00:48:48,028 -Politically and socially. -Hm. 923 00:48:48,063 --> 00:48:50,582 And you know, I don't fit in the box. 924 00:48:50,617 --> 00:48:53,240 I'm a Second Amendment guy 925 00:48:53,275 --> 00:48:56,416 with a gay dog that you better not fuck with. 926 00:48:57,831 --> 00:48:58,970 Absolutely not in general. 927 00:48:59,005 --> 00:49:00,040 But especially with those in the background. 928 00:49:00,075 --> 00:49:02,801 [LAUGHS] I won't. 929 00:49:02,836 --> 00:49:07,013 So today White Oak Pastures, my farm, 930 00:49:07,047 --> 00:49:10,016 is focused on animal welfare, 931 00:49:10,050 --> 00:49:11,776 regenerative land management 932 00:49:11,810 --> 00:49:16,022 and the rural revival of this little community. 933 00:49:16,056 --> 00:49:19,370 And you can't have one without the other. 934 00:49:19,404 --> 00:49:21,303 I was very successful financially 935 00:49:21,337 --> 00:49:23,615 raising cattle industrially. 936 00:49:23,650 --> 00:49:26,101 We live very comfortably. 937 00:49:26,135 --> 00:49:28,068 We have no debt. 938 00:49:28,103 --> 00:49:30,519 And we pay taxes every year. 939 00:49:30,553 --> 00:49:34,005 My view on animal welfare during that era 940 00:49:34,040 --> 00:49:38,665 was if you keep the animal well fed, 941 00:49:39,873 --> 00:49:41,979 plenty of good, clean water 942 00:49:42,013 --> 00:49:44,671 with a comfortable temperature range, 943 00:49:44,705 --> 00:49:47,053 is safe from predation, 944 00:49:47,087 --> 00:49:48,226 and you don't intentionally 945 00:49:48,261 --> 00:49:50,159 inflict pain and suffering on it. 946 00:49:50,918 --> 00:49:52,023 That's good. I'm all for it. 947 00:49:52,058 --> 00:49:53,542 You can't do any better than that. 948 00:49:54,439 --> 00:49:55,647 Except it's not. 949 00:49:57,408 --> 00:49:58,409 During the era 950 00:49:58,443 --> 00:50:01,170 that we industrialized animal production... 951 00:50:01,205 --> 00:50:04,208 By "we", I mean my father's generation and mine. 952 00:50:04,242 --> 00:50:06,865 We were so focused on efficiency, 953 00:50:06,900 --> 00:50:09,109 lowering cost of production 954 00:50:09,144 --> 00:50:12,664 that we came to ignore the fact 955 00:50:12,699 --> 00:50:16,116 that animals need to be able 956 00:50:16,151 --> 00:50:18,981 to express instinctive behavior. 957 00:50:19,016 --> 00:50:22,743 You know, chickens need to scratch and pick. 958 00:50:22,778 --> 00:50:25,056 Cows need to roam and graze. 959 00:50:25,091 --> 00:50:27,990 Hogs need to root and wallow. 960 00:50:28,025 --> 00:50:29,509 You see it's inbuilt. 961 00:50:31,097 --> 00:50:32,960 BRIAN: And so you think of their lives 962 00:50:32,995 --> 00:50:35,032 as being net positive. 963 00:50:35,066 --> 00:50:36,861 They're living happy. 964 00:50:36,895 --> 00:50:41,038 HARRIS: They are able to express instinctive behavior. 965 00:50:41,072 --> 00:50:42,487 And yes, that's what's important. 966 00:50:43,868 --> 00:50:45,318 We feed them, there's feed 967 00:50:45,352 --> 00:50:50,047 those feeders a Non-GMO grain mix. 968 00:50:50,081 --> 00:50:54,603 We feed Non-GMO grain to our pigs and poultry. 969 00:50:54,637 --> 00:50:58,089 We do not feed grain at all to our ruminants 970 00:50:58,124 --> 00:50:59,884 that's cows, sheep, and goats. 971 00:50:59,918 --> 00:51:01,196 They forage only. 972 00:51:01,230 --> 00:51:05,303 Do they each have different personalities? 973 00:51:05,338 --> 00:51:06,994 Can you kind of sense that in them? 974 00:51:07,029 --> 00:51:09,066 Well, you know, we probably got 2,000 pigs. 975 00:51:09,100 --> 00:51:11,206 -Okay. -So I don't-- You know-- 976 00:51:11,240 --> 00:51:13,139 It would be disingenuous for me to say that 977 00:51:13,173 --> 00:51:15,175 I know all of them and they have names. 978 00:51:15,210 --> 00:51:17,177 That's not-- We manage. 979 00:51:17,212 --> 00:51:20,491 You see that he has not been castrated. 980 00:51:20,525 --> 00:51:21,871 See his testicles in the back. 981 00:51:23,252 --> 00:51:25,496 No physical alterations. 982 00:51:25,530 --> 00:51:30,432 You know, we don't cut teeth or claws. 983 00:51:30,466 --> 00:51:34,125 I tell people, we used to castrate everything born on this farm 984 00:51:34,160 --> 00:51:36,541 that wasn't named Harris. 985 00:51:36,576 --> 00:51:38,716 -[BRIAN CHUCKLES] -HARRIS: Now we don't cut anything. 986 00:51:38,750 --> 00:51:44,929 You know, I have the peer reviewed third party, 987 00:51:44,963 --> 00:51:47,759 uh, ecological work done on this farm 988 00:51:47,794 --> 00:51:53,040 showing that my holistic management system 989 00:51:53,075 --> 00:51:56,285 using animal impact has actually benefited 990 00:51:56,320 --> 00:52:00,255 this land dramatically over the last 20 years. 991 00:52:00,289 --> 00:52:02,153 In terms of organic matter. 992 00:52:02,188 --> 00:52:04,190 In terms of water holding capacity. 993 00:52:04,224 --> 00:52:06,157 In terms of microbial activity. 994 00:52:06,192 --> 00:52:07,262 BRIAN: And they seem happy. 995 00:52:07,296 --> 00:52:08,780 I think of my dog, Toby. 996 00:52:08,815 --> 00:52:10,506 We live in a somewhat small apartment. 997 00:52:10,541 --> 00:52:12,750 Toby spends most of her life in the apartment. 998 00:52:12,784 --> 00:52:14,338 We take her for walks, 999 00:52:14,372 --> 00:52:16,167 but here, you know, 1000 00:52:16,202 --> 00:52:18,445 the pigs get to be free... 1001 00:52:18,480 --> 00:52:20,585 That's interesting, that's interesting. 1002 00:52:20,620 --> 00:52:22,656 -I 'm glad you brought that up. -Tell me. 1003 00:52:22,691 --> 00:52:27,489 HARRIS: So your exposure to animal relationships 1004 00:52:27,523 --> 00:52:30,216 -is limited to-- What's that dog's name? -Toby. 1005 00:52:30,250 --> 00:52:32,356 Toby. That one relation with Toby. 1006 00:52:32,390 --> 00:52:35,980 Or who ever came before Toby and who ever comes after Toby. 1007 00:52:36,014 --> 00:52:38,396 When you think about animals and people, 1008 00:52:38,431 --> 00:52:40,812 you think about you and Toby. 1009 00:52:40,847 --> 00:52:44,437 For me, my relationship with animals is so complex, 1010 00:52:44,471 --> 00:52:47,578 I have livestock like these pigs 1011 00:52:47,612 --> 00:52:50,684 and I love them in a certain way. 1012 00:52:52,479 --> 00:52:55,931 I have work animals like my horse 1013 00:52:55,965 --> 00:52:57,243 and my guardian dogs, 1014 00:52:57,277 --> 00:53:00,280 and my herding dogs. I love them in a different way. 1015 00:53:00,315 --> 00:53:03,939 I got a companion dog Judge who you met earlier. 1016 00:53:03,973 --> 00:53:05,596 I love him like you love Toby. 1017 00:53:05,630 --> 00:53:07,149 Same relationship. 1018 00:53:07,184 --> 00:53:09,358 I got wildlife on this farm 1019 00:53:09,393 --> 00:53:11,567 that I love in a very different way. 1020 00:53:12,327 --> 00:53:13,983 These microbes in the soil 1021 00:53:14,018 --> 00:53:16,572 I love in a very different way. 1022 00:53:16,607 --> 00:53:19,886 So I am unapologetic about the fact 1023 00:53:19,920 --> 00:53:25,926 that I allow these animals to breed naturally. 1024 00:53:27,376 --> 00:53:32,899 We grow them in amount of that is, uh, very humane. 1025 00:53:32,933 --> 00:53:37,214 It allows them to express all their instinctive behavior. 1026 00:53:37,248 --> 00:53:41,908 And we choose when to slaughter them. 1027 00:53:41,942 --> 00:53:43,461 But when we do slaughter them, 1028 00:53:43,496 --> 00:53:47,707 we do it ourselves in our own farm plant. 1029 00:53:47,741 --> 00:53:51,055 You know, these animals have never been hauled anywhere. 1030 00:53:51,089 --> 00:53:53,091 They walk. They're really well bred. 1031 00:53:53,126 --> 00:53:56,336 They walk right up there to be slaughtered in that plant. 1032 00:53:56,888 --> 00:53:58,373 Dr. Temple Grandin. 1033 00:53:58,407 --> 00:53:59,719 -You know that name? -BRIAN: I do. 1034 00:53:59,753 --> 00:54:01,686 -HARRIS: Temple Grandin. -BRIAN: Tell us about her. 1035 00:54:01,721 --> 00:54:05,276 Doc Grandin, who I know personally, 1036 00:54:05,311 --> 00:54:11,834 is the inarguable expert internationally 1037 00:54:11,869 --> 00:54:15,493 on humane animal handling and slaughter. 1038 00:54:15,528 --> 00:54:17,357 We differ in some little points, 1039 00:54:17,392 --> 00:54:19,808 but she knows more than I do. 1040 00:54:19,842 --> 00:54:23,501 And she designed that plant to be as humane as possible. 1041 00:54:24,261 --> 00:54:25,745 And I've been with-- 1042 00:54:25,779 --> 00:54:28,782 Unfortunately, been with people when they died... 1043 00:54:30,128 --> 00:54:31,889 of old age. 1044 00:54:31,923 --> 00:54:34,581 Or malady or injury. 1045 00:54:34,616 --> 00:54:37,584 Uh, I'm happy to take you up there and let you see 1046 00:54:37,619 --> 00:54:39,414 these animals being slaughtered. 1047 00:54:39,448 --> 00:54:41,519 When I go, I hope I go like that. 1048 00:54:42,348 --> 00:54:44,350 I believe that my animals 1049 00:54:45,351 --> 00:54:49,941 lose their life in a much more humane way 1050 00:54:49,976 --> 00:54:53,980 than anything I've ever seen die outside this farm. 1051 00:54:54,014 --> 00:54:56,431 And that was one hard part for me 1052 00:54:56,465 --> 00:54:59,330 was I have been outside of a slaughterhouse. 1053 00:54:59,365 --> 00:55:04,093 We were waiting for pigs that were in trucks 1054 00:55:04,128 --> 00:55:07,580 and I think they had to come from a very far distance. 1055 00:55:07,614 --> 00:55:12,585 And I was with animal activists who were spraying water 1056 00:55:12,619 --> 00:55:15,346 -into the trucks because-- -They needed it. 1057 00:55:15,381 --> 00:55:16,968 They needed it and they're thirsty. 1058 00:55:17,348 --> 00:55:19,730 And so, uh, 1059 00:55:19,764 --> 00:55:22,595 that's currently my only reference for... 1060 00:55:22,629 --> 00:55:24,528 Well, let's go in there now. 1061 00:55:24,562 --> 00:55:26,323 You can film in here anywhere 1062 00:55:26,357 --> 00:55:28,359 except the actual slaughter. 1063 00:55:28,394 --> 00:55:31,535 You can go in there. 1064 00:55:31,569 --> 00:55:33,985 But, you know, we just It's just not respectful 1065 00:55:34,020 --> 00:55:37,575 to animal to... film that. 1066 00:55:37,610 --> 00:55:39,784 -But you can see it. Anybody can see it. -Sure. 1067 00:55:39,819 --> 00:55:41,510 But you can film anything except that. 1068 00:55:41,545 --> 00:55:44,789 -That's the only area... -[BRIAN LAUGHS] 1069 00:55:44,824 --> 00:55:46,791 HARRIS: ...where there's not full transparency. 1070 00:55:46,826 --> 00:55:50,485 And there's transparency there's just not... Not, you know... 1071 00:55:50,519 --> 00:55:52,245 It just doesn't seem right to me. 1072 00:55:52,279 --> 00:55:53,695 BRIAN: I understand. 1073 00:55:53,729 --> 00:55:57,354 You know, I don't want you to film me when I'm defecating. 1074 00:55:58,320 --> 00:55:59,494 And neither do I-- 1075 00:55:59,528 --> 00:56:00,943 I'm not a pretty person when that happens either. 1076 00:56:00,978 --> 00:56:02,807 -So, I can appreciate that. -[HARRIS CHUCKLES] Yeah. 1077 00:56:02,842 --> 00:56:05,362 HARRIS: Just everybody deserves a little bit of dignity and respect. 1078 00:58:15,319 --> 00:58:16,631 HARRIS: How you doing? 1079 00:59:02,021 --> 00:59:04,230 BRIAN: Truthfully, I wasn't entirely comfortable 1080 00:59:04,264 --> 00:59:06,612 with all that I had seen in the slaughterhouse, 1081 00:59:06,646 --> 00:59:08,061 but I have to hand it to Will 1082 00:59:08,096 --> 00:59:10,477 for even letting me take a camera in there. 1083 00:59:10,512 --> 00:59:12,134 Still, I had a bigger question. 1084 00:59:12,169 --> 00:59:14,965 In the same country that eats one 110 billion dollars 1085 00:59:14,999 --> 00:59:16,518 worth of fast food each year, 1086 00:59:16,553 --> 00:59:19,348 we're one in eight people eat fast food every single day 1087 00:59:19,383 --> 00:59:22,351 and where most people buy factory farm meat in supermarkets. 1088 00:59:22,386 --> 00:59:25,423 Would it really work to replace those industrial farms 1089 00:59:25,458 --> 00:59:26,632 with farms like this? 1090 00:59:27,253 --> 00:59:28,703 Would people pay more? 1091 00:59:28,737 --> 00:59:31,498 Maybe if we are really to end factory farming, 1092 00:59:31,533 --> 00:59:33,155 we'll need an easier solution. 1093 00:59:33,915 --> 00:59:35,675 People like eating meat. 1094 00:59:35,710 --> 00:59:37,815 I mean, one of the things that fascinates me 1095 00:59:37,850 --> 00:59:39,506 about the vegan world 1096 00:59:39,541 --> 00:59:42,233 is how much the vegan world 1097 00:59:42,268 --> 00:59:44,063 wants artificial meats. 1098 00:59:44,097 --> 00:59:45,029 They miss it. 1099 00:59:45,582 --> 00:59:47,514 That's weird to me. 1100 00:59:47,549 --> 00:59:49,171 I don't understand that. 1101 00:59:49,206 --> 00:59:52,519 You know, I think you can eat a perfectly adequate diet 1102 00:59:52,554 --> 00:59:54,107 and never eat meat at all. 1103 00:59:54,142 --> 00:59:56,006 I don't see anything wrong with that. 1104 00:59:56,040 --> 00:59:58,111 But why have to have artificial meats. 1105 00:59:58,146 --> 00:59:59,423 I don't understand it. 1106 00:59:59,457 --> 01:00:01,908 BROWN: So, we did this study with the University of Michigan. 1107 01:00:01,943 --> 01:00:07,189 They did a life cycle analysis of our entire production process 1108 01:00:07,224 --> 01:00:10,192 including supply-chain then came back with some 1109 01:00:10,227 --> 01:00:13,023 actually startling statistics about the environmental impact 1110 01:00:13,057 --> 01:00:15,577 of what we're doing better than I thought they would be. 1111 01:00:15,612 --> 01:00:17,096 And so water is a great example. 1112 01:00:17,130 --> 01:00:21,065 We use 99% less water than a conventional beef burger. 1113 01:00:21,100 --> 01:00:24,551 That just shocked me, you know. And then 93% less land. 1114 01:00:24,586 --> 01:00:27,278 And this is where I got to pause for a second, because when you think about 1115 01:00:27,313 --> 01:00:32,111 the American farmer and you think about, they have lets say 100 acres. 1116 01:00:32,145 --> 01:00:34,492 If they can produce the same amount of burgers, 1117 01:00:34,527 --> 01:00:36,874 right, with only seven acres, 1118 01:00:36,909 --> 01:00:41,154 they have 93% of their land or 93 additional acres 1119 01:00:41,189 --> 01:00:43,467 to do something else with their own income, right. 1120 01:00:43,501 --> 01:00:47,678 But then you look at climate, you know the emissions 1121 01:00:47,713 --> 01:00:51,199 that we're producing are 90% less 1122 01:00:51,233 --> 01:00:53,132 in terms of greenhouse gas emissions than the emissions 1123 01:00:53,166 --> 01:00:55,375 from a conventional burger and, lastly, energy. 1124 01:00:55,410 --> 01:00:58,482 We spent half the amount of energy, so it's pretty impactful. 1125 01:00:58,516 --> 01:01:00,242 MIYOKO SCHINNER: This is going to be the biggest 1126 01:01:00,277 --> 01:01:01,692 extinction in history. 1127 01:01:01,727 --> 01:01:05,696 We're going to be losing all sorts of species over the next 50 years. 1128 01:01:05,731 --> 01:01:07,629 It's absolutely frightening. 1129 01:01:07,664 --> 01:01:10,149 And so we have to start thinking about that. 1130 01:01:10,183 --> 01:01:14,463 We have to become responsible as leaders in the food industry. 1131 01:01:14,498 --> 01:01:17,570 We have to start taking responsibility for our actions, 1132 01:01:17,604 --> 01:01:21,263 for the food that we put out and the food that we create 1133 01:01:21,298 --> 01:01:27,891 has to invite people, entice people, inspire people to eat a better diet. 1134 01:01:28,823 --> 01:01:30,997 ELIZONDO: Food is emotional. 1135 01:01:31,032 --> 01:01:34,000 It's so tied to culture, you know. I'm Mexican. 1136 01:01:34,035 --> 01:01:40,524 You know, we grew up eating very iconic dishes, right. 1137 01:01:40,558 --> 01:01:45,805 Often times you have cheese or eggs 1138 01:01:45,840 --> 01:01:51,017 or meat as a core part of that dish. 1139 01:01:51,052 --> 01:01:55,815 So it's very... I think it's difficult for most people 1140 01:01:55,850 --> 01:01:58,197 because when you tell them to eat something differently, 1141 01:01:58,231 --> 01:02:02,788 it's like they're making a tradeoff, right? Okay, if I don't eat, 1142 01:02:02,822 --> 01:02:05,273 you know, eggs, that means I can't have, 1143 01:02:05,307 --> 01:02:06,999 you know, the cookies that my grandma used to make 1144 01:02:07,033 --> 01:02:09,035 when we were little and when we were growing up. 1145 01:02:09,070 --> 01:02:12,245 So in the same way that brewers use yeast 1146 01:02:12,280 --> 01:02:15,317 to convert sugar into alcohol to make beer and wine, 1147 01:02:15,352 --> 01:02:18,907 or the way that bakers use yeast to convert sugar into carbon dioxide 1148 01:02:18,942 --> 01:02:22,048 to leaven bread, yeast can also convert 1149 01:02:22,083 --> 01:02:23,636 that same sugar but into protein. 1150 01:02:23,670 --> 01:02:26,812 And so we are able to produce proteins, like egg proteins, 1151 01:02:26,846 --> 01:02:31,540 to be able to replace eggs and other ingredients in those kinds of products. 1152 01:02:31,575 --> 01:02:35,786 Because meat is so intricate, the process of building it 1153 01:02:35,821 --> 01:02:37,926 from plants is pretty complex. 1154 01:02:38,720 --> 01:02:40,860 You know, it starts with a canvas. 1155 01:02:40,895 --> 01:02:44,036 And that canvas for us is the structure of the protein. 1156 01:02:44,070 --> 01:02:48,109 And so we create that platform or that canvas 1157 01:02:48,143 --> 01:02:51,629 by stitching together the protein that we get from plants 1158 01:02:51,664 --> 01:02:56,186 into the structure of muscle, roughly from the human centric perspective. 1159 01:02:56,220 --> 01:02:58,947 And so we begin with that canvas, which is, uh, 1160 01:02:58,982 --> 01:03:01,847 the structure of the protein, and then you think about, 1161 01:03:01,881 --> 01:03:04,401 how do I make the flavor and aroma of meat, 1162 01:03:04,435 --> 01:03:08,370 which is so intimate to humans and our relationship with meat. 1163 01:03:08,405 --> 01:03:11,926 It's so familiar to us. And once we identify those, 1164 01:03:11,960 --> 01:03:15,308 we then try to match those implants, we try to find 1165 01:03:15,343 --> 01:03:19,002 analogous molecules in plants and then bring them together 1166 01:03:19,036 --> 01:03:22,177 in a way that with heating, 1167 01:03:22,212 --> 01:03:25,215 and with the release of aroma and the release of flavor, 1168 01:03:25,249 --> 01:03:27,562 they communicate to the human sensory experience 1169 01:03:27,596 --> 01:03:31,911 in the same way that those molecules would in animal protein. 1170 01:03:31,946 --> 01:03:35,397 So what do you think about plant based meats 1171 01:03:35,432 --> 01:03:38,849 or, increasingly, the idea of cultured meat? 1172 01:03:38,884 --> 01:03:42,853 Lab based artificial meats are off my radar. 1173 01:03:42,888 --> 01:03:44,027 They're artificial. 1174 01:03:45,511 --> 01:03:46,857 And I'm not interested. 1175 01:03:46,892 --> 01:03:53,174 I'd rather eat meat from an animal that was raised under conditions-- 1176 01:03:53,208 --> 01:03:55,452 Under the best possible conditions. 1177 01:03:55,486 --> 01:03:58,765 And that meat is available to somebody like me 1178 01:03:58,800 --> 01:04:00,560 who has enough money to pay for it. 1179 01:04:00,595 --> 01:04:05,324 As a public health physician whose job has always been human health, 1180 01:04:05,358 --> 01:04:08,016 I've reached the conclusion that if we don't deal with the impact 1181 01:04:08,051 --> 01:04:09,155 we're having on the planet, 1182 01:04:09,190 --> 01:04:12,676 every other aspect of human health is moot. 1183 01:04:12,710 --> 01:04:16,197 There are no healthy people on an uninhabitable planet. 1184 01:04:19,579 --> 01:04:24,101 Is there a difference between cell-based meat and conventional meat? 1185 01:04:24,136 --> 01:04:27,070 At the cell level, when you look at it, it will be the same. 1186 01:04:27,104 --> 01:04:28,761 Except that, since we control everything 1187 01:04:28,795 --> 01:04:32,178 about the environment that the cell is in, we can make it better. 1188 01:04:32,213 --> 01:04:35,354 So there's only so much that you can manipulate an animal 1189 01:04:35,388 --> 01:04:37,735 to give you a better tasting meat, 1190 01:04:37,770 --> 01:04:39,254 because an animal hasn't evolved 1191 01:04:39,289 --> 01:04:42,154 to give you tasty meat, it's evolved to keep us all healthy 1192 01:04:42,188 --> 01:04:43,810 and to proliferate its own genes. 1193 01:04:43,845 --> 01:04:46,917 In our case, we're able to control the entire environment 1194 01:04:46,952 --> 01:04:48,539 the cell is in. 1195 01:04:48,574 --> 01:04:51,163 So the pH, the dissolved oxygen, the temperature, et cetera. 1196 01:04:51,197 --> 01:04:55,339 We control all the amino acids, fatty acids, salts, minerals, things like that. 1197 01:04:55,374 --> 01:04:57,824 They go into the cell and then everything that comes out the cell, 1198 01:04:57,859 --> 01:05:02,346 which means we can make the food, the cell taste better 1199 01:05:02,381 --> 01:05:04,348 and be healthier than anything that's already out there. 1200 01:05:04,383 --> 01:05:06,488 And of course it will be more sustainable as well. 1201 01:05:07,869 --> 01:05:08,766 BRIAN: What is that? 1202 01:05:08,801 --> 01:05:10,285 So this is the flask where the cells are on. 1203 01:05:10,320 --> 01:05:11,562 You can't see them with your naked eye, 1204 01:05:11,597 --> 01:05:13,771 but there's a ton of cells in the bottom of this. 1205 01:05:13,806 --> 01:05:17,361 And this is the media here. This red liquid is all the nutrients 1206 01:05:17,396 --> 01:05:22,366 that the cells need to grow to proliferate, to move around. 1207 01:05:22,401 --> 01:05:26,025 And this flask is just a surface room to grow on. 1208 01:05:26,060 --> 01:05:29,339 SPEARS: Last July we went and visited a pig in Marin 1209 01:05:29,373 --> 01:05:31,134 which is just north of San Francisco. 1210 01:05:31,168 --> 01:05:33,964 And we took a very small biopsy from the pig, live pig. 1211 01:05:33,999 --> 01:05:35,517 She ran off into the farm yard. 1212 01:05:35,552 --> 01:05:38,382 So we came back here to Indiebio where our labs are. 1213 01:05:38,417 --> 01:05:41,592 And we take those cells and we begin to multiply them. 1214 01:05:41,627 --> 01:05:42,973 So we proliferate the cells. 1215 01:05:43,008 --> 01:05:45,182 And so that took a few weeks. 1216 01:05:45,217 --> 01:05:48,358 And then you have a certain mass of cells, 1217 01:05:48,392 --> 01:05:51,430 and then you separate them and you induce them into muscle and fat. 1218 01:05:51,464 --> 01:05:53,466 And then at that point, you can combine them together 1219 01:05:53,501 --> 01:05:55,123 and you essentially have ground meat. 1220 01:05:55,158 --> 01:05:56,883 In our case, ground pork or minced pork. 1221 01:05:56,918 --> 01:05:59,645 And then we took that and we made sausages with them. 1222 01:05:59,679 --> 01:06:00,611 I don't think people are used 1223 01:06:00,646 --> 01:06:04,270 to thinking about meat in terms of eating cells. 1224 01:06:08,965 --> 01:06:11,277 So yeah, I think, actually, if you ask people, 1225 01:06:11,312 --> 01:06:12,382 "What do think about chemicals?" 1226 01:06:12,416 --> 01:06:13,831 Right? They think chemicals are bad. 1227 01:06:13,866 --> 01:06:16,869 But everything is chemicals, right? You, me, the air. 1228 01:06:16,903 --> 01:06:18,215 -Right. -Food is chemicals. 1229 01:06:18,250 --> 01:06:20,735 Like, if it's not chemicals, it's not matter. 1230 01:06:20,769 --> 01:06:22,806 -[LAUGHS] -So the same thing with a lot of cells, right? 1231 01:06:22,840 --> 01:06:25,395 People might think cells are bad, but we're made of cells. 1232 01:06:25,429 --> 01:06:29,019 Our food is made of cells. Apples, meats... 1233 01:06:29,054 --> 01:06:32,057 Most of anything we eat is made of cells. 1234 01:06:32,091 --> 01:06:37,786 BRIAN: I know some people are skeptical about 1235 01:06:37,821 --> 01:06:40,306 cell-based fish, in that to them, 1236 01:06:40,341 --> 01:06:42,412 it resonates as a processed food. 1237 01:06:42,446 --> 01:06:46,795 -Hm. -I mean, you can understand. 1238 01:06:46,830 --> 01:06:50,558 "Do we really want to have our food come from a lab," they might say. 1239 01:06:50,592 --> 01:06:55,080 I used to be a beer seller, it's like a sommelier, 1240 01:06:55,114 --> 01:06:57,116 but for beers it's called a cicerone. 1241 01:06:57,151 --> 01:06:59,049 And I've been on a million brewery tours, 1242 01:06:59,084 --> 01:07:00,809 and on an any given brewery tour, 1243 01:07:00,844 --> 01:07:03,881 you can find somewhere in the brewery a place where you've got scientists 1244 01:07:03,916 --> 01:07:06,367 in white lab coats doing experiments. 1245 01:07:06,401 --> 01:07:08,610 And what they're doing is like, figuring out new flavors, 1246 01:07:08,645 --> 01:07:10,647 and new ways to make different types of beer. 1247 01:07:10,681 --> 01:07:13,063 But then, that beer is produced in a brewery 1248 01:07:13,098 --> 01:07:14,858 and that's not called lab-grown beer. 1249 01:07:14,892 --> 01:07:17,619 Our process is similar, we do our research in a laboratory 1250 01:07:17,654 --> 01:07:19,380 and then our production in a facility. 1251 01:07:19,414 --> 01:07:22,831 And so, if we're like "lab-grown fish", they're lab-grown beer. 1252 01:07:22,866 --> 01:07:27,008 And in fact, most snacks anybody eats are tested and prototyped 1253 01:07:27,043 --> 01:07:29,079 in a lab and then produced in a facility. 1254 01:07:29,114 --> 01:07:32,462 So if, you know, like, chips aren't lab-grown chips, 1255 01:07:32,496 --> 01:07:34,326 we're not lab-gown anything either. 1256 01:07:34,360 --> 01:07:37,122 The insulin protein used to come from pigs. 1257 01:07:37,156 --> 01:07:42,610 In order for a diabetic to get their insulin, 1258 01:07:42,644 --> 01:07:47,063 you had to kill a pig, extract the insulin from the pancreas, 1259 01:07:47,097 --> 01:07:49,375 purify it and inject it into people. 1260 01:07:49,410 --> 01:07:55,071 And that's how every diabetic got their insulin protein from prior to the 1980s'. 1261 01:07:55,105 --> 01:08:03,009 And you needed over 51,000 pigs to make one kilo of insulin. 1262 01:08:03,044 --> 01:08:05,046 So it was incredibly inefficient technology 1263 01:08:05,081 --> 01:08:10,120 to make this very functional, useful protein for the world. 1264 01:08:10,155 --> 01:08:14,642 Fast forward to today, almost all insulin is made using fermentation. 1265 01:08:14,676 --> 01:08:17,058 SELDEN: Basically anything you can think of or find online 1266 01:08:17,093 --> 01:08:20,682 about like 3D printing organs, that also is applicable to this field. 1267 01:08:20,717 --> 01:08:23,409 Because, basically what we're doing is 3D printing organs 1268 01:08:23,444 --> 01:08:26,240 just instead of trying to get more and more detailed 1269 01:08:26,274 --> 01:08:27,689 to make something more and more functional. 1270 01:08:27,724 --> 01:08:32,073 We just need it to be much cheaper and much faster. 1271 01:08:32,108 --> 01:08:35,318 It strikes me as I'm speaking to you that we're talking so much 1272 01:08:35,352 --> 01:08:36,698 about how the products are made, 1273 01:08:36,733 --> 01:08:39,425 but when I think about convectional animal products, 1274 01:08:39,460 --> 01:08:41,496 I never really thought about how those are made, 1275 01:08:41,531 --> 01:08:43,602 and when I think about it, I'm not particularly happy. 1276 01:08:43,636 --> 01:08:50,816 And I don't think most consumers really understand how we go from a cow 1277 01:08:50,850 --> 01:08:52,783 to let's say, a steak. 1278 01:08:52,818 --> 01:08:56,580 It may just be that if these products exist, and they're delicious, 1279 01:08:56,615 --> 01:08:58,548 and they're affordable that people will just eat them, 1280 01:08:58,582 --> 01:09:04,692 and they're not going to even bother to care about what feels like fancy words to me, 1281 01:09:04,726 --> 01:09:08,592 like, a bio-reactor, or a scaffolding, or cell lines and so on. 1282 01:09:08,627 --> 01:09:10,284 Yeah, you know, I really agree with that. 1283 01:09:10,318 --> 01:09:14,357 We're not gonna take, you know, any effort to conceal what we're doing. 1284 01:09:14,391 --> 01:09:17,463 We're not going to hide it. We really want it to be available, 1285 01:09:17,498 --> 01:09:20,915 but it doesn't seem like people are that interested in how their food is made. 1286 01:09:20,949 --> 01:09:23,331 And so I don't think we're gonna lean on this as messaging 1287 01:09:23,366 --> 01:09:26,472 when we, you know, bring this to the public. 1288 01:09:26,507 --> 01:09:29,199 It's interesting, like, we're, you know, often asked, like, 1289 01:09:29,234 --> 01:09:32,582 exactly how this process works and people really, really want to know, 1290 01:09:32,616 --> 01:09:35,619 but they never seem to ask how their actual food right now is made. 1291 01:09:35,654 --> 01:09:37,380 And they really don't seem very interested in that. 1292 01:09:37,414 --> 01:09:40,521 I feel like if we have all this, you know, in-depth coverage 1293 01:09:40,555 --> 01:09:43,144 of exactly what we do, why do they have ag-gag laws? 1294 01:09:43,179 --> 01:09:47,010 Why are we not allowed to film inside of the places that they actually produce food? 1295 01:09:47,044 --> 01:09:48,839 It seems like an unequal playing field. 1296 01:09:48,874 --> 01:09:55,536 I've seen conflicting data around the environmental footprint of cell-based meat. 1297 01:09:55,570 --> 01:09:58,953 Why is there so much confusion about that? 1298 01:09:58,987 --> 01:10:00,782 And is there really a confusion? 1299 01:10:00,817 --> 01:10:03,682 Are you referring to the very recent study that came out this week? 1300 01:10:17,005 --> 01:10:19,076 So that study in particular looked 1301 01:10:19,111 --> 01:10:23,771 at the environmental effect of cell culture meat on climate change 1302 01:10:23,805 --> 01:10:25,773 on a 1,000 year horizon. 1303 01:10:25,807 --> 01:10:27,050 One thousand years. 1304 01:10:27,084 --> 01:10:30,950 Our method of producing meat is very highly reliant on energy, 1305 01:10:30,985 --> 01:10:35,645 and they use an energy system which is reliant on fossil fuels. 1306 01:10:35,679 --> 01:10:38,786 So in their study, they say energy comes from fossil fuels 1307 01:10:38,820 --> 01:10:41,271 which emits a tremendous amount of CO2. 1308 01:10:41,306 --> 01:10:44,274 All of human society right now is predicated on the idea that we'll be off 1309 01:10:44,309 --> 01:10:45,724 of fossil fuels within a decade or two. 1310 01:10:45,758 --> 01:10:47,864 And so, a lot of the cell-based meat industry, 1311 01:10:47,898 --> 01:10:49,831 in terms of it being good for the environment 1312 01:10:49,866 --> 01:10:52,248 is very much predicated on the idea that we're going to be 1313 01:10:52,282 --> 01:10:53,939 off of fossil fuels. 1314 01:10:53,973 --> 01:10:56,907 But what's great about it is that it's giving us the potential to do that, 1315 01:10:56,942 --> 01:10:59,393 'cause right now, especially with land animals like cows, 1316 01:10:59,427 --> 01:11:00,635 there isn't a method. 1317 01:11:00,670 --> 01:11:03,362 So if you're using them, we can try and reduce, 1318 01:11:03,397 --> 01:11:05,157 but we're never a actually going to hit a point 1319 01:11:05,191 --> 01:11:10,300 where we can just use clean energy to power a cow, whereas this, you can. 1320 01:11:13,234 --> 01:11:14,925 BRIAN: More people have gone to... 1321 01:11:14,960 --> 01:11:17,549 -JONES: The moon. -BRIAN: The moon than have tried this. 1322 01:11:17,583 --> 01:11:18,791 Amazing. 1323 01:11:38,363 --> 01:11:40,296 -It tastes just like chicken. -Yeah. 1324 01:11:42,436 --> 01:11:44,334 I love everybody's first reaction to it. 1325 01:11:44,369 --> 01:11:46,302 There's like a little bit of a surprise shock 1326 01:11:46,336 --> 01:11:48,959 on how good it actually tastes. 1327 01:11:51,479 --> 01:11:53,895 We're always still trying to work on it. 1328 01:11:53,930 --> 01:11:57,209 Texturally, we still think we can continue to improve it, 1329 01:11:57,243 --> 01:12:00,074 but the flavor profile is fantastic. 1330 01:12:00,108 --> 01:12:03,180 It tastes really good, and I know it's very simple 1331 01:12:03,215 --> 01:12:06,011 to say that it just tastes like chicken but it really does. 1332 01:12:06,045 --> 01:12:08,254 JONES: That's the best complement we can get. 1333 01:12:08,289 --> 01:12:09,601 That means we're doing it. 1334 01:12:15,123 --> 01:12:17,436 BROWN: You will see the quick-serve restaurant industry 1335 01:12:17,471 --> 01:12:20,508 transition in this direction in a way that's really significant. 1336 01:12:20,543 --> 01:12:23,166 You're seeing it with Car's Jr. and they've been an amazing partner. 1337 01:12:23,200 --> 01:12:25,858 And A&W in Canada, they've been absolutely outstanding. 1338 01:12:25,893 --> 01:12:29,655 Their businesses are booming with respect to these sales. 1339 01:12:29,690 --> 01:12:31,277 So they're are seeing that. And you'll see 1340 01:12:31,312 --> 01:12:33,521 the rest of the industry come along. 1341 01:12:33,556 --> 01:12:35,765 I think that there's very little reason 1342 01:12:35,799 --> 01:12:38,699 to continue to use animal protein in a fast-food setting. 1343 01:12:38,733 --> 01:12:40,839 I mean, it's really about the whole experience. 1344 01:12:40,873 --> 01:12:43,082 And we can provide plant-based meat 1345 01:12:43,117 --> 01:12:48,156 that provides every bit of satisfaction to the consumers in those settings. 1346 01:12:48,191 --> 01:12:50,676 What I'm hearing is a theme of meeting people where they are 1347 01:12:50,711 --> 01:12:54,715 because, you know, I would love it if my parents, for example, 1348 01:12:54,749 --> 01:12:57,131 -ate a vegetable on occasion. -Right. 1349 01:12:57,165 --> 01:13:00,617 But if they're going to be making a decision around meat, 1350 01:13:00,652 --> 01:13:03,896 I would rather them have a plant-based meat, like "Beyond Meat" 1351 01:13:03,931 --> 01:13:06,347 than have meat from a factory farm. 1352 01:13:06,382 --> 01:13:08,349 And that's the sense that I'm getting from you. 1353 01:13:08,384 --> 01:13:11,801 Yeah, absolutely. I mean, it's all about... 1354 01:13:13,906 --> 01:13:17,427 So what happens when people that you really love and care about 1355 01:13:17,462 --> 01:13:20,361 just don't see this issue, right? 1356 01:13:20,396 --> 01:13:21,983 You know, do you dismiss them? 1357 01:13:22,018 --> 01:13:24,330 You know, do you circle the wagons and say, 1358 01:13:24,365 --> 01:13:26,885 "I'm only gonna hang out with people who think just like me," 1359 01:13:26,919 --> 01:13:28,990 or do you, as you say, meet people where they are? 1360 01:13:31,130 --> 01:13:35,928 BRIAN: Not long after this, something I had never expected to happen happened. 1361 01:13:37,827 --> 01:13:40,485 So I feel like a lot has changed since the last time 1362 01:13:40,519 --> 01:13:42,659 we were at a table and talked about our diets. 1363 01:13:42,694 --> 01:13:44,868 Forty-five pounds have vanished into thin air, 1364 01:13:44,903 --> 01:13:46,939 that's one thing. It really is amazing. 1365 01:13:46,974 --> 01:13:48,182 How did it happen? 1366 01:13:48,216 --> 01:13:50,529 The whole key is health. 1367 01:13:50,564 --> 01:13:52,324 People should be concerned about their own health. 1368 01:13:52,358 --> 01:13:54,499 It's critical, especially as you get older. 1369 01:13:54,533 --> 01:13:55,948 When you're younger, you can get away with it. 1370 01:13:55,983 --> 01:13:58,192 -So what would you say to someone-- -Don't be a schmuck. 1371 01:13:58,226 --> 01:14:00,332 -But you were a schmuck a couple of years ago. -Absolutely. 1372 01:14:00,366 --> 01:14:03,853 That's amazing. I feel very hopeful for the first time. 1373 01:14:03,887 --> 01:14:05,544 -It's incredible. -That's funny. 1374 01:14:05,579 --> 01:14:07,063 So how do you get people to change? 1375 01:14:07,097 --> 01:14:09,479 I thought I was in good health. That's the amazing thing. 1376 01:14:09,514 --> 01:14:12,068 That's what I don't understand. How could you think that? You were slightly overweight, 1377 01:14:12,102 --> 01:14:13,449 -you had Type 2 diabetes. -A person could think they're rich 1378 01:14:13,483 --> 01:14:15,071 and then they win the lottery. 1379 01:14:15,105 --> 01:14:16,555 You get used to a certain thing. 1380 01:14:16,590 --> 01:14:18,488 I guess I was healthier than a lot of my friends. 1381 01:14:18,523 --> 01:14:20,525 I still felt okay. 1382 01:14:20,559 --> 01:14:23,113 -Okay. -But I was 40 pounds overweight. 1383 01:14:23,148 --> 01:14:25,806 And looking back, I used to get tired. I thought it was normal, 1384 01:14:25,840 --> 01:14:27,497 as you get older that you get tired. 1385 01:14:27,532 --> 01:14:29,879 I feel better now at 67, almost 68, 1386 01:14:29,913 --> 01:14:31,397 -than I did at 40. -But what did you do? 1387 01:14:31,432 --> 01:14:33,330 What's happened since? You look thinner. 1388 01:14:33,365 --> 01:14:36,057 First of all, when you're thinner, you have more energy. 1389 01:14:36,092 --> 01:14:37,611 It's like carrying around the bowling ball. 1390 01:14:37,645 --> 01:14:39,164 I don't know how I did it all those years. 1391 01:14:39,198 --> 01:14:41,856 But you get used to it. You don't know the difference. 1392 01:14:41,891 --> 01:14:45,273 -I even think clearer. -But what happened? 1393 01:14:45,308 --> 01:14:47,897 A change in my diet changed my life. 1394 01:14:47,931 --> 01:14:49,001 What did you do? 1395 01:14:49,036 --> 01:14:52,280 So I gradually ate less meat. That's the essence of it. 1396 01:14:52,315 --> 01:14:55,318 And when you eat less meat, you eat more vegetables. 1397 01:14:55,352 --> 01:14:56,871 It was a process. 1398 01:14:56,906 --> 01:14:59,115 I'd say the first time I tried a bowl of broccoli, it seemed-- 1399 01:14:59,149 --> 01:15:01,842 Maybe it's the green part-- It seemed boring. 1400 01:15:02,912 --> 01:15:05,570 But then I got to look forward to it. 1401 01:15:05,604 --> 01:15:07,744 You have to be ready for things, I think. 1402 01:15:07,779 --> 01:15:12,128 And once you get small results, it's really energizing. 1403 01:15:12,162 --> 01:15:14,613 Then you do more and more. It's really cool. 1404 01:15:16,857 --> 01:15:19,342 BRIAN: I don't know if we'll end factory farming. 1405 01:15:19,376 --> 01:15:22,897 There're a lot of smart people who have come up with some good solutions, 1406 01:15:22,932 --> 01:15:26,314 but each one seems to have its own pros and cons. 1407 01:15:26,349 --> 01:15:29,663 Plant-based meat doesn't yet taste exactly like animal-based meat. 1408 01:15:29,697 --> 01:15:33,218 Cell-based meat is at least a couple of years away from being on the market, 1409 01:15:33,252 --> 01:15:36,221 let alone at a price the average consumer can afford. 1410 01:15:36,255 --> 01:15:39,638 And there're a lot of questions about regenerative agriculture. 1411 01:15:39,673 --> 01:15:44,574 And whether it can live up to its environmental promise while meeting current demands. 1412 01:15:44,609 --> 01:15:48,578 What I do know is that just about everybody agrees 1413 01:15:48,613 --> 01:15:51,029 that we should be eating far more plants. 1414 01:15:51,063 --> 01:15:53,928 And in order for there to be a world without factory farms, 1415 01:15:53,963 --> 01:15:56,241 there needs to be less demand for meat. 1416 01:15:56,275 --> 01:15:57,414 Way less. 1417 01:15:57,449 --> 01:16:00,935 Anyone who can, must make an honest effort to cut back 1418 01:16:00,970 --> 01:16:03,628 on the amount of animal product that they consume. 1419 01:16:03,662 --> 01:16:06,354 We can't give up on the possibility 1420 01:16:06,389 --> 01:16:08,046 that we can make things better 1421 01:16:08,080 --> 01:16:11,394 even when it feels agonizingly slow. 1422 01:16:11,428 --> 01:16:16,157 I mean, if my dad can make a shift in this direction, 1423 01:16:16,951 --> 01:16:18,090 anybody can. 1424 01:16:19,195 --> 01:16:20,437 We're running out of time. 1425 01:16:20,472 --> 01:16:24,407 And I believe that every effort, no matter how small, 1426 01:16:24,441 --> 01:16:25,788 will count in the end.