1 00:00:02,000 --> 00:00:07,000 Downloaded from YTS.MX 2 00:00:08,000 --> 00:00:13,000 Official YIFY movies site: YTS.MX 3 00:00:24,000 --> 00:00:25,680 This is made of oil. 4 00:00:25,680 --> 00:00:27,040 This is made of oil. 5 00:00:27,040 --> 00:00:28,440 This is made of oil. 6 00:00:28,440 --> 00:00:30,120 This is made of oil. 7 00:00:30,120 --> 00:00:31,440 This is made of oil. 8 00:00:31,440 --> 00:00:32,760 This is made of oil. 9 00:00:32,760 --> 00:00:34,240 This is made of oil. 10 00:00:34,240 --> 00:00:36,120 This is also made of oil. 11 00:00:36,120 --> 00:00:38,040 TOY PLAYS ARABIAN MUSIC 12 00:01:01,760 --> 00:01:05,760 200 million years ago, there was land here, not sea. 13 00:01:22,280 --> 00:01:24,040 200 million years ago, 14 00:01:24,040 --> 00:01:27,520 a layer of plants and animals were squashed under rocks. 15 00:01:30,040 --> 00:01:31,800 These now become oil. 16 00:01:49,760 --> 00:01:52,360 You know, humans have been on the planet for what, 17 00:01:52,360 --> 00:01:54,280 200,000, 300,000 years? 18 00:01:54,280 --> 00:01:56,960 Modern humans for 10,000 years. 19 00:01:57,960 --> 00:02:02,520 The Industrial Revolution only started in 1850 and onwards. 20 00:02:02,520 --> 00:02:05,520 And, actually, the fossil fuel-driven society 21 00:02:05,520 --> 00:02:09,040 has probably really only been 100 years at most. 22 00:02:17,040 --> 00:02:19,760 It's just a blip in the history of humankind. 23 00:02:26,400 --> 00:02:29,520 But that blip in the history of humankind, where we've completely 24 00:02:29,520 --> 00:02:32,040 locked ourselves in and completely normalised 25 00:02:32,040 --> 00:02:35,280 the huge uses of both energy and particularly fossil fuels... 26 00:02:37,400 --> 00:02:41,040 ..that period is going to have impacts for centuries 27 00:02:41,040 --> 00:02:42,760 and millennia to come. 28 00:02:54,040 --> 00:02:58,040 It can feel like you're up against something that's so massive, 29 00:02:58,040 --> 00:03:00,280 that's got the support of governments 30 00:03:00,280 --> 00:03:03,040 and people who are so much more powerful than you... 31 00:03:04,040 --> 00:03:06,280 ..that it's quite difficult sometimes 32 00:03:06,280 --> 00:03:08,520 to know what to do to change that. 33 00:03:09,520 --> 00:03:12,280 I think that's basically what eco anxiety is... 34 00:03:13,280 --> 00:03:16,040 ..being constantly worried... 35 00:03:16,040 --> 00:03:19,040 ..about whether or not you're going to have a future. 36 00:03:21,200 --> 00:03:23,240 WIND HOWLS 37 00:03:42,760 --> 00:03:46,760 Somewhere between ten and 20 billion barrels of oil are still available 38 00:03:46,760 --> 00:03:48,440 in the North Sea. 39 00:03:50,040 --> 00:03:52,760 If all of that was found and combusted, 40 00:03:52,760 --> 00:03:55,360 so that's going to be somewhere, very approximately, 41 00:03:55,360 --> 00:03:58,280 between say four and ten billion tonnes of carbon dioxide. 42 00:03:58,280 --> 00:04:00,760 That is a huge amount of carbon dioxide 43 00:04:00,760 --> 00:04:04,000 just from, remember, the North Sea, the UK's North Sea. 44 00:04:42,040 --> 00:04:46,520 Britain has been defined by the North Sea. 45 00:04:55,040 --> 00:04:59,040 In the beginning, companies from all around the world 46 00:04:59,040 --> 00:05:04,040 came and invested huge sums in the search for oil and gas. 47 00:05:20,920 --> 00:05:24,360 Nobody thought that there would be any oil in the North Sea - 48 00:05:24,360 --> 00:05:27,760 that was just way beyond the bounds of possibility. 49 00:05:40,000 --> 00:05:42,040 BOAT HORN SOUNDS 50 00:05:44,040 --> 00:05:48,040 In fact, even to a few days before BP found oil, 51 00:05:48,040 --> 00:05:50,960 the head of BP said it was an impossibility. 52 00:06:09,760 --> 00:06:13,040 And then, in October 1970, 53 00:06:13,040 --> 00:06:17,040 they found oil in, really, a massive field, 54 00:06:17,040 --> 00:06:18,920 in the Forties field, 55 00:06:18,920 --> 00:06:22,080 110 miles off to the northeast of Aberdeen. 56 00:06:22,080 --> 00:06:23,760 Liquid gold. 57 00:06:23,760 --> 00:06:27,040 Call it what you like, Britain now has oil, 58 00:06:27,040 --> 00:06:29,400 billions and billions of barrels on it 59 00:06:29,400 --> 00:06:32,520 and it has been quietly lapping at the doorstep all the time. 60 00:06:39,520 --> 00:06:42,920 I was designing and constructing offshore oil platforms 61 00:06:42,920 --> 00:06:44,920 with a team of other engineers. 62 00:06:48,520 --> 00:06:51,040 When you're flying into a rig... 63 00:06:55,040 --> 00:06:57,760 ..when you look down at these oil platforms, 64 00:06:57,760 --> 00:06:59,760 sometimes it just made me think, 65 00:06:59,760 --> 00:07:02,280 "This is amazing that we've managed to do this." 66 00:07:05,040 --> 00:07:08,520 We're drilling thousands of metres beneath the seabed 67 00:07:08,520 --> 00:07:11,040 in a really hostile part of the world. 68 00:07:16,280 --> 00:07:19,280 It was a bit like the Apollo project of the time. 69 00:07:52,520 --> 00:07:55,520 REPORTER: North Sea platforms need saturation divers. 70 00:07:55,520 --> 00:07:58,280 They are men who have to live for 30 days at a time 71 00:07:58,280 --> 00:08:01,440 at seabed pressures of 400 or 500 feet. 72 00:08:11,760 --> 00:08:13,560 Diver back in the bell. 73 00:08:20,040 --> 00:08:22,280 It was like an adventure at first. 74 00:08:23,520 --> 00:08:27,040 You got out there and just the sheer scale of it, 75 00:08:27,040 --> 00:08:29,040 you know, the enormity of... 76 00:08:29,040 --> 00:08:30,760 ..of... 77 00:08:30,760 --> 00:08:34,680 ..this island in the middle of the North Sea... 78 00:08:34,680 --> 00:08:36,520 ..with just nothing. 79 00:08:45,320 --> 00:08:49,520 I think there was this idea that we were in this new industry. 80 00:08:49,520 --> 00:08:53,760 We were developing something which had never been done before. 81 00:08:53,760 --> 00:08:56,520 And everything you did... 82 00:08:56,520 --> 00:09:00,040 ..would benefit the country, benefit the nation. 83 00:09:00,040 --> 00:09:02,760 We were the pioneers, if you like. 84 00:09:04,520 --> 00:09:07,120 You know, you were breaking new ground every time 85 00:09:07,120 --> 00:09:08,880 and new wells coming in. 86 00:09:24,040 --> 00:09:28,280 There was this idea that you had to make the most of it as well 87 00:09:28,280 --> 00:09:30,680 because it wasn't going to last long. 88 00:09:38,560 --> 00:09:43,520 Suddenly, crofters' and fishermen's sons and grandsons 89 00:09:43,520 --> 00:09:46,800 are finding stable, well-paid jobs. 90 00:09:50,160 --> 00:09:53,160 It means things like foreign holidays 91 00:09:53,160 --> 00:09:55,040 and car ownership 92 00:09:55,040 --> 00:09:59,000 and forms of consumption that are themselves oil-related. 93 00:10:16,760 --> 00:10:20,280 There was a perception that Britain's or Scotland's oil 94 00:10:20,280 --> 00:10:24,280 was being exploited for private gain. 95 00:10:30,520 --> 00:10:33,280 In 1974, there were two general elections. 96 00:10:34,280 --> 00:10:38,040 The SNP stood on a platform of saying, "This is your chance, 97 00:10:38,040 --> 00:10:43,520 "perhaps your last chance, to claim ownership of these resources." 98 00:10:45,280 --> 00:10:48,040 By some estimates, it could have made Scotland 99 00:10:48,040 --> 00:10:52,280 one of the richest economies in Europe or the world. 100 00:10:53,800 --> 00:10:55,760 There's a time coming... 101 00:10:55,760 --> 00:10:59,920 And the argument was, if Scotland didn't achieve independence, 102 00:10:59,920 --> 00:11:04,520 then the UK government was going to extract this oil 103 00:11:04,520 --> 00:11:08,920 as quickly as possible under pretty favourable terms 104 00:11:08,920 --> 00:11:10,760 for the multinationals. 105 00:11:15,520 --> 00:11:19,760 At the time, I think we owned about 60% or 70% of BP. 106 00:11:20,760 --> 00:11:23,520 We also created the British National Oil Corporation. 107 00:11:23,520 --> 00:11:28,280 But the whole Thatcher ideology of let the markets run it 108 00:11:28,280 --> 00:11:31,280 and give it over to the market, so all of that's sold. 109 00:11:32,280 --> 00:11:35,040 Compare that to virtually any country in the world, 110 00:11:35,040 --> 00:11:38,040 apart from the States, I think, who have all got nationalised 111 00:11:38,040 --> 00:11:40,040 corporations of some kind, 112 00:11:40,040 --> 00:11:42,760 but obviously the standout one is Norway - 113 00:11:42,760 --> 00:11:46,520 I say that because it's a comparative size to Scotland 114 00:11:46,520 --> 00:11:49,280 and it's probably the richest country in the world. 115 00:11:59,080 --> 00:12:04,040 The government set about dividing up the sea into blocks... 116 00:12:06,360 --> 00:12:09,000 ..and selling off the national sea 117 00:12:09,000 --> 00:12:13,520 to international companies such as BP and Shell and ExxonMobil, 118 00:12:13,520 --> 00:12:17,520 which is based in the US, and selling off to them the rights 119 00:12:17,520 --> 00:12:21,040 of drilling in the North Sea for oil and gas. 120 00:12:28,000 --> 00:12:30,760 So companies, they'll bid for certain blocks 121 00:12:30,760 --> 00:12:34,040 and then the licenses are awarded by the government 122 00:12:34,040 --> 00:12:38,040 and sometimes there will be certain commitments with those licenses. 123 00:12:38,040 --> 00:12:42,040 So you have to do X number of wells by a certain point and then, 124 00:12:42,040 --> 00:12:47,040 you know, thereafter you have to come up with development plans 125 00:12:47,040 --> 00:12:49,040 of how you're going to actually... 126 00:12:49,040 --> 00:12:51,360 ..what you're going to do with the licenses. 127 00:12:51,360 --> 00:12:54,760 So, you know, it's a fairly...fairly straightforward process. 128 00:12:57,760 --> 00:13:01,520 I think people absolutely are very concerned about climate change, 129 00:13:01,520 --> 00:13:03,480 as we are as a sector, 130 00:13:03,480 --> 00:13:06,280 but, if we kind of knee jerk one way or the other, 131 00:13:06,280 --> 00:13:09,520 I think what will happen is we will see people losing their jobs, 132 00:13:09,520 --> 00:13:12,760 we will see communities being left behind, and that's not 133 00:13:12,760 --> 00:13:15,760 what we think we should be working towards as a sector. 134 00:13:15,760 --> 00:13:18,520 And that's certainly not our aim with our... 135 00:13:18,520 --> 00:13:20,840 ..with the road map that we've put in place, 136 00:13:20,840 --> 00:13:23,040 and now with the North Sea Transition Deal 137 00:13:23,040 --> 00:13:25,360 that we've negotiated with the government. 138 00:13:26,360 --> 00:13:29,840 In 2021, the government and the oil industry set up 139 00:13:29,840 --> 00:13:32,040 the North Sea Transition Deal, 140 00:13:32,040 --> 00:13:36,520 which was basically driven by two fundamental pressures - 141 00:13:36,520 --> 00:13:41,520 falling oil prices and rising public concern about the climate. 142 00:13:45,760 --> 00:13:48,520 " 'As part of the UK's shift towards green energy, 143 00:13:48,520 --> 00:13:51,040 " 'through our landmark North Sea Transition Deal, 144 00:13:51,040 --> 00:13:54,280 " 'we are backing the decarbonisation of the oil and gas sector 145 00:13:54,280 --> 00:13:57,280 " 'to support high value jobs and safeguard the skills necessary 146 00:13:57,280 --> 00:14:00,040 " 'to develop new low carbon industries across the country,' 147 00:14:00,040 --> 00:14:02,040 "said a spokesperson." 148 00:14:02,040 --> 00:14:05,040 I mean, that doesn't really make sense 149 00:14:05,040 --> 00:14:08,040 because, I mean, they're talking about decarbonising 150 00:14:08,040 --> 00:14:09,680 the oil and gas sector. 151 00:14:09,680 --> 00:14:12,120 It's like, you can't decarbonise oil and gas. 152 00:14:12,120 --> 00:14:14,040 It's just... Yeah, I don't know. 153 00:14:14,040 --> 00:14:17,360 They're saying a lot of fancy words that really don't mean anything. 154 00:14:28,760 --> 00:14:34,040 In 2015, Parliament basically passed an amendment to the Petroleum Act 155 00:14:34,040 --> 00:14:38,280 that means that the government has a duty to maximise 156 00:14:38,280 --> 00:14:41,040 economic recovery of offshore oil and gas resources. 157 00:14:41,040 --> 00:14:44,760 I'm not paraphrasing - that's what the statute says. 158 00:14:50,040 --> 00:14:52,680 The UK's former Chancellor, Philip Hammond, 159 00:14:52,680 --> 00:14:55,520 in 2017, he said in a speech, 160 00:14:55,520 --> 00:14:59,760 "We are working with industry to extract every drop of oil and gas 161 00:14:59,760 --> 00:15:01,640 "that it is economic to extract." 162 00:15:07,800 --> 00:15:10,680 We say between ten to 20 billion barrels of oil 163 00:15:10,680 --> 00:15:14,040 are still out there for us to get after. 164 00:15:14,040 --> 00:15:16,040 Erm, and... 165 00:15:16,040 --> 00:15:18,520 And even that, you know... 166 00:15:18,520 --> 00:15:23,000 Yeah, so... Which represents a massive opportunity for us. 167 00:15:28,000 --> 00:15:31,160 Effectively, we're living inside an oil machine. 168 00:15:44,280 --> 00:15:47,280 One of the foundations of the cultures 169 00:15:47,280 --> 00:15:51,040 that have developed around oil is the assumption that energy 170 00:15:51,040 --> 00:15:55,280 will be easy to access and freely available and cheap. 171 00:16:16,760 --> 00:16:21,520 BP was very involved in helping to build a significant part 172 00:16:21,520 --> 00:16:24,040 of what we have in the North Sea today. 173 00:16:24,040 --> 00:16:28,520 The Forties field was one of the most significant fields. 174 00:16:28,520 --> 00:16:32,840 We used to operate around 22 different fields platforms 175 00:16:32,840 --> 00:16:35,520 a few years ago, now we operate about six. 176 00:16:50,280 --> 00:16:53,760 We are comfortably the largest producer... 177 00:16:53,760 --> 00:16:55,920 ..in the North Sea. 178 00:16:55,920 --> 00:16:59,520 We had a number of licences for a relatively small company. 179 00:16:59,520 --> 00:17:02,760 We then did a transformative deal with Shell, 180 00:17:02,760 --> 00:17:05,280 bought a big chunk of their UK business, 181 00:17:05,280 --> 00:17:07,520 and immediately transformed ourselves 182 00:17:07,520 --> 00:17:09,760 into a very material operator. 183 00:17:20,520 --> 00:17:25,040 And, at the moment, we're the most active driller in the North Sea, 184 00:17:25,040 --> 00:17:29,040 producing 1.6, 1.7 million barrels a day. 185 00:17:40,280 --> 00:17:45,040 We go through about 1.5 million barrels of oil a day in the UK. 186 00:17:52,760 --> 00:17:55,280 If we just take one part of the North Sea, 187 00:17:55,280 --> 00:17:57,280 the Forties pipeline system, 188 00:17:57,280 --> 00:18:01,040 it's arguably one of the largest machines in Western Europe, 189 00:18:01,040 --> 00:18:04,760 or possibly the world, and that machine constitutes 190 00:18:04,760 --> 00:18:10,560 all the platforms and all the oil wells and all the pipeline system. 191 00:18:10,560 --> 00:18:17,040 It drains oil from right over on the edge of the UK sea limit, 192 00:18:17,040 --> 00:18:20,040 or from the Brae field or the Montrose field, 193 00:18:20,040 --> 00:18:23,040 through the Forties pipeline system.... 194 00:18:26,280 --> 00:18:31,280 ..until it lands on the shore just north of Aberdeen. 195 00:18:43,040 --> 00:18:46,040 And that is one continuous system 196 00:18:46,040 --> 00:18:49,280 running all the way across the seabed... 197 00:18:50,280 --> 00:18:54,280 ..under the fields and forests and rivers. 198 00:18:56,280 --> 00:18:58,280 One piece of clockwork. 199 00:18:59,760 --> 00:19:01,440 One big machine. 200 00:19:02,760 --> 00:19:05,720 In effect, we're living with that constantly running 201 00:19:05,720 --> 00:19:09,760 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. 202 00:19:29,200 --> 00:19:33,520 Until finally it gets to the west of Edinburgh... 203 00:19:35,520 --> 00:19:37,920 ..where it comes to Grangemouth refinery, 204 00:19:37,920 --> 00:19:41,520 and it also goes to an oil terminal at a place called Hound Point. 205 00:19:52,160 --> 00:19:55,840 At Grangemouth, it's refined and it's turned into 206 00:19:55,840 --> 00:19:59,800 a whole plethora of different products. 207 00:19:59,800 --> 00:20:05,520 So petrol, aviation, fuel, diesel and even tarmac, 208 00:20:05,520 --> 00:20:07,560 it's turned into that. 209 00:20:23,080 --> 00:20:26,040 And, you know, in some ways it's a massively impressive feat 210 00:20:26,040 --> 00:20:29,600 of engineering that oil is extracted in the North Sea... 211 00:20:32,840 --> 00:20:36,760 ..and then transported by pipeline into the middle of Scotland, 212 00:20:36,760 --> 00:20:42,000 and then distributed across much of Scotland and the north of England. 213 00:20:42,000 --> 00:20:45,480 Erm... But that comes at a cost. 214 00:21:04,120 --> 00:21:06,920 I really wanted to get involved with the issues that are happening 215 00:21:06,920 --> 00:21:08,480 right around me 216 00:21:08,480 --> 00:21:11,360 because it's important that we are involved in the things that happen 217 00:21:11,360 --> 00:21:14,680 right around us, as well as the stuff that's going on globally, 218 00:21:14,680 --> 00:21:16,680 because it's all really connected. 219 00:21:22,040 --> 00:21:24,800 As a medic, I care so deeply about health 220 00:21:24,800 --> 00:21:28,040 and I think that, from this lens of health, we can actually achieve 221 00:21:28,040 --> 00:21:30,760 a climate just or a better world for all of us. 222 00:21:30,760 --> 00:21:34,320 Because when we realise that health, well, that the fossil fuel industry 223 00:21:34,320 --> 00:21:37,400 is impacting health in different ways and pollution in the air 224 00:21:37,400 --> 00:21:40,560 is impacting health, and therefore, if we stop this polluting, 225 00:21:40,560 --> 00:21:41,840 we also increase health. 226 00:21:41,840 --> 00:21:44,800 I have lived experience of this plant here. 227 00:21:44,800 --> 00:21:47,160 This plant stole my oxygen... 228 00:21:48,560 --> 00:21:51,400 ..and it made me suffocate, 229 00:21:51,400 --> 00:21:54,000 suffocate so much... 230 00:21:56,040 --> 00:21:59,920 The Mossmorran Natural Gas Liquids, NGL, plant is part of the northern 231 00:21:59,920 --> 00:22:02,560 North Sea Brent oil and gas field system and is located 232 00:22:02,560 --> 00:22:05,880 on the outskirts of Cowdenbeath, Scotland. 233 00:22:09,840 --> 00:22:12,880 There's so much flaring from this gas plant that it means 234 00:22:12,880 --> 00:22:16,560 that local people, like, can't sleep well because of how bright it is. 235 00:22:18,680 --> 00:22:21,640 In fact, the impact of Mossmorran and what's happening there and the 236 00:22:21,640 --> 00:22:24,120 impact of the North Sea oil and gas industry on our health 237 00:22:24,120 --> 00:22:27,120 and on our communities only serves to allow these things to continue 238 00:22:27,120 --> 00:22:28,960 and to continue to cause harm, 239 00:22:28,960 --> 00:22:32,800 so I think that that's why we need to draw these connections. 240 00:22:47,600 --> 00:22:51,280 There's a new oil and gas project, which is set to be licensed 241 00:22:51,280 --> 00:22:53,680 in the Cambo Field, which is in the North Sea. 242 00:22:53,680 --> 00:22:57,800 It's one of the biggest North Sea oil fields that's ever been found. 243 00:22:57,800 --> 00:23:00,880 So we're here to point out the hypocrisy of approving 244 00:23:00,880 --> 00:23:04,280 this new field just after the IEA have said that we cannot approve 245 00:23:04,280 --> 00:23:06,880 and we cannot invest in new oil and gas. 246 00:23:06,880 --> 00:23:09,760 CHANTING 247 00:23:09,760 --> 00:23:14,000 The International Energy Agency, they are very conservative, usually, 248 00:23:14,000 --> 00:23:18,280 so the fact that they're saying no new oil and gas is a very big deal. 249 00:23:18,280 --> 00:23:22,360 A lot of this new climate policy that's being put in, it feels 250 00:23:22,360 --> 00:23:25,640 very performative because a lot of the actions that are happening 251 00:23:25,640 --> 00:23:28,480 are still protecting the oil and gas industry. 252 00:23:33,120 --> 00:23:36,520 It does come into question how much we are like living in democracy. 253 00:23:38,680 --> 00:23:41,760 How much our politicians are actually representing us 254 00:23:41,760 --> 00:23:45,080 or how much they're representing big business. 255 00:23:57,920 --> 00:24:00,640 The government came out and said, "Yes, licensing will continue 256 00:24:00,640 --> 00:24:05,800 "because we do need oil and gas activity to continue in the basin 257 00:24:05,800 --> 00:24:10,080 "if we are to satisfy the demand that we know is going to continue. 258 00:24:10,080 --> 00:24:15,240 "So, you know, better to have it with your home-grown sector 259 00:24:15,240 --> 00:24:18,680 "on your doorstep, supporting the jobs, not offshoring 260 00:24:18,680 --> 00:24:22,440 "your emissions, not having to import the gap that would emerge 261 00:24:22,440 --> 00:24:24,880 "if you didn't continue to produce." 262 00:24:28,960 --> 00:24:32,040 What they wanted to make sure was that, as they go forward 263 00:24:32,040 --> 00:24:35,000 and that for every licensing round that does come up, 264 00:24:35,000 --> 00:24:38,440 that it is still in line with the Paris commitments 265 00:24:38,440 --> 00:24:41,080 and their net zero targets for 2050. 266 00:24:47,640 --> 00:24:52,080 We can point to £350 billion in taxes paid for production 267 00:24:52,080 --> 00:24:55,120 and that doesn't even take into account the associated 268 00:24:55,120 --> 00:24:58,080 supply chain taxes that are generated and the jobs 269 00:24:58,080 --> 00:24:59,640 that are generated off that. 270 00:24:59,640 --> 00:25:01,480 LOUD BANG 271 00:25:03,400 --> 00:25:08,720 By the mid 1980s, the British Exchequer was receiving a huge 272 00:25:08,720 --> 00:25:12,640 amount of cash from revenue from the North Sea... 273 00:25:15,440 --> 00:25:18,320 ..which, of course, was used to pay for everything - 274 00:25:18,320 --> 00:25:21,400 roads, schools and so on. 275 00:25:25,280 --> 00:25:28,320 In London, the global finance centre for oil 276 00:25:28,320 --> 00:25:31,240 had begun to be developed since the '50s. 277 00:25:31,240 --> 00:25:35,400 This flourished on the back of UK North Sea oil as well. 278 00:25:35,400 --> 00:25:40,240 It became an engine driving forward the UK finance sector. 279 00:25:48,000 --> 00:25:52,160 And that cash flowed into the pension system as well. 280 00:25:53,480 --> 00:25:57,800 Increasingly, UK pensions became linked to shares in BP and Shell. 281 00:25:57,800 --> 00:26:00,600 And, indeed, by the 2000s, 282 00:26:00,600 --> 00:26:05,240 about 30% of any major portfolio of pension funds 283 00:26:05,240 --> 00:26:08,120 was in these two companies combined. 284 00:26:20,000 --> 00:26:23,040 It's not just about the jobs in the industry, 285 00:26:23,040 --> 00:26:25,040 it's the spin-off of that wealth. 286 00:26:26,960 --> 00:26:30,640 People need a shop, people go out, people eat, people spend money, 287 00:26:30,640 --> 00:26:31,920 people buy things, 288 00:26:31,920 --> 00:26:34,080 that's how the cascade works. 289 00:26:47,600 --> 00:26:50,800 The market, let's say the London Stock Exchange, 290 00:26:50,800 --> 00:26:52,840 markets are considered to be amoral 291 00:26:52,840 --> 00:26:55,160 because they are, they're not a person. 292 00:26:55,160 --> 00:26:59,560 The market is a collection of thousands of activities happening 293 00:26:59,560 --> 00:27:02,920 by individual investors making decisions on behalf of other people. 294 00:27:02,920 --> 00:27:06,040 It's considered amoral because it's a machine. 295 00:27:06,040 --> 00:27:08,080 It's not an individual. 296 00:27:08,080 --> 00:27:10,760 Amoral is different to immoral, remember. 297 00:27:15,160 --> 00:27:17,880 If you're an investor, return on equity is the thing that matters - 298 00:27:17,880 --> 00:27:20,640 it tells you how profitable a business is. 299 00:27:20,640 --> 00:27:24,200 A return on equity for the fossil fuel sector 20 years ago, 300 00:27:24,200 --> 00:27:27,880 double digits, absolutely. 100%, the norm. 301 00:27:28,920 --> 00:27:34,960 Today, return on equity is struggling to get to 5% and 6%. 302 00:27:34,960 --> 00:27:38,400 Some of the fossil fuel firms, they're in what's called a 303 00:27:38,400 --> 00:27:40,840 secular decline, arguably, already. 304 00:27:40,840 --> 00:27:42,840 North Sea oil is a commodity, 305 00:27:42,840 --> 00:27:46,840 it's an asset against which an enormous amount of debt 306 00:27:46,840 --> 00:27:48,200 has been leveraged. 307 00:27:48,200 --> 00:27:51,920 And the question is, does the asset maintain its value? 308 00:27:51,920 --> 00:27:54,880 Does oil maintain its price? 309 00:27:54,880 --> 00:27:57,960 And that really matters, because if it fails 310 00:27:57,960 --> 00:28:02,000 to maintain its value then the debt leveraged against that asset 311 00:28:02,000 --> 00:28:03,920 is going to become unpayable. 312 00:28:08,520 --> 00:28:12,040 Conversely, the return on equity for offshore wind... 313 00:28:13,520 --> 00:28:14,840 ..is about 11%... 314 00:28:17,360 --> 00:28:19,320 ..onshore wind about ten 315 00:28:19,320 --> 00:28:22,200 and onshore solar about 9%. 316 00:28:24,560 --> 00:28:27,720 So you're already generating more return on equity 317 00:28:27,720 --> 00:28:31,200 from putting your capital into the renewable energy space. 318 00:28:34,360 --> 00:28:37,200 The question is, can it take as much capital as is currently 319 00:28:37,200 --> 00:28:39,080 in the fossil fuel sector? 320 00:28:41,440 --> 00:28:46,040 Those who own investments in North Sea oil have to believe 321 00:28:46,040 --> 00:28:50,120 that it will continue and maintain its value as an asset. 322 00:28:51,160 --> 00:28:55,320 And the question is, when does the value of the asset fall? 323 00:28:57,840 --> 00:29:00,160 COMPUTER BEEPS AND WHIRS 324 00:29:03,920 --> 00:29:06,760 And when the price of oil falls, 325 00:29:06,760 --> 00:29:09,280 then oil becomes a stranded asset. 326 00:29:17,120 --> 00:29:19,600 We have to reimagine the economy. 327 00:29:19,600 --> 00:29:24,440 The way we've constructed it right now means that it's incredibly 328 00:29:24,440 --> 00:29:27,000 unstable and prone to crashes. 329 00:29:41,920 --> 00:29:45,760 If you look at the London Stock Exchange 330 00:29:45,760 --> 00:29:48,240 and you look at the implied temperature change of all 331 00:29:48,240 --> 00:29:50,040 the companies that are listed there, 332 00:29:50,040 --> 00:29:52,080 particularly the oil and gas companies, 333 00:29:52,080 --> 00:29:55,440 that we have three and a half degrees of change embedded 334 00:29:55,440 --> 00:29:57,520 in the London Stock Exchange. 335 00:30:00,160 --> 00:30:03,080 It's one of the worst exchanges in the world because it's where many 336 00:30:03,080 --> 00:30:05,600 of the world's largest oil and gas companies list... 337 00:30:06,720 --> 00:30:08,920 ..which means that people's pensions, 338 00:30:08,920 --> 00:30:10,800 savings and investments in the UK 339 00:30:10,800 --> 00:30:15,040 are actually invested in financing a future that no-one wants to see, 340 00:30:15,040 --> 00:30:16,880 but no-one really realises. 341 00:30:24,800 --> 00:30:27,720 People tend to be ignorant about money because finance 342 00:30:27,720 --> 00:30:29,120 is quite complicated. 343 00:30:29,120 --> 00:30:32,320 And because it's been functioning by and large reasonably well 344 00:30:32,320 --> 00:30:35,040 for so long, there's been this paternalistic culture 345 00:30:35,040 --> 00:30:36,680 that's enabled people to just say, 346 00:30:36,680 --> 00:30:38,600 "It's OK, don't worry, it's all working." 347 00:30:38,600 --> 00:30:40,600 Whereas, actually, it's not. 348 00:30:40,600 --> 00:30:46,120 We need to now rapidly raise our collective understanding of banking, 349 00:30:46,120 --> 00:30:48,960 insurance and investment, particularly investment, 350 00:30:48,960 --> 00:30:53,600 and particularly where you own companies that are undermining 351 00:30:53,600 --> 00:30:56,680 the future that we wish to bequeath to our children. 352 00:31:15,840 --> 00:31:20,360 Angel Gurria, when he was the Secretary-General of the OECD, 353 00:31:20,360 --> 00:31:22,640 talked about carbon entanglement. 354 00:31:24,520 --> 00:31:27,960 What he meant was, when you had ministers 355 00:31:27,960 --> 00:31:31,240 from the environmental department 356 00:31:31,240 --> 00:31:36,520 coming to UN meetings and pledging to stop certain activity, 357 00:31:36,520 --> 00:31:38,360 let's say drilling... 358 00:31:42,480 --> 00:31:45,920 ..and then they would return home to find that the chancellor 359 00:31:45,920 --> 00:31:49,200 of their exchequer wasn't prepared to stop that... 360 00:31:53,320 --> 00:31:56,920 ..because the amount of revenue that the Exchequer received 361 00:31:56,920 --> 00:32:00,760 through the tax that was charged on the fossil fuel when it was sold... 362 00:32:02,920 --> 00:32:06,480 ..that that level of entanglement of economic activity meant that 363 00:32:06,480 --> 00:32:09,080 we couldn't simply stop the thing that needed to stop... 364 00:32:11,520 --> 00:32:13,240 ..because, in stopping that... 365 00:32:14,800 --> 00:32:16,880 ..all other things would stop, too. 366 00:32:30,960 --> 00:32:35,680 I think that my predictions 367 00:32:35,680 --> 00:32:39,960 beyond 2050 are difficult to make... 368 00:32:46,840 --> 00:32:50,040 ..and the reason I say this is because I don't believe 369 00:32:50,040 --> 00:32:53,840 the global economy will be functioning the way it is today 370 00:32:53,840 --> 00:32:59,280 unless we make big, big changes over the next five to ten years 371 00:32:59,280 --> 00:33:03,560 to manage the disaster that's just around the corner. 372 00:33:08,800 --> 00:33:14,080 A series of crises that will begin unfolding after mid-century 373 00:33:14,080 --> 00:33:17,080 is going to mean the end of the global economy. 374 00:33:22,640 --> 00:33:26,480 I believe that what we do over the next five years, 375 00:33:26,480 --> 00:33:30,160 and the "we" in that sentence refers to humanity, 376 00:33:30,160 --> 00:33:33,360 will determine the future of humanity for the next millennium. 377 00:33:48,760 --> 00:33:53,200 I think people will look back on this era of oil and just think 378 00:33:53,200 --> 00:33:55,240 about how ridiculous it was. 379 00:33:56,400 --> 00:33:58,880 How could you know about such a massive issue 380 00:33:58,880 --> 00:34:01,600 and still worry more about profit? 381 00:34:01,600 --> 00:34:03,480 It feels a bit surreal in a way. 382 00:34:10,440 --> 00:34:12,760 WAVES ROAR 383 00:34:22,320 --> 00:34:25,360 The whole issue of climate change became quite relevant, 384 00:34:25,360 --> 00:34:28,120 and there was a lot of discussions around that in the late '80s 385 00:34:28,120 --> 00:34:30,960 and the early '90s, and it wasn't something I knew a lot about, 386 00:34:30,960 --> 00:34:33,720 so I decided to go back to university to try and find something 387 00:34:33,720 --> 00:34:35,200 out about climate change, 388 00:34:35,200 --> 00:34:37,720 and so I decided in the end to leave the oil industry. 389 00:34:45,760 --> 00:34:49,240 When we burn oil and gas, or indeed any fossil fuel, 390 00:34:49,240 --> 00:34:51,640 it's made up of two principal elements - 391 00:34:51,640 --> 00:34:53,560 one's carbon and one's hydrogen. 392 00:34:56,080 --> 00:34:59,320 That carbon combusts with the oxygen in the atmosphere. 393 00:35:08,440 --> 00:35:11,840 And now, of course, we're burning all of this fossil fuel so rapidly. 394 00:35:13,320 --> 00:35:16,920 Remember, these are fossil fuels that were laid down by trees 395 00:35:16,920 --> 00:35:19,960 and by other plants over millions of years. 396 00:35:22,360 --> 00:35:25,080 We're taking them all out of the ground and almost overnight 397 00:35:25,080 --> 00:35:28,120 releasing all of that carbon back out into the atmosphere, 398 00:35:28,120 --> 00:35:30,840 this carbon dioxide, through the combustion in our car engines 399 00:35:30,840 --> 00:35:32,520 and our power stations. 400 00:35:55,240 --> 00:35:59,000 So very, very deliberately, as part of market ideology, 401 00:35:59,000 --> 00:36:03,320 is the idea that we can't allow democracies or governments or states 402 00:36:03,320 --> 00:36:08,120 to regulate or to manage the production and the extraction 403 00:36:08,120 --> 00:36:09,920 of finite assets - 404 00:36:09,920 --> 00:36:13,600 this has to be left to something called the invisible hand. 405 00:36:34,320 --> 00:36:39,160 And if the invisible hand decides that in a world of climate breakdown 406 00:36:39,160 --> 00:36:43,240 it's necessary to churn out more fossil fuels, then the invisible 407 00:36:43,240 --> 00:36:47,240 hand will actually disadvantage the public and governments 408 00:36:47,240 --> 00:36:49,880 and, indeed, that is what is happening now. 409 00:37:13,000 --> 00:37:17,000 Once the crude gets to a refinery like Grangemouth... 410 00:37:21,280 --> 00:37:25,960 ..it's made into lots of things like petrol, aviation fuel and tarmac. 411 00:37:25,960 --> 00:37:29,640 It's also made into this substance called naphtha, 412 00:37:29,640 --> 00:37:35,080 which is the sort of, a basis that you would use to make plastics. 413 00:37:45,360 --> 00:37:49,160 You then put it into a petrochemical plant and you make other stuff 414 00:37:49,160 --> 00:37:51,280 out of it, such as ethylene. 415 00:37:51,280 --> 00:37:54,880 And then that ethylene is made into other stuff such as PVC. 416 00:37:57,960 --> 00:38:00,040 And that is plastic as we know it. 417 00:38:11,120 --> 00:38:14,760 When you burn a gallon of petrol, it goes into the atmosphere 418 00:38:14,760 --> 00:38:18,080 pretty quickly. When you turn it into a plastic toy and that's used 419 00:38:18,080 --> 00:38:21,560 for a bit and then thrown away, it stays in a landfill 420 00:38:21,560 --> 00:38:23,720 for many hundreds of years... 421 00:38:25,160 --> 00:38:26,880 ..possibly thousands of years. 422 00:38:36,680 --> 00:38:39,920 And then there are tiny bits of plastic, microplastics, 423 00:38:39,920 --> 00:38:42,280 which are in everything. 424 00:38:42,280 --> 00:38:45,360 The water from the tap, in rivers and in seas, 425 00:38:45,360 --> 00:38:48,320 and even in our human tissues and organs 426 00:38:48,320 --> 00:38:50,640 and in the tissues of other animals. 427 00:38:55,600 --> 00:38:58,560 And all those bits of plastic at some point 428 00:38:58,560 --> 00:39:00,840 came out of an oil well. 429 00:39:09,280 --> 00:39:11,280 And it wasn't so recently. 430 00:39:11,280 --> 00:39:15,080 Plastics weren't really being used until the '60s in any major way. 431 00:39:38,720 --> 00:39:42,800 Since signing the Paris Agreement in 2016, the UK Government has given 432 00:39:42,800 --> 00:39:46,800 £4 billion of public money to North Sea oil and gas companies. 433 00:39:46,800 --> 00:39:49,480 That is a huge amount of money that should be being used for 434 00:39:49,480 --> 00:39:52,080 public good and is instead propping up these big, polluting, 435 00:39:52,080 --> 00:39:54,360 harmful companies. 436 00:39:55,520 --> 00:39:58,480 I heard about a case that was happening that was taking the 437 00:39:58,480 --> 00:40:02,240 UK Government to court around these subsidies and around the new policy 438 00:40:02,240 --> 00:40:05,680 that had been created by the Oil and Gas Authority, 439 00:40:05,680 --> 00:40:10,040 which basically allows for the promotion of oil and gas production. 440 00:40:11,560 --> 00:40:14,440 I feel like I got to a point where I was so desperate 441 00:40:14,440 --> 00:40:16,400 about - what should I do? What can I do? 442 00:40:19,040 --> 00:40:22,320 I'm taking the UK Government to court to pull the plug 443 00:40:22,320 --> 00:40:24,880 on public payments for big polluters. 444 00:40:26,120 --> 00:40:30,640 The world is moving away from an oil and gas economy 445 00:40:30,640 --> 00:40:32,280 to a lower carbon economy, 446 00:40:32,280 --> 00:40:35,520 so we, BP, intend to be part of that transition. 447 00:40:35,520 --> 00:40:40,360 So I think, if we, if we didn't make the move, we wouldn't exist. 448 00:40:41,440 --> 00:40:46,080 We will be taking carbon emissions from heavy industry 449 00:40:46,080 --> 00:40:48,120 that is based in the Teesside area 450 00:40:48,120 --> 00:40:50,880 and sequestering that in reservoirs offshore. 451 00:40:50,880 --> 00:40:54,080 We'll be using the same very similar expertise 452 00:40:54,080 --> 00:40:56,800 to what we've used with our oil and gas production 453 00:40:56,800 --> 00:41:00,040 to capture that material and inject it. 454 00:41:02,320 --> 00:41:04,720 The oil industry has traditionally been full of people 455 00:41:04,720 --> 00:41:06,760 who love solving problems. 456 00:41:08,040 --> 00:41:09,760 That's why people become engineers, 457 00:41:09,760 --> 00:41:12,160 because they want to build big things and do stuff, 458 00:41:12,160 --> 00:41:14,480 and that doesn't matter whether you're a woman or a man. 459 00:41:14,480 --> 00:41:17,440 It's that challenge in your mind that you love - 460 00:41:17,440 --> 00:41:19,800 and this is another challenge. 461 00:41:24,200 --> 00:41:29,120 In 20 years' time, I would love in the UK that we're still producing 462 00:41:29,120 --> 00:41:32,480 the same level, the same level of hydrocarbons that we're producing 463 00:41:32,480 --> 00:41:35,720 now, but with a net, with a net zero footprint. 464 00:41:35,720 --> 00:41:38,920 So we often hear this language now, particularly of net zero. 465 00:41:38,920 --> 00:41:42,200 So what really is it? We need to sort of understand what it is. 466 00:41:42,200 --> 00:41:45,120 And, actually, from a purely scientific point of view, 467 00:41:45,120 --> 00:41:46,480 it makes some sort of sense. 468 00:41:46,480 --> 00:41:49,680 The idea is that we have to get to a point where the emissions 469 00:41:49,680 --> 00:41:52,320 we put into the atmosphere are balanced by those 470 00:41:52,320 --> 00:41:54,080 that are removed from the atmosphere. 471 00:41:54,080 --> 00:41:57,240 So what we put out is balanced by what is taken back in. 472 00:41:57,240 --> 00:41:59,640 And we then give it like a year, 473 00:41:59,640 --> 00:42:02,120 so at some point in the future, always a long way away, 474 00:42:02,120 --> 00:42:04,320 so something like 2050. 475 00:42:04,320 --> 00:42:08,320 In 2050, we will have this net zero, where we'll have found a way 476 00:42:08,320 --> 00:42:11,320 to balance our emissions, which are still quite significant then, 477 00:42:11,320 --> 00:42:14,920 with sinks that absorb the carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere. 478 00:42:19,200 --> 00:42:23,760 We are setting up a carbon capture business of which may ultimately 479 00:42:23,760 --> 00:42:28,560 take some of the CO2 that we produce from a hydrogen process 480 00:42:28,560 --> 00:42:32,720 and then we will store that carbon in underground reservoirs, 481 00:42:32,720 --> 00:42:36,680 depleted gas fields, where we produce the hydrocarbons from there. 482 00:42:36,680 --> 00:42:39,640 We know the history, we know the structure. 483 00:42:39,640 --> 00:42:42,520 Actually, the UK could be in a really robust position 484 00:42:42,520 --> 00:42:45,600 for carbon capture with the spin-offs for potentially 485 00:42:45,600 --> 00:42:48,280 supply chain benefits, exporting some of those skills 486 00:42:48,280 --> 00:42:50,280 to other countries. 487 00:42:50,280 --> 00:42:54,160 We have very few working examples of carbon capture and storage 488 00:42:54,160 --> 00:42:55,360 on power stations. 489 00:42:55,360 --> 00:42:59,440 I've got colleagues that have been working on this for 20 years. 490 00:43:15,440 --> 00:43:20,000 There is currently no operational carbon capture and storage, CCS, 491 00:43:20,000 --> 00:43:22,680 capacity in the UK or Europe. 492 00:43:22,680 --> 00:43:26,160 All estimates are that there won't be in the next decade, 493 00:43:26,160 --> 00:43:28,480 and the next decade really matters. 494 00:43:28,480 --> 00:43:32,400 So it's absolutely no excuse to continue expanding oil and gas 495 00:43:32,400 --> 00:43:35,320 infrastructure on the assumption that we can bring down 496 00:43:35,320 --> 00:43:37,960 those emissions using that technology in the next few years. 497 00:43:37,960 --> 00:43:39,880 It's just, it's not going to happen. 498 00:43:39,880 --> 00:43:43,880 We will maintain some level of oil and gas production over time, 499 00:43:43,880 --> 00:43:47,920 but we're hugely ramping up our investments in non oil and gas 500 00:43:47,920 --> 00:43:49,680 forms of energy as well. 501 00:43:51,680 --> 00:43:55,800 We're about to get into a ScotWind leasing process. 502 00:43:55,800 --> 00:44:00,520 That, the process itself to actually acquire the leases, takes time. 503 00:44:00,520 --> 00:44:03,840 From the point at which wind leases are acquired 504 00:44:03,840 --> 00:44:05,880 to when wind farms are installed 505 00:44:05,880 --> 00:44:08,320 is normally a period of about ten years. 506 00:44:09,800 --> 00:44:12,520 We will do everything we can to compress that period 507 00:44:12,520 --> 00:44:14,200 and make it faster. 508 00:44:14,200 --> 00:44:19,120 But it's almost, just the realities of what happens is these... 509 00:44:19,120 --> 00:44:22,640 What we are talking about is changing the infrastructure 510 00:44:22,640 --> 00:44:25,400 of the world - that takes time. 511 00:44:41,040 --> 00:44:44,280 For decades, the world has been built on 512 00:44:44,280 --> 00:44:46,240 a hydrocarbon-based infrastructure. 513 00:44:48,120 --> 00:44:49,920 Maybe a good analogy would be 514 00:44:49,920 --> 00:44:53,760 it's almost like replacing all the veins in the human body. 515 00:45:05,960 --> 00:45:11,120 I guess we have an addiction to oil and gas in our society 516 00:45:11,120 --> 00:45:13,760 and that's why we need to work thoughtfully 517 00:45:13,760 --> 00:45:15,680 as to how we move forward. 518 00:45:16,840 --> 00:45:19,200 Just to stop it for the sake of stopping it 519 00:45:19,200 --> 00:45:22,240 isn't going to stop the demand that's associated with it. 520 00:45:25,400 --> 00:45:29,080 Everything we use has an oil base virtually in it. 521 00:45:35,280 --> 00:45:39,960 You know, from your shoes, the tyres on the electric car, 522 00:45:39,960 --> 00:45:43,800 or the iPhone. I think the iPhone's got about six litres of oil 523 00:45:43,800 --> 00:45:45,760 used in its manufacture. 524 00:45:45,760 --> 00:45:49,720 Your waterproof jacket, which we all need here in Scotland, 525 00:45:49,720 --> 00:45:51,600 there's hydrocarbon in it. 526 00:45:51,600 --> 00:45:53,680 You know, you're going to need it. 527 00:45:53,680 --> 00:45:58,600 So having a go at North Sea oil and gas production... 528 00:45:59,880 --> 00:46:03,320 ..in itself, I think, is unfair. 529 00:46:03,320 --> 00:46:07,160 People in the oil industry and just people in general have a go 530 00:46:07,160 --> 00:46:11,400 at environmentalists for, you know, using phones and buying shoes. 531 00:46:11,400 --> 00:46:13,120 If people think you're a hypocrite, 532 00:46:13,120 --> 00:46:15,520 they're not going to listen to what you have to say 533 00:46:15,520 --> 00:46:18,600 and, I mean, that is exactly what the fossil fuel industry wants. 534 00:46:18,600 --> 00:46:22,240 It takes the pressure off of them and onto everyday people 535 00:46:22,240 --> 00:46:26,080 whose individual actions in the grand scheme of things 536 00:46:26,080 --> 00:46:31,480 is tiny compared to the actions of massive fossil fuel corporations. 537 00:46:31,480 --> 00:46:35,320 We need to start talking about this as a systemic problem 538 00:46:35,320 --> 00:46:37,200 and not as an individual problem. 539 00:46:40,160 --> 00:46:43,760 There's no real consumer choice around the fact that we live in 540 00:46:43,760 --> 00:46:46,440 an energy infrastructure that means we have to use oil and gas 541 00:46:46,440 --> 00:46:49,520 currently because other alternatives are not being promoted. 542 00:46:56,640 --> 00:46:58,400 This is not made of oil. 543 00:46:58,400 --> 00:47:00,040 This is not made of oil. 544 00:47:00,040 --> 00:47:01,800 This is not made of oil. 545 00:47:01,800 --> 00:47:03,440 This is not made of oil. 546 00:47:03,440 --> 00:47:05,200 This is not made of oil. 547 00:47:05,200 --> 00:47:06,800 This is not made of oil. 548 00:47:06,800 --> 00:47:10,960 I think we've been hearing that the oil and gas company 549 00:47:10,960 --> 00:47:14,920 is the answer to our future energy needs for decades 550 00:47:14,920 --> 00:47:19,240 and the fact is that their investment in renewable energy 551 00:47:19,240 --> 00:47:24,520 is a vanishingly small proportion of their overall investment. 552 00:47:24,520 --> 00:47:27,240 The Oil and Gas Authority, if you open up their website 553 00:47:27,240 --> 00:47:29,680 or indeed go to their Twitter account, that's what they say, 554 00:47:29,680 --> 00:47:33,560 "We're there to maximise oil and gas production," and they help 555 00:47:33,560 --> 00:47:35,040 the government meet its net zero. 556 00:47:35,040 --> 00:47:38,760 That demonstrates to me absolutely clearly how net zero 557 00:47:38,760 --> 00:47:42,520 is basically a front for an incrementally greenwashed 558 00:47:42,520 --> 00:47:44,200 business as usual. 559 00:47:44,200 --> 00:47:46,120 It delays any real action. 560 00:47:46,120 --> 00:47:50,000 It relies on technologies that are either highly speculative 561 00:47:50,000 --> 00:47:52,840 or in only very small pilot schemes at the moment to remove 562 00:47:52,840 --> 00:47:56,400 carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, hundreds of billions of tonnes 563 00:47:56,400 --> 00:47:59,320 of carbon dioxide, not small quantities, out in the future. 564 00:47:59,320 --> 00:48:01,240 And when I say "we're" going to remove it, 565 00:48:01,240 --> 00:48:03,840 not us, our children and our children's children. 566 00:48:05,360 --> 00:48:07,320 BIRD CRIES 567 00:48:17,000 --> 00:48:19,880 There are several parts of Fort William that are threatened 568 00:48:19,880 --> 00:48:22,800 with flooding, and this will include the main roads 569 00:48:22,800 --> 00:48:26,360 and the main rail lines between Fort William and Glasgow... 570 00:48:27,720 --> 00:48:31,080 ..and that means that there's going to be a transport problem 571 00:48:31,080 --> 00:48:35,120 in the future, and food supplies might cut out at some point. 572 00:48:44,960 --> 00:48:47,600 In 50 years' time, if nothing changes, 573 00:48:47,600 --> 00:48:50,400 the water levels could rise to 40 centimetres. 574 00:48:52,760 --> 00:48:57,560 Already this winter, it flooded right up to where I'm sitting 575 00:48:57,560 --> 00:48:59,800 and the road had to be closed. 576 00:49:01,720 --> 00:49:04,880 If the road up to the high school could be closed, 577 00:49:04,880 --> 00:49:07,360 how could the children get to school? 578 00:49:25,400 --> 00:49:29,600 Well, in 50 years' time, I'm worried that there won't be the same type 579 00:49:29,600 --> 00:49:34,000 of wildlife as there is right now because of climate change. 580 00:49:34,000 --> 00:49:35,880 Ullapool's like a fishing village, 581 00:49:35,880 --> 00:49:38,720 so then, if the smaller fish die out, 582 00:49:38,720 --> 00:49:41,720 then the bigger fish won't have anything to eat, 583 00:49:41,720 --> 00:49:45,120 and that's kind of like the same as puffins 584 00:49:45,120 --> 00:49:48,040 that live around the coastal areas of Scotland. 585 00:49:49,600 --> 00:49:52,680 They could be affected by climate change, if the temperature rises 586 00:49:52,680 --> 00:49:54,120 and the sea levels rise, 587 00:49:54,120 --> 00:49:57,200 because then that would make the smaller fish swim away 588 00:49:57,200 --> 00:50:00,400 to places that are cooler or further north. 589 00:50:00,400 --> 00:50:05,400 Puffins will die of starvation if they don't sort something out soon. 590 00:50:18,800 --> 00:50:21,240 This bridge could be completely underwater. 591 00:50:22,440 --> 00:50:25,760 The SEC behind us, where they're holding COP26, 592 00:50:25,760 --> 00:50:28,040 that's going to be completely destroyed. 593 00:50:29,280 --> 00:50:32,080 There are so many things happening in the world right now that... 594 00:50:33,720 --> 00:50:35,960 ..I'm honestly not sure I could face 595 00:50:35,960 --> 00:50:38,640 bringing even like a child into the world. 596 00:50:44,640 --> 00:50:46,960 If we don't make the change now, we never will. 597 00:50:49,400 --> 00:50:52,040 It's actually so much closer than a lot of us are actually 598 00:50:52,040 --> 00:50:54,240 willing to believe... 599 00:50:54,240 --> 00:50:56,760 ..and that's quite terrifying. 600 00:51:06,560 --> 00:51:09,480 Adults have made their life choices. They've got their career 601 00:51:09,480 --> 00:51:12,680 and they've, you know, sometimes they have a family, 602 00:51:12,680 --> 00:51:16,480 they have a house, and it's not going to impact their lives 603 00:51:16,480 --> 00:51:19,840 in the same way it will impact us because, you know, 604 00:51:19,840 --> 00:51:22,760 what career am I going to have based off of this 605 00:51:22,760 --> 00:51:24,480 and where am I going to live? 606 00:51:25,880 --> 00:51:28,720 And what food am I going to be able to eat? 607 00:51:37,160 --> 00:51:40,880 DUCK QUACKS 608 00:51:41,960 --> 00:51:45,240 We're going to have several metres of sea level rise already locked in 609 00:51:45,240 --> 00:51:47,200 and, since Edinburgh is on the coast, 610 00:51:47,200 --> 00:51:51,280 that poses a pretty severe threat to lots of areas around here. 611 00:51:51,280 --> 00:51:53,160 Everything would be under water, 612 00:51:53,160 --> 00:51:57,480 the Ocean Terminal mall, the pub at the end of the road over there, 613 00:51:57,480 --> 00:51:58,960 everything. 614 00:51:58,960 --> 00:52:01,560 It's not even that far in the future, 615 00:52:01,560 --> 00:52:04,560 like, I'll maybe just be starting retirement. 616 00:52:04,560 --> 00:52:07,400 Even if we feel like it's in the distant future, 617 00:52:07,400 --> 00:52:11,560 areas I go all the time will not be, they won't even exist any more. 618 00:52:26,960 --> 00:52:30,480 THEY CHANT: BP, Shell, take your oil and go to hell. 619 00:52:30,480 --> 00:52:35,160 ExxonMobil, BP, Shell, take your oil and go to hell. 620 00:52:35,160 --> 00:52:38,280 ExxonMobil, BP, Shell, take your oil... 621 00:52:42,280 --> 00:52:46,640 The things I am most worried about is the future 622 00:52:46,640 --> 00:52:48,800 for children aged 15, 623 00:52:48,800 --> 00:52:51,200 children aged three, four, five. 624 00:52:58,920 --> 00:53:02,640 They will presumably expect to be alive by the end of the century. 625 00:53:04,760 --> 00:53:09,440 And, at the moment, that is really not looking like the sort of place 626 00:53:09,440 --> 00:53:11,120 you'd like to live in. 627 00:53:17,920 --> 00:53:21,080 So what we are seeing is a major disturbance 628 00:53:21,080 --> 00:53:23,320 in the global weather system, 629 00:53:23,320 --> 00:53:28,520 but much more serious is what is happening to that ice on Greenland. 630 00:53:28,520 --> 00:53:31,680 As the ice melts, it enters the ocean 631 00:53:31,680 --> 00:53:35,960 and there's enough ice there that, when it's all melted, 632 00:53:35,960 --> 00:53:40,720 sea levels globally will rise by an average of 7.5 metres, 633 00:53:40,720 --> 00:53:42,360 24 feet... 634 00:53:43,640 --> 00:53:48,160 ..and we will not recognise the world when that has happened. 635 00:53:53,880 --> 00:53:58,640 And, quite frankly, I believe this is already happening 636 00:53:58,640 --> 00:54:04,000 towards that final level of 24 feet sea level rise. 637 00:54:05,040 --> 00:54:07,400 WATER ROARS 638 00:54:17,440 --> 00:54:21,440 The Paris Agreement says that 1.5 degrees should be our aim 639 00:54:21,440 --> 00:54:26,600 and the fact that we're heading much more rapidly towards 3.5 degrees 640 00:54:26,600 --> 00:54:29,800 should be a grave concern for everybody. 641 00:54:31,120 --> 00:54:33,240 SHOUTING 642 00:54:41,000 --> 00:54:44,600 My family is still mostly in Bangladesh 643 00:54:44,600 --> 00:54:49,040 and I see it as, I guess in my case, 644 00:54:49,040 --> 00:54:53,760 a very personal example of the deep injustice 645 00:54:53,760 --> 00:54:56,800 at the heart of the climate crisis. 646 00:55:03,080 --> 00:55:07,240 As a country, it's done so little historically to contribute 647 00:55:07,240 --> 00:55:10,600 to the amount of carbon that's in the atmosphere 648 00:55:10,600 --> 00:55:13,840 and it's done so little to cause the climate crisis, 649 00:55:13,840 --> 00:55:17,920 and yet people there will be bearing the impact, already are 650 00:55:17,920 --> 00:55:21,440 overwhelmingly living with the impacts 651 00:55:21,440 --> 00:55:23,800 that we're currently experiencing of climate change. 652 00:55:31,640 --> 00:55:34,920 A half a metre sea level rise by 2050, 653 00:55:34,920 --> 00:55:38,680 we will see the... Everyone knows Bangladesh, 654 00:55:38,680 --> 00:55:41,440 two thirds of the country under water. 655 00:55:45,640 --> 00:55:48,080 It's expected that tens of millions... 656 00:55:48,080 --> 00:55:50,520 I think one estimate is that 30 million people 657 00:55:50,520 --> 00:55:53,480 will have to emigrate 658 00:55:53,480 --> 00:55:57,760 as a result of the impacts of climate change. 659 00:55:57,760 --> 00:56:01,600 Vietnam, 90% of the country under water, sea water 660 00:56:01,600 --> 00:56:05,240 at least once a year by 2050, in 30 years' time. 661 00:56:09,840 --> 00:56:13,240 The Mekong Delta region is the biggest series 662 00:56:13,240 --> 00:56:15,760 of rice paddy fields in the world. 663 00:56:15,760 --> 00:56:19,560 By the time we get to mid-century, rice production will collapse. 664 00:56:21,800 --> 00:56:26,040 At 3.5 degrees, roughly 74% of the world's population 665 00:56:26,040 --> 00:56:28,360 cannot live where they do today 666 00:56:28,360 --> 00:56:32,560 because the midday summer air temperature will be too hot 667 00:56:32,560 --> 00:56:35,080 for the body to be able to function. 668 00:56:35,080 --> 00:56:37,600 The body's inner organs will start to collapse. 669 00:56:40,440 --> 00:56:43,640 We are looking, by mid-century, 670 00:56:43,640 --> 00:56:47,560 possibly at 100 million climate refugees 671 00:56:47,560 --> 00:56:51,240 from that part of the world, possibly 200, 300 million... 672 00:56:52,280 --> 00:56:54,840 ..and that'll be happening around the world. 673 00:57:03,800 --> 00:57:09,160 We have to defossilise the global economy as quickly as we can. 674 00:58:53,480 --> 00:58:56,200 PLANE ROARS PAST 675 00:59:53,160 --> 00:59:55,680 CHANTING 676 01:00:07,000 --> 01:00:09,880 In my view, there are many reasons to be deeply critical 677 01:00:09,880 --> 01:00:11,640 of the whole COP process. 678 01:00:13,640 --> 01:00:18,120 The most dangerous voice there was that from the fossil fuel industry 679 01:00:18,120 --> 01:00:23,360 and, remember, that industry is not always a private sector voice - 680 01:00:23,360 --> 01:00:25,960 it's often the voice of the governments. 681 01:00:32,800 --> 01:00:36,480 A lot of the oil companies are owned by the governments, 682 01:00:36,480 --> 01:00:40,120 so the governments themselves are in effect the oil companies 683 01:00:40,120 --> 01:00:42,080 in many parts of the world. 684 01:00:46,280 --> 01:00:50,840 So whilst tens of thousands, hundreds of thousands of protesters 685 01:00:50,840 --> 01:00:53,520 and civil society activists and wider society 686 01:00:53,520 --> 01:00:55,000 is kept at arm's reach... 687 01:01:00,760 --> 01:01:05,160 ..the fossil fuel lobbyists are right in there with the negotiators 688 01:01:05,160 --> 01:01:07,480 before COP and during COP. 689 01:01:07,480 --> 01:01:10,040 They're in the governments. They're part of the governments. 690 01:01:10,040 --> 01:01:12,760 They're part of the DNA of the COP. 691 01:01:15,480 --> 01:01:18,360 And then we stand back saying, "Oh, look, there's hardly anything 692 01:01:18,360 --> 01:01:21,640 "about the fossil fuel industry and how we have to rapidly faze it out 693 01:01:21,640 --> 01:01:24,360 "within the agreements that come out of these COPS." 694 01:01:24,360 --> 01:01:26,320 And Glasgow, again, was just the same. 695 01:01:32,000 --> 01:01:34,880 They're in and out of the ministries far more than, 696 01:01:34,880 --> 01:01:37,360 I think there's some evidence that suggests nine or ten times 697 01:01:37,360 --> 01:01:40,360 more often than you get people from the renewables coming in there, 698 01:01:40,360 --> 01:01:43,200 and they've been doing this again for decade after decade. 699 01:02:10,160 --> 01:02:14,240 The fact is that, if we were about to be hit by a meteorite, 700 01:02:14,240 --> 01:02:17,600 if the country was about to be hit by a meteorite, 701 01:02:17,600 --> 01:02:21,480 the government would do everything possible to prevent 702 01:02:21,480 --> 01:02:23,360 that happening immediately. 703 01:02:23,360 --> 01:02:27,400 It wouldn't say, "Oh, let's wait for the private sector to come up 704 01:02:27,400 --> 01:02:31,360 "with a plan and a managed transition 705 01:02:31,360 --> 01:02:33,680 "before the moment of impact." 706 01:02:33,680 --> 01:02:36,200 Right? We can't afford to do that. 707 01:02:36,200 --> 01:02:41,760 The urgency of the climate crisis is not entirely unlike 708 01:02:41,760 --> 01:02:45,560 the threat we would face if we were to be hit by a meteorite. 709 01:02:45,560 --> 01:02:51,600 And, therefore, we cannot rely on self-serving capital gains-making 710 01:02:51,600 --> 01:02:55,360 shareholders in oil companies for that transition. 711 01:03:57,520 --> 01:04:00,360 METALLIC CLANKING 712 01:04:03,600 --> 01:04:06,200 We need to decommission properly. 713 01:04:06,200 --> 01:04:09,760 There are certain obligations that we're under 714 01:04:09,760 --> 01:04:14,560 and as a sector we want to make sure that we do tidy up after ourselves. 715 01:04:14,560 --> 01:04:17,920 So we decommission, we do it safely, we do it efficiently, 716 01:04:17,920 --> 01:04:23,080 we do it cost-effectively, and we do it with an environmental...head on. 717 01:04:29,000 --> 01:04:31,040 The industry is liable for all the costs 718 01:04:31,040 --> 01:04:32,920 associated with decommissioning. 719 01:04:38,280 --> 01:04:42,800 The way that the tax regime works in this country for oil and gas 720 01:04:42,800 --> 01:04:48,040 companies is that they can claim costs that they incur 721 01:04:48,040 --> 01:04:51,720 from decommissioning oil and gas assets, which is another way 722 01:04:51,720 --> 01:04:55,400 of saying cleaning up the mess that they've created. 723 01:04:55,400 --> 01:04:59,640 You know, it's disassembling rigs, making sure that there isn't a whole 724 01:04:59,640 --> 01:05:02,560 lot of toxic sludge left behind, the sort of clean-up 725 01:05:02,560 --> 01:05:05,680 that all polluting industries have to do 726 01:05:05,680 --> 01:05:08,160 when they exit from that industry. 727 01:05:08,160 --> 01:05:12,240 But if you're an oil and gas company, the UK taxpayer 728 01:05:12,240 --> 01:05:16,480 pays about 50% of the costs of decommissioning. 729 01:05:25,240 --> 01:05:29,400 All companies in the sector benefit from that tax regime 730 01:05:29,400 --> 01:05:31,840 and it means that, whether they're a British company 731 01:05:31,840 --> 01:05:36,040 or a foreign company, they are not making a contribution 732 01:05:36,040 --> 01:05:41,800 to the British economy in terms of the money that they contribute 733 01:05:41,800 --> 01:05:45,760 to the public purse, and they are benefiting from taxpayer dollars. 734 01:05:57,000 --> 01:06:00,720 The UK's Office of National Accounts has estimated 735 01:06:00,720 --> 01:06:04,720 that over the next few decades we are on the hook 736 01:06:04,720 --> 01:06:07,920 for £18 billion in decommissioning costs. 737 01:06:11,760 --> 01:06:15,800 It's the kind of arrangement that no other industry benefits from. 738 01:06:26,200 --> 01:06:29,800 We need to transition. We need to get the manufacturing site onshore. 739 01:06:31,880 --> 01:06:33,360 For decommissioning oil and gas, 740 01:06:33,360 --> 01:06:38,120 we could recycle the steel and we could build jackets for turbines. 741 01:06:38,120 --> 01:06:40,200 We could build the turbines. 742 01:06:49,920 --> 01:06:52,520 Right now, the future of North Sea oil 743 01:06:52,520 --> 01:06:55,160 is in the hands of the investment houses. 744 01:06:58,080 --> 01:07:02,440 As the oil and gas depletes in the UK now, 745 01:07:02,440 --> 01:07:06,280 the majors aren't making enough quick enough, 746 01:07:06,280 --> 01:07:09,200 and as their assets get older they've got to spend more money 747 01:07:09,200 --> 01:07:12,120 on them and they don't want to be doing that either. 748 01:07:14,400 --> 01:07:16,440 So what we've got now are... 749 01:07:17,680 --> 01:07:20,720 ..investment houses looking to make a quick buck. 750 01:07:22,280 --> 01:07:25,120 As we move forward with the whole climate debate, 751 01:07:25,120 --> 01:07:29,160 you're going to see these investment houses 752 01:07:29,160 --> 01:07:33,960 being exposed and attacked for continuing to invest in oil and gas. 753 01:07:41,080 --> 01:07:46,440 These investment houses are going to think twice and a lot of them 754 01:07:46,440 --> 01:07:48,480 are just going to pull the plug. 755 01:07:48,480 --> 01:07:50,080 And if they pull the plug... 756 01:07:51,240 --> 01:07:53,360 ..that ends operations here. 757 01:07:57,560 --> 01:07:59,280 That shuts it down. 758 01:08:05,880 --> 01:08:08,320 Oil and gas workers now are very worried 759 01:08:08,320 --> 01:08:10,640 about what the future holds for them. 760 01:08:14,480 --> 01:08:20,320 The technology, the ability, the core skills, the infrastructure, 761 01:08:20,320 --> 01:08:23,720 the supply chain companies, they're all here. 762 01:08:23,720 --> 01:08:25,480 They can all deliver 763 01:08:25,480 --> 01:08:29,760 on what we need to do in the renewable sector, 764 01:08:29,760 --> 01:08:33,360 whether it's carbon capture, whether it's hydrogen production. 765 01:08:35,080 --> 01:08:36,600 We can do it all... 766 01:08:37,960 --> 01:08:39,200 ..given the chance. 767 01:08:46,480 --> 01:08:48,360 You see, the big oil companies, 768 01:08:48,360 --> 01:08:51,440 they're now beginning to sell up and move away... 769 01:08:53,320 --> 01:08:57,840 ..and in their place come a whole range of much smaller companies. 770 01:08:57,840 --> 01:09:02,480 So those are private equity companies who are owned by 771 01:09:02,480 --> 01:09:06,640 private individuals based in, say, for example, Switzerland 772 01:09:06,640 --> 01:09:08,680 or the USA or Russia. 773 01:09:09,760 --> 01:09:13,200 And then also state-owned companies, 774 01:09:13,200 --> 01:09:16,280 such as Malaysia, Abu Dhabi, 775 01:09:16,280 --> 01:09:19,560 but also China and Iran. 776 01:09:19,560 --> 01:09:22,800 The Chinese National Offshore Oil Company 777 01:09:22,800 --> 01:09:26,080 has three major oil fields in the North Sea - 778 01:09:26,080 --> 01:09:28,840 Telford and Golden Eagle and Buzzard. 779 01:09:28,840 --> 01:09:33,760 Buzzard is the highest producing oilfield in the UK North Sea, 780 01:09:33,760 --> 01:09:38,280 so China has an increasingly important role to play 781 01:09:38,280 --> 01:09:40,640 in the future of this area 782 01:09:40,640 --> 01:09:44,880 and that's an important thing when we think about how much control 783 01:09:44,880 --> 01:09:50,360 do we as British citizens have over the future of the North Sea. 784 01:09:52,080 --> 01:09:54,680 If, say, for example, people in Scotland say, "We don't want 785 01:09:54,680 --> 01:09:59,560 "that oil exploited because of climate change or whatever," 786 01:09:59,560 --> 01:10:04,120 then the UK would have to compensate 787 01:10:04,120 --> 01:10:08,320 the Chinese National Oil Company, and effectively the Chinese state, 788 01:10:08,320 --> 01:10:11,680 for tearing up the contract that it's made with it... 789 01:10:13,080 --> 01:10:18,520 ..which means that it is more and more removed from government control 790 01:10:18,520 --> 01:10:21,920 and democratic control and public scrutiny. 791 01:10:28,880 --> 01:10:31,320 DISTANT HORN BLARES 792 01:10:35,880 --> 01:10:41,560 About two thirds of the oil that we produce is being exported 793 01:10:41,560 --> 01:10:46,160 to countries such as China and the US, 794 01:10:46,160 --> 01:10:50,040 and not used to be refined here, on the UK mainland... 795 01:10:51,320 --> 01:10:55,080 ..which undermines the argument that this is important 796 01:10:55,080 --> 01:10:56,760 for UK energy security. 797 01:10:56,760 --> 01:10:59,240 WAVES ROAR 798 01:11:09,040 --> 01:11:11,480 I think we'll look back on this era as the good old days 799 01:11:11,480 --> 01:11:15,200 before everything goes insane, and we can't even stop it any more. 800 01:11:15,200 --> 01:11:17,880 And I think there is going to be a lot of resentment from future 801 01:11:17,880 --> 01:11:20,160 generations because we really are at the last point 802 01:11:20,160 --> 01:11:21,760 where we can change things. 803 01:11:21,760 --> 01:11:24,000 And if we don't, I don't think the future generations 804 01:11:24,000 --> 01:11:26,080 are ever really going to be able to forgive us. 805 01:11:26,080 --> 01:11:28,080 Yeah, they're going to blame us 806 01:11:28,080 --> 01:11:30,840 and we're not even the ones in control here. 807 01:11:39,440 --> 01:11:43,960 We have been consistently wrong about the scale at which renewables 808 01:11:43,960 --> 01:11:45,360 have become competitive. 809 01:11:45,360 --> 01:11:48,720 The price of solar has dropped by 80% in the last decade. 810 01:11:48,720 --> 01:11:51,240 Nobody, including the world's leading energy forecasters, 811 01:11:51,240 --> 01:11:53,040 saw that coming. 812 01:11:56,280 --> 01:12:01,200 So to continue to lock in our dependency on oil and gas, 813 01:12:01,200 --> 01:12:04,880 because we think that in 30 years' time we might still need it 814 01:12:04,880 --> 01:12:06,440 is a huge mistake. 815 01:12:35,160 --> 01:12:39,080 Compared with digging deep beneath the North Sea to produce this, 816 01:12:39,080 --> 01:12:42,400 you know, quite challenging material... 817 01:12:45,320 --> 01:12:48,560 ..to then pipe it day after day, year after year, 818 01:12:48,560 --> 01:12:52,520 decade after decade, the huge refineries that then convert this 819 01:12:52,520 --> 01:12:55,920 black goo into all sorts of amazing products, one way or another, 820 01:12:55,920 --> 01:12:58,800 that we've managed to do that is incredible. 821 01:13:02,240 --> 01:13:06,240 And then you look at the renewable industry now that's developing - 822 01:13:06,240 --> 01:13:09,160 it looks so much simpler than this oil industry 823 01:13:09,160 --> 01:13:11,480 that we've completely normalised. 824 01:13:13,040 --> 01:13:15,640 And I look at the skills that we have offshore, 825 01:13:15,640 --> 01:13:18,160 that degree of sort of, you know, engineering 826 01:13:18,160 --> 01:13:19,760 understanding and so forth, 827 01:13:19,760 --> 01:13:22,440 you think, if we applied that to the renewables, 828 01:13:22,440 --> 01:13:24,120 we could deliver a renewable 829 01:13:24,120 --> 01:13:28,880 renaissance, or a new renewable conversion from fossil fuels, 830 01:13:28,880 --> 01:13:32,960 far more quickly than we ever built with the fossil fuel industry. 831 01:14:13,680 --> 01:14:17,320 We need every institution of finance, be they insurers 832 01:14:17,320 --> 01:14:21,920 or fund managers or banks, the OECD, the World Bank, the IMF, 833 01:14:21,920 --> 01:14:25,680 we all need to work collectively to make sure that we rebase global 834 01:14:25,680 --> 01:14:29,560 economic growth so that it's no longer powered by fossil fuels. 835 01:14:34,680 --> 01:14:38,080 If we don't deliver that, then civilisation itself is at risk. 836 01:14:40,720 --> 01:14:43,720 I know that sounds hyperbolic, but it is a fact. 837 01:14:46,560 --> 01:14:48,760 PLANE ENGINES ROAR 838 01:14:57,400 --> 01:14:59,960 Oil was discovered in 1859 - 839 01:14:59,960 --> 01:15:05,680 at that time, there were about 800 whaling vessels in the world... 840 01:15:06,680 --> 01:15:11,040 ..and that was how we powered lights in cities - whale oil. 841 01:15:15,680 --> 01:15:20,760 About ten years later, half of that whaling fleet was worthless 842 01:15:20,760 --> 01:15:23,920 because nobody needed the whales any more. 843 01:15:23,920 --> 01:15:25,600 It's going to take a lot longer, 844 01:15:25,600 --> 01:15:30,400 but the rigs of today can be equated to the whaling vessels 845 01:15:30,400 --> 01:15:32,280 of 150 years ago. 846 01:15:43,720 --> 01:15:45,680 This period of burning the fossil fuels, 847 01:15:45,680 --> 01:15:49,640 of really taking what has been millions and millions of years 848 01:15:49,640 --> 01:15:53,600 of laying down the carbon through natural processes 849 01:15:53,600 --> 01:15:56,840 and suddenly releasing it, virtually overnight, 850 01:15:56,840 --> 01:15:59,280 but that's a very short timeframe. 851 01:15:59,280 --> 01:16:03,360 So to assume that we can't live as humans without fossil fuels 852 01:16:03,360 --> 01:16:06,400 completely misunderstands that we have done so in the past... 853 01:16:08,840 --> 01:16:11,160 ..and that we will have to in the future. 854 01:16:26,760 --> 01:16:32,520 We're embedded in the physical realm of the oil machine, 855 01:16:32,520 --> 01:16:36,360 but we're also embedded in the emotional world of that. 856 01:16:42,560 --> 01:16:45,680 It makes the way we think and it makes the way we feel. 857 01:17:02,160 --> 01:17:05,600 The difficulties of getting out of oil 858 01:17:05,600 --> 01:17:10,560 is that it feels like life is going to be more deprived... 859 01:17:12,600 --> 01:17:15,080 ..and we're frightened of that. 860 01:17:38,000 --> 01:17:43,040 Our desires are often made possible by a level of energy consumption. 861 01:18:01,880 --> 01:18:04,800 WATER GURGLES 862 01:18:10,400 --> 01:18:12,160 We've been in the phase of oil. 863 01:18:14,920 --> 01:18:17,040 We have to go beyond it. 864 01:18:23,440 --> 01:18:26,080 We have to find a way out the other side of it. 865 01:18:30,560 --> 01:18:33,800 That will lead us to learning new ways of being.