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(dramatic music)

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Downloaded from
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Official YIFY movies site:
YTS.MX

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(low music)
(distant booms)

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The early years of World War II saw
Nazi Germany take control of Europe.

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By late 1941, as Adolf
Hitler continued expanding

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his empire, events in
the Pacific escalated when.

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Imperial Japan and America
became embroiled in conflict

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after the attack on the US
naval fleet at Pearl Harbor.

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(dramatic music)

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As smoke and fire engulfed the naval base

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in Hawaii, America and
its president Franklin D.

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Roosevelt could no
longer stay on the sidelines

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of a war that had been raging
in Europe for over two years.

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(dramatic music)

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On December the 7th, 1941, the
conflict expanded into a truly global war.

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A state of war has existed between the.

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United States and the Japanese Empire.

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This marked the start of a new phase

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in the Second World
War, with America joining

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the fight for what Roosevelt
defined as the four freedoms.

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(dramatic music)

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First was freedom of speech.

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Second, freedom of religion and expression.

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Third, freedom from want.

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And finally, freedom from fear.

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(dramatic music)

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The tale of how a nation that valued
its neutrality and had worked so hard to

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avoid war abroad finally
joined the fight follows

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the journey of Roosevelt, the
man behind the American dream.

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(dramatic music)

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Born on January the 30th, 1882, in Hyde.

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Park, New York, Franklin
Delano Roosevelt was the

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son of James Roosevelt
and Sarah Ann Delano,

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both from wealthy and
well-established New York State families.

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(dramatic music)

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On his mother's side,
Franklin descended from a

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French pilgrim who attempted
the perilous voyage from.

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England to America,
sailing near the Mayflower.

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Delayed by complications en
route, Philippe Delanoy finally

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reached American shores in 1621.

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Two decades later, Klaas van
Roosevelt, James Roosevelt's

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ancestor, sailed from
Holland and arrived in Newer

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Amsterdam, modern-day New York.

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(dramatic music)

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The Roosevelt's were a
powerful family and Franklin

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led a privileged life, studying at one of.

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America's most esteemed
universities, Harvard.

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While there, at the turn of the 20th

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century, his fifth cousin, Theodore
Roosevelt, became president in 1901.

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(dramatic music)

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Theodore quickly became
a hero and role model

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for the younger Roosevelt, who was
inspired by his decisive leadership.

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(dramatic music)

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Shortly after his cousin
took office, Franklin met.

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Theodore's niece, Anna Eleanor
Roosevelt, whom he later married in 1905.

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(dramatic music)

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Eleanor taught Italian and
Jewish immigrant children dance

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in New York's Lower East
Side, exposing Franklin

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to the struggles of America's poor.

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(dramatic music)

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It was a lesson he never forgot, and

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together the couple later
made significant strides in

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improving life for the underprivileged.

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(dramatic music)

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Six years after marrying
Eleanor, Franklin followed in

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his cousin's footsteps, running
for the New York Senate.

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After a successful campaign, he
entered the State House at just 28.

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(dramatic music)

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When Woodrow Wilson
made him Assistant Secretary of

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the Navy in 1913,
Roosevelt formed a lifelong

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connection with the Navy,
becoming a strong proponent

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of the submarine, which
was crucial in countering.

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Germany's growing threat to shipping.

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(dramatic music)

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World War One began in 1914,
but America stayed out until 1917.

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President Wilson had
hoped to maintain peace and

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avoid exposing Americans
to the horrors of trench

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warfare, which had already turned gruesome.

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(dramatic music)

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That changed in 1917,
when a telegram revealed

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that Germany was attempting
to persuade Mexico to

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join a military alliance
against the United States,

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promising to return Texas,
New Mexico, and Arizona.

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(dramatic music)

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After many sleepless nights,
Wilson concluded war was inevitable.

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On April the 6th, 1917, the U.S.

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declared war on Germany,
much to Britain's relief.

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(dramatic music)

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Winston Churchill, First
Lord of the Admiralty at

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the war's outbreak, famously
remarked, there are only

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two ways of winning the war,
and they both begin with an A.

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One was America, the other air power.

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(dramatic music)

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It took a year for the U.S.

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to gather enough
strength to make an impact,

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but by mid 1918,
thousands of American troops

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were arriving in France
daily, helping the Allies

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push the Germans back
and forcing them to surrender.

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(dramatic music)

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During this time, Roosevelt
visited the Western Front

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and Britain, and on July the 29th, 1918,

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he met Winston Churchill,
then Minister of Munitions,

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at a banquet in Gray's Inn, London.

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(dramatic music)

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The encounter was not
pleasant for Roosevelt, who

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later recalled Churchill's
rude behavior, saying he acted

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like a stinker, little suspecting
how their relationship

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would evolve in the future.

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(dramatic music)

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Just three months after Roosevelt's
visit, Germany surrendered,

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and the world rejoiced as the armistice
was signed on November the 11th, 1918.

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(dramatic music)

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But by then, millions had died.

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Over 100,000 Americans
perished, and more than

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200,000 were wounded, leaving many in the.

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U.S. convinced that European
affairs should remain European.

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(dramatic music)

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As America returned to peace,
Roosevelt faced a personal crisis.

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(dramatic music)

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Eleanor discovered his
affair with his social secretary,

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Lucy Mercer, and by 1917, she had moved

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with their five children into a
separate home in Hyde Park.

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(dramatic music)

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However, they overcame
the scandal, and as Lucy

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ended the relationship,
Eleanor remained a loyal and

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devoted wife, later becoming
a major political figure herself.

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(dramatic music)

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As the Roosevelts resolved
their personal struggles, post

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-war America entered an
economic boom, with the.

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Roaring Twenties making the country
a hub of glamour and excitement.

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(dramatic music)

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With a thriving economy,
more people could afford

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luxuries like radios and
cars, and Hollywood emerged

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as an iconic part of American culture.

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(dramatic music)

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Advances in filmmaking made
movies more spectacular than

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ever, giving rise to a new class of

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celebrities, as audiences
flocked to see stars like

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Rudolph Valentino on
Broadway and the silver screen.

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(dramatic music)

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But there was a darker side.

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Prohibition fuelled crime, and
gangsters became as famous

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as Hollywood's brightest stars.

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(dramatic music)

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Despite America's prosperity, the
1920s proved difficult for Roosevelt.

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In 1921, while on holiday
at Campobello Island

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with his family, he contracted polio.

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Suddenly unable to walk, he spent the next

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seven years pursuing
treatments to regain mobility.

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(dramatic music)

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Once again, Eleanor fought for him.

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His mother, Sarah Delano,
believed he would be

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an invalid for life, but Roosevelt
and Eleanor refused to accept defeat.

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(dramatic music)

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Using iron braces on his hips and legs,

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he taught himself to walk short
distances with a cane or an aid.

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(dramatic music)

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His determination was so
strong that when he ran for

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office in 1928, few supporters knew
he relied on a wheelchair in private.

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(dramatic music)

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But just as Roosevelt
secured election as governor,

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America's fortunes took a dramatic turn.

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The most devastating
stock market crash in history

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shook the nation in October 1929.

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(dramatic music)

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The Wall Street Crash marked the start of

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a turbulent era that
affected the entire world.

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(dramatic music)

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Unemployment soared,
millions lost their homes, and as

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the glittering 1920s gave way to the Great.

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Depression, the global economy reeled.

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(dramatic music)

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Germany, already struggling with
massive war reparations, plunged

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into further crisis.

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(dramatic music)

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Against this backdrop, Roosevelt launched
his bid for the presidency in 1932.

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(dramatic music)

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While America was not at war in the

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traditional sense, Roosevelt
approached the economic crisis like

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a battlefield commander.

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I pledge you, I pledge myself to a
new deal for the American people.

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This is more than a political
campaign, it is a call to arms.

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His new deal was a sweeping set of

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policies aimed at tackling
the crisis, rallying the

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public to the voting booths.

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(dramatic music)

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In 1933, a victorious
Roosevelt entered the White.

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House, committed to
relief for the poor, financial

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reform, and economic recovery.

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He introduced the Social
Security system, which remains

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a pillar of American life today, and did

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everything in his power to
lift the country from despair.

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(dramatic music)

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Unfortunately, Roosevelt
was not the only new leader

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to exploit economic
hardship for political gain.

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And far from the US west coast, German

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citizens listened intently
to the speeches of a

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fervent new leader, Adolf Hitler.

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He not only promised
economic recovery, but also

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retribution against those he
deemed responsible for Germany's

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suffering following the First World War.

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(dramatic music)

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Unlike Roosevelt's altruistic reforms,
Hitler pursued self-aggrandizement

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and vengeance, blaming Jews
and communists for Germany's

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downfall and mobilizing violent
Nazi forces for their eradication.

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(dramatic music)

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Across the Atlantic, these
developments largely escaped American

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notice, but soon they too
would confront the horrors of war.

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(dramatic music)

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Globally, unrest escalated,
particularly in 1935 when Italian

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dictator Mussolini invaded
Abyssinia, now Ethiopia.

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(dramatic music)

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A year later, amid fierce Spanish Civil War

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battles, Congress sought to
assure the American public

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of non-involvement, leading
to the Neutrality Act's passage.

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(dramatic music)

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Meanwhile, unemployment declined,
the economy stabilized, and Roosevelt's

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popularity secured his 1937 re-election.

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(dramatic music)

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Yet, international tensions
deepened as Japan invaded China,

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prompting an exodus of
Americans from Shanghai.

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(dramatic music)

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Roosevelt responded with
aid and, on October 5th,

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1937, delivered a speech
at odds with US isolationism.

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(dramatic music)

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The peace, freedom, and security of 90%

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of the world is endangered by 10%,
threatening the collapse of law and order.

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(dramatic music)

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We seek to avoid war, yet
cannot ensure against its effects.

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(dramatic music)

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His words suggested that, for
Roosevelt, war might be inevitable.

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(dramatic music)

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By 1938, Europe's instability
worsened as the Nazis

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seized Austria, the Rhineland,
and Czechoslovakia, facing minimal

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resistance from war-weary
Britain and France.

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(dramatic music)

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British Prime Minister Neville
Chamberlain, prioritizing peace, struggled

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with how to confront Hitler.

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(dramatic music)

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Roosevelt, meanwhile, faced
Chamberlain's disdain for Americans, whom

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he saw as brash and unmannered.

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Repeated White House invitations
were declined, straining US -UK relations.

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(dramatic music)

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Ironically, Chamberlain found Hitler
more approachable, even traveling

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to Germany for
appeasement talks as the first

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Nazi rally was broadcast
to millions of Americans.

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(dramatic music)

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Hitler's shrieking rhetoric
and the Nazis' regimented Sieg.

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Heil chants alarmed Roosevelt,
who saw war as inevitable.

251
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(dramatic music)

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Shocking news arrived
just two months later.

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The November 1938 Kristallnacht pogrom.

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Outraged, Roosevelt publicly
condemned Germany's actions.

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00:20:29.240 --> 00:20:31.680
The past day's news has
shocked American opinion.

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I could scarcely believe such things
could happen in the 20th century.

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(dramatic music)

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00:20:40.280 --> 00:20:42.934
As the world recoiled
from Nazi brutality and.

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Hitler's defiance of the
Versailles Treaty, Roosevelt sought

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clarity on his ambitions.

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00:20:47.920 --> 00:20:53.120
(dramatic music)

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In April 1939, he telegrammed
Hitler, demanding assurances

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that Germany had no
intention of invading 31

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nations, questioning why
the Nazis resorted to tactics

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reminiscent of the Huns and Vandals 1,500

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years earlier.

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(dramatic music)

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A copy was sent to Mussolini and the

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message was broadcast in America,
hoping to sway public sentiment.

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(dramatic music)

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Hitler's response was a
furious two-hour speech,

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denying aggressive intent while
launching a scathing attack on Roosevelt.

273
00:21:36.440 --> 00:21:41.640
(dramatic music)

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Hitler's duplicity was evident,
but Roosevelt could do

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little beyond watching and waiting.

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Despite strained US-UK
relations, Roosevelt sought to

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strengthen ties by hosting King George
VI and Queen Elizabeth in June 1939.

278
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(dramatic music)

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Their visit bolstered
Britain's image in America as

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they toured the New York World's Fair and

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the First World War's Tomb
of the Unknown Soldier.

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00:22:14.920 --> 00:22:20.120
(dramatic music)

283
00:22:20.480 --> 00:22:24.840
However, both Roosevelt and the
King understood Hitler's looming threat.

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As the royal couple departed,
Roosevelt wished them

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00:22:28.800 --> 00:22:32.534
well, but just 11 weeks
later, Britain was at war.

286
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(dramatic music)

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On September 1st, 1939,
Roosevelt was awoken by

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a call from the US ambassador in Warsaw.

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Germany had invaded Poland.

290
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(dramatic music)

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Understanding the gravity
of this act, Roosevelt simply

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responded, God help us all.

293
00:23:14.600 --> 00:23:19.800
(dramatic music)

294
00:23:20.120 --> 00:23:23.000
Two days later, Britain
and France declared war,

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marking the start of a
six-year global conflict.

296
00:23:26.200 --> 00:23:30.294
(dramatic music)

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I am speaking to you from the
cabinet room in Downing Street.

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This morning, the British
ambassador in Berlin handed

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the German government
a final note, stating that

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00:23:45.400 --> 00:23:48.000
unless we heard from them by this...

301
00:23:58.880 --> 00:24:01.294
I have to tell you now that no

302
00:24:01.360 --> 00:24:05.200
such undertaking has been
received and that consequently

303
00:24:06.000 --> 00:24:08.960
this country is at war with Germany.

304
00:24:11.520 --> 00:24:14.654
Though Roosevelt assured
Americans of neutrality, he urged

305
00:24:14.720 --> 00:24:16.400
them not to remain neutral in thought.

306
00:24:21.760 --> 00:24:26.414
However, most Americans opposed
European intervention, sympathizing with.

307
00:24:26.480 --> 00:24:28.960
Britain and France, but
considering it their problem.

308
00:24:29.040 --> 00:24:33.774
(dramatic music)

309
00:24:33.840 --> 00:24:35.600
I say we ought to keep hands off,

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00:24:35.960 --> 00:24:40.040
let them take care of
themselves, and count me out.

311
00:24:41.040 --> 00:24:46.014
Yet, Anglo-American relations found an
unexpected saviour in Winston Churchill.

312
00:24:46.080 --> 00:24:50.094
(dramatic music)

313
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Reappointed First Lord of the
Admiralty, the day war was declared.

314
00:24:53.760 --> 00:24:57.974
(dramatic music)

315
00:24:58.040 --> 00:25:01.920
Despite past tensions, Roosevelt
eagerly corresponded with Churchill,

316
00:25:02.520 --> 00:25:05.374
relieved to find a proactive ally
in Chamberlain's government.

317
00:25:05.440 --> 00:25:10.640
(dramatic music)

318
00:25:13.360 --> 00:25:16.974
While Roosevelt's neutrality
declaration kept America officially out

319
00:25:17.040 --> 00:25:19.574
of war, covert preparations began.

320
00:25:19.640 --> 00:25:24.840
(dramatic music)

321
00:25:27.200 --> 00:25:31.160
In October 1939, leading
Americans convened in Panama,

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00:25:31.680 --> 00:25:34.720
establishing a security zone
extending miles into the sea.

323
00:25:34.800 --> 00:25:39.574
(dramatic music)

324
00:25:39.640 --> 00:25:42.654
That same month, Albert
Einstein, a refugee from

325
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Nazi Germany, warned Roosevelt
of Germany's nuclear ambitions,

326
00:25:47.080 --> 00:25:50.534
prompting the formation of an
advisory committee on uranium.

327
00:25:50.600 --> 00:25:53.014
(dramatic music)

328
00:25:53.080 --> 00:25:56.294
Meanwhile, European nations
continued to fall under Nazi

329
00:25:56.360 --> 00:26:00.214
control, and America observed
Britain and France's ineffectual

330
00:26:00.280 --> 00:26:02.974
attempts to halt German
advances into Denmark and

331
00:26:03.040 --> 00:26:06.440
Norway, while Stalin's Red
Army marched into Finland.

332
00:26:09.760 --> 00:26:12.534
Reports of Jewish
persecution also intensified.

333
00:26:12.600 --> 00:26:16.934
(dramatic music)

334
00:26:17.000 --> 00:26:19.454
Writers like John Steinbeck
and Eugene O'Neill

335
00:26:19.520 --> 00:26:23.734
condemned Nazi antisemitism,
joined by Hollywood stars Fred

336
00:26:23.800 --> 00:26:25.360
Astaire and Bette Davis.

337
00:26:29.000 --> 00:26:32.214
By June 1940, Nazi
forces had stormed through

338
00:26:32.280 --> 00:26:36.374
Holland, Belgium and into France, leading
to Neville Chamberlain's resignation.

339
00:26:36.440 --> 00:26:39.654
(dramatic music)

340
00:26:39.720 --> 00:26:45.000
On May 10th, 1940, Winston Churchill
became Britain's wartime Prime Minister.

341
00:26:45.880 --> 00:26:48.640
As Paris fell, Churchill
appealed to Roosevelt.

342
00:26:49.520 --> 00:26:53.200
The US voice and power may
count for nothing if delayed too long.

343
00:26:54.160 --> 00:26:58.054
With Hitler targeting Britain, Churchill
desperately requested American

344
00:26:58.120 --> 00:27:01.894
military aid, especially following
the Dunkirk evacuation's heavy

345
00:27:01.960 --> 00:27:04.894
equipment losses in May-June 1940.

346
00:27:04.960 --> 00:27:09.294
(dramatic music)

347
00:27:09.360 --> 00:27:12.854
Though Roosevelt provided
Churchill's requests, he doubted even.

348
00:27:12.920 --> 00:27:16.614
Churchill's rousing speeches
could sustain British morale against

349
00:27:16.680 --> 00:27:17.534
Nazi aggression.

350
00:27:17.600 --> 00:27:22.800
(dramatic music)

351
00:27:25.320 --> 00:27:28.574
However, Churchill's decisive
attack on the French fleet

352
00:27:28.640 --> 00:27:32.400
at Oran, preventing its capture
by Germany, impressed Roosevelt.

353
00:27:36.720 --> 00:27:40.014
He responded by offering
Churchill 50 destroyers in

354
00:27:40.080 --> 00:27:44.360
exchange for 99-year leases on British
Caribbean and Newfoundland bases.

355
00:27:47.480 --> 00:27:49.894
Yet, while Roosevelt
was willing to help, the

356
00:27:49.960 --> 00:27:51.974
American public remained unconvinced.

357
00:27:52.040 --> 00:27:57.240
(dramatic music)

358
00:27:57.720 --> 00:28:01.974
Charles Lindbergh, aviation
hero and staunch isolationist, led

359
00:28:02.040 --> 00:28:05.160
the America First movement,
arguing against US involvement.

360
00:28:05.280 --> 00:28:10.480
(dramatic music)

361
00:28:17.000 --> 00:28:19.854
Having visited Germany
in the 1930s and received

362
00:28:19.920 --> 00:28:22.680
an award from Luftwaffe
commander Hermann Göring,

363
00:28:31.600 --> 00:28:34.374
Lindbergh viewed Soviet
Russia as a greater threat than

364
00:28:34.440 --> 00:28:39.014
Hitler and feared a European crusade
would doom Western civilization.

365
00:28:39.080 --> 00:28:44.280
(dramatic music)

366
00:28:51.720 --> 00:28:54.934
His stance found support among
prominent businessmen, authors

367
00:28:55.000 --> 00:28:58.800
and celebrities, including Walt
Disney and actress Lillian Gish.

368
00:28:59.760 --> 00:29:01.400
Even future president John F.

369
00:29:01.520 --> 00:29:03.960
Kennedy sent Lindbergh
a telegram of support.

370
00:29:05.000 --> 00:29:08.414
Convinced of Lindbergh's Nazi
sympathies, Roosevelt ordered an

371
00:29:08.480 --> 00:29:12.120
FBI investigation, but no
incriminating evidence surfaced.

372
00:29:12.240 --> 00:29:17.134
(dramatic music)

373
00:29:17.200 --> 00:29:21.014
As Roosevelt struggled against
public opposition, Hitler unleashed

374
00:29:21.080 --> 00:29:22.320
the Luftwaffe on Britain.

375
00:29:23.480 --> 00:29:26.934
Millions of Americans followed
events via radio broadcasts,

376
00:29:27.000 --> 00:29:28.574
captivated by the Battle of Britain.

377
00:29:28.640 --> 00:29:33.840
(dramatic music)

378
00:29:34.120 --> 00:29:36.254
Journalist Edward
Murrow played a key role in

379
00:29:36.320 --> 00:29:39.294
bringing the Blitz into
American homes, reporting live

380
00:29:39.360 --> 00:29:41.654
from London's rooftops
amid bombs and air raid

381
00:29:41.720 --> 00:29:46.134
sirens, even capturing the hurried
footsteps of civilians fleeing to shelters.

382
00:29:46.200 --> 00:29:51.014
(dramatic music)

383
00:29:51.080 --> 00:29:55.494
At a time when survival was uncertain
from one day to the next, so long and

384
00:29:55.560 --> 00:29:57.960
good luck became the
standard British farewell.

385
00:30:00.440 --> 00:30:02.854
This soon found its way
into Murrow's programs

386
00:30:02.920 --> 00:30:05.894
as he concluded each
broadcast with the poignant

387
00:30:05.960 --> 00:30:08.120
phrase, good night and good luck.

388
00:30:10.480 --> 00:30:13.374
Americans were visibly
moved by Britain's plight and

389
00:30:13.440 --> 00:30:15.080
public sentiment slowly shifted.

390
00:30:17.640 --> 00:30:19.454
Some refused to wait for a change in

391
00:30:19.520 --> 00:30:22.254
US foreign policy and
risked everything to fight

392
00:30:22.320 --> 00:30:26.094
for freedom long before such
selfless service was requested.

393
00:30:26.160 --> 00:30:29.894
(dramatic music)

394
00:30:29.960 --> 00:30:33.854
Between June 1940 and
December 41, several hundred

395
00:30:33.920 --> 00:30:37.654
Americans volunteered for
the RAF, helping defend Britain

396
00:30:37.720 --> 00:30:38.840
in the Battle of Britain.

397
00:30:43.120 --> 00:30:46.054
Fighter pilots, navigators
and air gunners faced a

398
00:30:46.120 --> 00:30:48.974
10-year prison sentence,
loss of US citizenship

399
00:30:49.040 --> 00:30:52.480
and a $20,000 fine under American law.

400
00:30:55.080 --> 00:30:58.360
Many brave volunteers claimed
to be Canadian to avoid discovery.

401
00:31:02.520 --> 00:31:06.320
Some perished in battle and were among
the few the British owed their lives to.

402
00:31:06.880 --> 00:31:09.374
As Britain fought on,
Roosevelt prepared at home

403
00:31:09.440 --> 00:31:14.614
with the Selective Service Act, requiring
all men aged 21 to 36 to register.

404
00:31:14.680 --> 00:31:18.614
(dramatic music)

405
00:31:18.680 --> 00:31:24.014
However, over 6,000 local draft boards
decided fitness and deferment claims.

406
00:31:24.080 --> 00:31:28.080
(dramatic music)

407
00:31:28.760 --> 00:31:31.774
While men queued for
examination, Roosevelt reassured the

408
00:31:31.840 --> 00:31:34.534
public, insisting he wouldn't
send Americans into a

409
00:31:34.600 --> 00:31:38.374
European war, framing it as
preparation for national defence.

410
00:31:38.440 --> 00:31:42.440
(dramatic music)

411
00:31:45.240 --> 00:31:47.320
He couldn't afford to lose public favour.

412
00:31:47.840 --> 00:31:49.080
He had an election to win.

413
00:31:53.560 --> 00:31:56.574
After two terms, Roosevelt
pursued a third, an

414
00:31:56.640 --> 00:31:59.120
unprecedented move in
US presidential history.

415
00:32:02.920 --> 00:32:08.094
Out of 48 states, he won all but 10,
with 27 million voters returning him to

416
00:32:08.160 --> 00:32:10.254
the White House in November 1940.

417
00:32:10.320 --> 00:32:14.320
(dramatic music)

418
00:32:17.680 --> 00:32:20.574
As Roosevelt presided over
Congress, he remained determined

419
00:32:20.640 --> 00:32:24.574
to aid Britain, describing the
US as an arsenal for democracy.

420
00:32:24.640 --> 00:32:28.640
(dramatic music)

421
00:32:29.240 --> 00:32:34.294
His uplifting speech in early 1941 became
synonymous with the American dream.

422
00:32:34.360 --> 00:32:38.360
(dramatic music)

423
00:32:38.720 --> 00:32:43.160
In his State of the Union address, he
proposed four essential human freedoms.

424
00:32:45.880 --> 00:32:48.880
Freedom of speech and
expression, freedom of worship,

425
00:32:49.640 --> 00:32:52.014
freedom from want, and freedom from fear.

426
00:32:52.080 --> 00:32:56.080
(dramatic music)

427
00:32:57.040 --> 00:32:59.640
A world built on these
freedoms, Roosevelt believed,

428
00:33:00.040 --> 00:33:03.480
was the antithesis of the
so-called new order of tyranny.

429
00:33:05.040 --> 00:33:07.494
Principles worth fighting for at any cost.

430
00:33:07.560 --> 00:33:11.560
(dramatic music)

431
00:33:12.480 --> 00:33:14.960
Roosevelt soon had his chance to act when,

432
00:33:15.160 --> 00:33:17.880
one month later, Churchill
made a passionate appeal.

433
00:33:21.040 --> 00:33:23.440
Give us the tools and
we will finish the job.

434
00:33:23.520 --> 00:33:27.520
(dramatic music)

435
00:33:28.560 --> 00:33:32.734
In response, in March 1941,
Congress passed Roosevelt's.

436
00:33:32.800 --> 00:33:35.920
Lend-Lease Act, which did
exactly as Churchill requested.

437
00:33:37.200 --> 00:33:40.094
By then, Britain had
fought relentlessly for nine

438
00:33:40.160 --> 00:33:42.160
months and desperately needed supplies.

439
00:33:42.800 --> 00:33:44.080
Secretary of War Henry L.

440
00:33:44.240 --> 00:33:47.240
Stimson told the Senate,
we are buying, not lending.

441
00:33:47.880 --> 00:33:50.534
We are buying our own
security while we prepare.

442
00:33:50.600 --> 00:33:54.600
(dramatic music)

443
00:33:55.920 --> 00:33:58.374
The Lend-Lease policy
proved invaluable to the.

444
00:33:58.440 --> 00:34:02.094
Allies, later extending to
Russia as Hitler turned on Stalin.

445
00:34:02.160 --> 00:34:06.160
(dramatic music)

446
00:34:07.680 --> 00:34:12.494
By mid-1941, the U.S. was committed
to aiding the Allies short of war.

447
00:34:12.560 --> 00:34:16.560
(dramatic music)

448
00:34:16.960 --> 00:34:19.614
U.S. convoys protected
Allied shipping and U.

449
00:34:19.680 --> 00:34:22.734
.S. aircraft carriers secretly
ferried British fighter planes

450
00:34:22.800 --> 00:34:26.254
to Mediterranean war zones,
escalating the conflict globally.

451
00:34:26.320 --> 00:34:30.320
(dramatic music)

452
00:34:35.720 --> 00:34:38.094
As Europe and America
drew battle lines, Japan

453
00:34:38.160 --> 00:34:40.920
became an increasing threat
in the Northern Hemisphere,

454
00:34:41.520 --> 00:34:44.120
triggering dramatic shifts
in U.S. foreign policy.

455
00:34:44.200 --> 00:34:48.200
(dramatic music)

456
00:34:50.320 --> 00:34:53.054
When Japan invaded
French Indochina, U.S. aid

457
00:34:53.120 --> 00:34:55.574
routes to China were at risk and American.

458
00:34:55.640 --> 00:34:58.000
Pacific territories faced encirclement.

459
00:35:02.080 --> 00:35:04.654
The Philippines, Americans
since Spain's defeat in the

460
00:35:04.720 --> 00:35:06.774
late 19th century, were in jeopardy.

461
00:35:06.840 --> 00:35:10.840
(dramatic music)

462
00:35:14.120 --> 00:35:17.614
A historic 1935 meeting
between Roosevelt and Filipino.

463
00:35:17.680 --> 00:35:22.694
President Manuel Quezon had
set a path to independence by 1945.

464
00:35:22.760 --> 00:35:26.760
(dramatic music)

465
00:35:28.360 --> 00:35:30.974
But with Japan advancing,
the small nation faced

466
00:35:31.040 --> 00:35:33.974
grave danger and Roosevelt's
response set in motion

467
00:35:34.040 --> 00:35:36.334
events that would change the war's course.

468
00:35:36.400 --> 00:35:40.400
(dramatic music)

469
00:35:50.760 --> 00:35:54.814
In July 1941, Roosevelt
froze all Japanese assets

470
00:35:54.880 --> 00:35:57.174
in the U.S. Britain and the Netherlands

471
00:35:57.240 --> 00:36:00.094
followed, making it nearly
impossible for Japan to

472
00:36:00.160 --> 00:36:02.174
buy oil, essential for expansion.

473
00:36:02.240 --> 00:36:06.240
(dramatic music)

474
00:36:10.920 --> 00:36:14.080
Since America supplied 95% of Japan's oil,

475
00:36:14.600 --> 00:36:16.414
the embargo was catastrophic.

476
00:36:16.480 --> 00:36:20.480
(dramatic music)

477
00:36:26.720 --> 00:36:29.880
In response, on the 14th of August 1941,

478
00:36:30.680 --> 00:36:32.800
Roosevelt and Churchill met face to face.

479
00:36:33.200 --> 00:36:34.894
Their past differences set aside.

480
00:36:34.960 --> 00:36:38.960
(dramatic music)

481
00:36:39.680 --> 00:36:44.400
At long last, Mr. President, Churchill
exclaimed, shaking Roosevelt's hand.

482
00:36:46.640 --> 00:36:50.214
It was their first meeting since 1918 and

483
00:36:50.280 --> 00:36:52.014
marked the beginning of a great friendship.

484
00:36:52.080 --> 00:36:55.574
(dramatic music)

485
00:36:55.640 --> 00:36:57.774
Their four-day meeting aboard a ship off.

486
00:36:57.840 --> 00:37:01.974
Newfoundland focused on war
aims, resulting in the Atlantic Charter.

487
00:37:02.040 --> 00:37:05.214
(dramatic music)

488
00:37:05.280 --> 00:37:08.174
This historic agreement
declared that neither the United.

489
00:37:08.240 --> 00:37:11.814
States nor the United
Kingdom sought territorial gains.

490
00:37:11.880 --> 00:37:15.880
(dramatic music)

491
00:37:23.800 --> 00:37:27.814
Churchill deeply respected
Roosevelt, later saying, I felt

492
00:37:27.880 --> 00:37:31.974
I was in contact with a very great
man who was also a warm-hearted friend

493
00:37:32.040 --> 00:37:35.454
and the foremost champion of
the high causes which we served.

494
00:37:35.520 --> 00:37:39.520
(dramatic music)

495
00:37:40.240 --> 00:37:42.974
Still, the meeting did
not bring America into

496
00:37:43.040 --> 00:37:45.400
the war as Stalin and Churchill had hoped.

497
00:37:46.160 --> 00:37:48.534
Yet for Japan, the Atlantic Charter and the

498
00:37:48.600 --> 00:37:51.600
oil embargo were seen
as a declaration of war.

499
00:37:51.680 --> 00:37:55.680
(dramatic music)

500
00:38:06.560 --> 00:38:10.454
Facing existential threats, Japan
held an imperial conference in

501
00:38:10.520 --> 00:38:15.854
Tokyo in September 1941, attended
by the emperor and senior officials.

502
00:38:15.920 --> 00:38:19.920
(dramatic music)

503
00:38:21.160 --> 00:38:23.840
Hitler was eager to pursue
his European ambitions,

504
00:38:24.320 --> 00:38:27.494
but anything that delayed
US involvement was beneficial.

505
00:38:27.560 --> 00:38:31.374
(dramatic music)

506
00:38:31.440 --> 00:38:34.294
He encouraged Japan to
attack British-occupied Singapore

507
00:38:34.360 --> 00:38:37.694
and India to divert America's
attention from Europe.

508
00:38:37.760 --> 00:38:41.760
(dramatic music)

509
00:38:49.280 --> 00:38:52.294
Consequently, Hitler pledged
to declare war on America

510
00:38:52.360 --> 00:38:56.214
if Japan acted, a move that
ultimately proved disastrous for him.

511
00:38:56.280 --> 00:39:00.280
(dramatic music)

512
00:39:03.400 --> 00:39:06.054
He believed America, with
prominent pro-Nazi figures

513
00:39:06.120 --> 00:39:09.920
like Lindbergh and a public favouring
neutrality, wouldn't pose a threat.

514
00:39:10.320 --> 00:39:12.134
It was a serious miscalculation.

515
00:39:12.200 --> 00:39:16.200
(dramatic music)

516
00:39:18.680 --> 00:39:22.094
Meanwhile, US-Japanese
peace talks baffled the German

517
00:39:22.160 --> 00:39:24.494
ambassador, who doubted their sincerity.

518
00:39:24.560 --> 00:39:28.560
(dramatic music)

519
00:39:33.360 --> 00:39:35.614
The US offered Japan a final peace deal,

520
00:39:35.680 --> 00:39:40.614
promising to lift embargoes on oil and
steel if Japan withdrew from Indochina.

521
00:39:40.680 --> 00:39:44.680
(dramatic music)

522
00:39:47.760 --> 00:39:52.080
Prime Minister Konoe offered to meet
Roosevelt in Hawaii, despite the risks.

523
00:39:54.840 --> 00:39:56.974
He even proposed a pact under which Japan

524
00:39:57.040 --> 00:39:59.574
would avoid war with America, even if US

525
00:39:59.640 --> 00:40:02.254
actions led to war with
Germany, violating the

526
00:40:02.320 --> 00:40:04.614
tripartite pact with Hitler and Mussolini.

527
00:40:04.680 --> 00:40:08.680
(dramatic music)

528
00:40:15.320 --> 00:40:16.840
But Konoe's efforts failed.

529
00:40:17.560 --> 00:40:20.320
The Japanese military was set on war.

530
00:40:21.320 --> 00:40:25.934
On 7 December 1941,
Japan sent notification that

531
00:40:26.000 --> 00:40:27.840
all negotiations had collapsed.

532
00:40:31.240 --> 00:40:33.040
By the time it reached the White House,

533
00:40:33.480 --> 00:40:36.934
Roosevelt and the American people
already knew peace was no longer an option.

534
00:40:37.000 --> 00:40:41.000
(dramatic music)

535
00:40:43.880 --> 00:40:46.734
At 8am on Sunday, 7 December, as the

536
00:40:46.800 --> 00:40:49.854
Hawaiian sun shone
lazily over the Pacific, a

537
00:40:49.920 --> 00:40:52.040
sinister shadow emerged on the horizon.

538
00:40:53.240 --> 00:40:56.400
Swarms of Japanese fighter
planes approached Pearl Harbour.

539
00:40:56.480 --> 00:41:00.480
(dramatic music)

540
00:41:10.720 --> 00:41:14.454
Before sailors could mount a defence,
explosions and gunfire shattered

541
00:41:14.520 --> 00:41:15.400
the morning calm.

542
00:41:15.480 --> 00:41:19.480
(dramatic music)

543
00:41:21.000 --> 00:41:24.960
Bombs, torpedoes and bullets
devastated the US naval force.

544
00:41:25.720 --> 00:41:28.254
Amid the smoke and
chaos, thousands of military

545
00:41:28.320 --> 00:41:30.094
personnel and civilians perished.

546
00:41:30.160 --> 00:41:33.654
(dramatic music)

547
00:41:33.720 --> 00:41:36.720
Roosevelt now had the
mandate to lead America into war.

548
00:41:37.400 --> 00:41:39.974
Speculation remains that
the attack was not entirely

549
00:41:40.040 --> 00:41:42.654
a surprise to him when
news of the carnage arrived.

550
00:41:42.720 --> 00:41:46.720
(dramatic music)

551
00:41:57.200 --> 00:41:59.494
By the next morning in
Washington, thousands had

552
00:41:59.560 --> 00:42:02.614
gathered outside the White House,
awaiting Roosevelt's response

553
00:42:02.680 --> 00:42:03.880
to the horrific attack.

554
00:42:06.880 --> 00:42:10.600
His words would be etched into
history, as would the event itself.

555
00:42:10.920 --> 00:42:13.614
And he did not disappoint
the Allies, rallying

556
00:42:13.680 --> 00:42:18.040
his arsenal of democracy to take up
arms against the Empire of the Rising Sun.

557
00:42:19.320 --> 00:42:26.334
And dastardly attacked by
Japan on Sunday, December

558
00:42:26.400 --> 00:42:33.814
7th, 1941, a state of war has

559
00:42:33.880 --> 00:42:40.200
existed between the United
States and the Japanese Empire.

560
00:42:40.320 --> 00:42:44.320
(dramatic music)

561
00:42:45.440 --> 00:42:48.614
On December 8th, Roosevelt
declared that the United.

562
00:42:48.680 --> 00:42:51.534
States had suddenly and
deliberately been attacked by.

563
00:42:51.600 --> 00:42:54.494
Japan's naval and air forces, and no matter

564
00:42:54.560 --> 00:42:57.214
how long it took, America
would defend itself

565
00:42:57.280 --> 00:43:00.134
to the utmost, ensuring
this act of treachery

566
00:43:00.200 --> 00:43:02.174
would never again threaten the USA.

567
00:43:02.240 --> 00:43:06.240
(dramatic music)

568
00:43:15.440 --> 00:43:18.614
Roosevelt's fiercest critics
now favoured war, and the

569
00:43:18.680 --> 00:43:21.774
nation, which had long
upheld neutrality, united behind

570
00:43:21.840 --> 00:43:24.640
the President as America
entered the Second World War.

571
00:43:24.960 --> 00:43:28.014
Battles on the continent of Europe, and the

572
00:43:28.080 --> 00:43:32.360
Japanese on the continent of Asia,
and on the islands of the Pacific.

573
00:43:33.400 --> 00:43:35.894
Yet even as Roosevelt
spoke, thousands of miles

574
00:43:35.960 --> 00:43:39.440
away, the Philippines suddenly
came under Japanese attack,

575
00:43:39.520 --> 00:43:42.174
and it fell to Field Marshal
Douglas MacArthur

576
00:43:42.240 --> 00:43:45.254
to lead American and
Filipino troops, who fought

577
00:43:45.320 --> 00:43:48.254
together to defend these
strategically vital islands.

578
00:43:48.320 --> 00:43:52.320
(dramatic music)

579
00:43:53.880 --> 00:43:57.094
Aligned with Japan, the Axis Pact now drove

580
00:43:57.160 --> 00:44:01.160
Germany and Italy to declare
war on America on December 11th.

581
00:44:04.080 --> 00:44:06.534
And as the USA joined the Allies, Churchill

582
00:44:06.600 --> 00:44:09.374
was eager to meet
Roosevelt to discuss war plans.

583
00:44:09.440 --> 00:44:13.440
(dramatic music)

584
00:44:15.160 --> 00:44:18.854
Just before Christmas
1941, the two great leaders

585
00:44:18.920 --> 00:44:21.694
met again, and within
the White House, Churchill

586
00:44:21.760 --> 00:44:24.574
created his own war
room, covering the walls

587
00:44:24.640 --> 00:44:27.360
with maps as British
administrators filled the corridors.

588
00:44:30.680 --> 00:44:34.414
During the Arcadia Conference,
Roosevelt and Churchill strategised

589
00:44:34.480 --> 00:44:37.494
their next moves, forming
an informal alliance between

590
00:44:37.560 --> 00:44:41.334
the USA, Great Britain,
China, and the Soviet Union.

591
00:44:41.400 --> 00:44:45.400
(dramatic music)

592
00:44:45.600 --> 00:44:48.094
Their objectives were to
halt German advances in

593
00:44:48.160 --> 00:44:51.014
Russia and North Africa,
launch a Western European

594
00:44:51.080 --> 00:44:54.254
invasion to crush Germany
between two fronts, while

595
00:44:54.320 --> 00:44:56.574
also aiding China and defeating Japan.

596
00:44:56.640 --> 00:45:00.640
(dramatic music)

597
00:45:02.680 --> 00:45:05.694
Christmas Eve 1941
would be the only occasion

598
00:45:05.760 --> 00:45:08.854
Roosevelt and Churchill
addressed the public together, united

599
00:45:08.920 --> 00:45:10.454
in their pledge to fight for a free

600
00:45:10.520 --> 00:45:14.174
and decent world, and to remember
those serving in the armed forces.

601
00:45:14.240 --> 00:45:18.240
(dramatic music)

602
00:45:32.800 --> 00:45:36.800
Fine sentiments indeed, but in
the Pacific, the battle was relentless.

603
00:45:38.320 --> 00:45:40.214
Hong Kong fell to the
Japanese on Christmas.

604
00:45:40.280 --> 00:45:43.334
Day, followed quickly
by Manila, the capital of

605
00:45:43.400 --> 00:45:46.480
the Philippines, though fierce
fighting continued for four months.

606
00:45:47.040 --> 00:45:49.854
The Japanese also advanced
towards Malaya and the

607
00:45:49.920 --> 00:45:51.960
Dutch East Indies at an alarming pace.

608
00:45:56.560 --> 00:46:00.054
Nevertheless, for Churchill
and Britain, America's entry into

609
00:46:00.120 --> 00:46:01.920
the war was a great advantage.

610
00:46:05.480 --> 00:46:09.134
By January 1942, American
soldiers began arriving in.

611
00:46:09.200 --> 00:46:12.814
Britain, with numbers increasing
dramatically in the years ahead.

612
00:46:12.880 --> 00:46:16.880
(dramatic music)

613
00:46:20.000 --> 00:46:22.614
The American GIs made
a significant impact on

614
00:46:22.680 --> 00:46:25.814
British life, arriving with
gifts for women, particularly

615
00:46:25.880 --> 00:46:29.294
stockings, leading disgruntled
British men to describe them

616
00:46:29.360 --> 00:46:32.454
as over-sexed, overpaid, and over-here.

617
00:46:32.520 --> 00:46:36.520
(dramatic music)

618
00:46:39.000 --> 00:46:41.894
However, the Americans
responded with a jibe at.

619
00:46:41.960 --> 00:46:46.134
Britain's famously unorthodox
commander, Bernard Montgomery, saying the.

620
00:46:46.200 --> 00:46:49.294
Tommies were under-sexed,
underpaid, and under-Monty.

621
00:46:49.360 --> 00:46:53.360
(dramatic music)

622
00:46:55.240 --> 00:46:57.680
Although many American
troops were stationed in Britain,

623
00:46:58.160 --> 00:46:59.974
the majority at this time were sent to

624
00:47:00.040 --> 00:47:02.574
the Pacific to counter
Japan's ongoing assault.

625
00:47:02.640 --> 00:47:06.640
(dramatic music)

626
00:47:10.440 --> 00:47:14.120
In early 1942, the Japanese
began bombing Singapore,

627
00:47:14.640 --> 00:47:17.800
one of the British Empire's key
commercial and military centres.

628
00:47:19.040 --> 00:47:22.574
On February 8th, 23,000
Japanese troops stormed

629
00:47:22.640 --> 00:47:25.494
the island, and to Churchill's
horror, Singapore fell

630
00:47:25.560 --> 00:47:29.974
by February 15th, which he
called Britain's greatest defeat.

631
00:47:30.040 --> 00:47:34.040
(dramatic music)

632
00:47:39.080 --> 00:47:41.560
In the Pacific, American General Dwight D.

633
00:47:41.680 --> 00:47:43.814
Eisenhower did all he could to get aid

634
00:47:43.880 --> 00:47:46.120
to the struggling Philippines, but failed.

635
00:47:49.400 --> 00:47:52.294
The presidential palace in
Manila was occupied, and

636
00:47:52.360 --> 00:47:55.414
with 80,000 prisoners of
war captured, horrifying

637
00:47:55.480 --> 00:47:58.400
reports of their brutal
treatment soon reached the USA.

638
00:47:58.480 --> 00:48:02.480
(dramatic music)

639
00:48:05.160 --> 00:48:07.534
Filipino and American
troops were forced to march

640
00:48:07.600 --> 00:48:10.800
105km to a prison camp in the north,

641
00:48:11.440 --> 00:48:14.200
an ordeal now known as
the Bataan Death March.

642
00:48:17.880 --> 00:48:21.134
An estimated 10,000 Filipinos and 1,200

643
00:48:21.200 --> 00:48:24.920
Americans died en route from
starvation, thirst, and torture.

644
00:48:29.680 --> 00:48:33.814
The American press widely
reported the atrocity, sparking outrage.

645
00:48:33.880 --> 00:48:37.880
(dramatic music)

646
00:48:38.960 --> 00:48:41.840
Within months, the Japanese
controlled Burma, Malaya,

647
00:48:42.080 --> 00:48:45.280
Thailand, French Indochina,
and the Malay Archipelago.

648
00:48:47.760 --> 00:48:50.214
The Philippines president
and his cabinet fled to

649
00:48:50.280 --> 00:48:52.094
Washington to form a government in exile.

650
00:48:52.160 --> 00:48:56.160
(dramatic music)

651
00:49:00.160 --> 00:49:02.654
While war raged in the
Pacific, Eisenhower was

652
00:49:02.720 --> 00:49:05.440
appointed head of the
European Theatre of Operations,

653
00:49:06.080 --> 00:49:09.094
his first mission being to
implement Operation Torch.

654
00:49:09.160 --> 00:49:13.160
(dramatic music)

655
00:49:16.520 --> 00:49:19.214
Devised by Roosevelt and
Churchill, the plan aimed

656
00:49:19.280 --> 00:49:23.240
to seize French North Africa as a
base to drive Italy out of the war.

657
00:49:23.320 --> 00:49:27.320
(dramatic music)

658
00:49:28.280 --> 00:49:32.920
From Gibraltar, Eisenhower directed
Operation Torch, targeting Algeria,

659
00:49:33.120 --> 00:49:36.094
Morocco, and Tunisia,
marking the first major joint

660
00:49:36.160 --> 00:49:38.734
operation between
American and British forces.

661
00:49:38.800 --> 00:49:42.800
(dramatic music)

662
00:49:46.960 --> 00:49:49.934
It was also where Eisenhower
encountered General Bernard

663
00:49:50.000 --> 00:49:53.160
Montgomery, affectionately
called Monty by his men.

664
00:49:56.520 --> 00:50:00.174
By February 1943, Eisenhower
was made responsible for

665
00:50:00.240 --> 00:50:03.454
the British Eighth Army under
Montgomery's command, revealing

666
00:50:03.520 --> 00:50:06.360
tensions not only between
British and American troops,

667
00:50:06.760 --> 00:50:08.734
but also at the highest ranks.

668
00:50:08.800 --> 00:50:12.800
(dramatic music)

669
00:50:16.000 --> 00:50:17.847
Montgomery frustrated the Americans by

670
00:50:17.913 --> 00:50:20.120
disregarding strategies
that didn’t suit him,

671
00:50:22.560 --> 00:50:26.160
leading to clashes with US generals
George Patton and Omar Bradley.

672
00:50:29.560 --> 00:50:33.054
Although Bradley remained
courteous, Patton was as contentious

673
00:50:33.120 --> 00:50:37.774
as Montgomery, earning the nickname
Old Blood and Guts from his troops.

674
00:50:37.840 --> 00:50:41.840
(dramatic music)

675
00:50:45.080 --> 00:50:48.854
On one occasion, Eisenhower had
to intervene to save Patton's career.

676
00:50:48.920 --> 00:50:52.920
(dramatic music)

677
00:50:53.160 --> 00:50:56.374
While visiting wounded American
soldiers in hospital, Patton

678
00:50:56.440 --> 00:51:00.734
shocked onlookers by slapping two
young privates, accusing them of cowardice.

679
00:51:00.800 --> 00:51:04.800
(dramatic music)

680
00:51:06.480 --> 00:51:09.014
Though their injuries were
invisible, they were suffering

681
00:51:09.080 --> 00:51:12.280
from shell shock, now known
as post-traumatic stress.

682
00:51:13.280 --> 00:51:16.894
Public outcry led many to
demand Patton's resignation.

683
00:51:16.960 --> 00:51:20.960
(dramatic music)

684
00:51:25.360 --> 00:51:28.534
But on Eisenhower's advice,
he apologised before being

685
00:51:28.600 --> 00:51:31.934
temporarily relieved of
duty, later returning as a

686
00:51:32.000 --> 00:51:33.760
key general in Europe's liberation.

687
00:51:39.160 --> 00:51:41.974
Following victory in North
Africa, Eisenhower led forces

688
00:51:42.040 --> 00:51:44.720
into Italy, which soon fell to the Allies.

689
00:51:45.720 --> 00:51:50.454
By 1943, Roosevelt and Churchill,
recognising Eisenhower's tactical

690
00:51:50.520 --> 00:51:53.600
brilliance, placed him in
charge of Operation Overlord,

691
00:51:54.040 --> 00:51:56.414
the European invasion beginning with D-Day.

692
00:51:56.480 --> 00:52:00.480
(dramatic music)

693
00:52:06.200 --> 00:52:09.094
Eisenhower was tasked with
organising one million combat

694
00:52:09.160 --> 00:52:11.320
troops and two million support personnel.

695
00:52:16.480 --> 00:52:21.080
On 6 June 1944, the
Normandy beaches, Sword,

696
00:52:21.400 --> 00:52:25.454
Juno, Gold, Omaha and
Utah witnessed the beginning

697
00:52:25.520 --> 00:52:27.280
of World War II's final chapter.

698
00:52:31.280 --> 00:52:34.800
By early 1945, victory
was inevitable for the Allies.

699
00:52:35.360 --> 00:52:36.734
It was just a matter of time.

700
00:52:36.800 --> 00:52:40.800
(dramatic music)

701
00:52:46.080 --> 00:52:48.854
However, for Roosevelt,
fate had a cruel twist

702
00:52:48.920 --> 00:52:53.120
in store for the man who had done
so much to defeat Hitler's axis of evil.

703
00:52:53.200 --> 00:52:57.200
(dramatic music)

704
00:53:01.000 --> 00:53:04.974
On 30 March 1945,
Roosevelt travelled to Warm

705
00:53:05.040 --> 00:53:09.320
Springs to rest before attending the
founding conference of the United Nations.

706
00:53:09.400 --> 00:53:13.400
(dramatic music)

707
00:53:15.160 --> 00:53:19.854
On 12 April, he was taken to his bedroom
with a severe headache and died later

708
00:53:19.920 --> 00:53:22.454
that day from a massive
cerebral haemorrhage.

709
00:53:22.520 --> 00:53:26.520
(dramatic music)

710
00:53:32.920 --> 00:53:34.934
Less than a month later, on 8 May

711
00:53:35.000 --> 00:53:39.654
1945, America and Europe
celebrated Roosevelt's long-fought

712
00:53:39.720 --> 00:53:41.654
victory as Germany surrendered.

713
00:53:41.720 --> 00:53:45.720
(dramatic music)

714
00:53:54.240 --> 00:53:57.414
In the United States, V-E Day
celebrations were dedicated

715
00:53:57.480 --> 00:54:02.640
to Roosevelt's memory with flags kept
at half-mast for a 30-day mourning period.

716
00:54:03.800 --> 00:54:06.814
Churchill hailed him as
the greatest American friend

717
00:54:06.880 --> 00:54:09.134
and the greatest champion of freedom.

718
00:54:09.200 --> 00:54:13.200
(dramatic music)

719
00:54:21.040 --> 00:54:23.920
It was the end of an era
and a new age was beginning.

720
00:54:24.640 --> 00:54:26.934
The man who now carried
Roosevelt's arsenal of

721
00:54:27.000 --> 00:54:30.160
democracy forward was Vice
President Harry S Truman,

722
00:54:30.600 --> 00:54:33.574
who would lead America
through the war's final chapters.

723
00:54:33.640 --> 00:54:37.640
(dramatic music)

724
00:54:43.320 --> 00:54:47.174
The conflict in the Pacific
ended in August 1945 with

725
00:54:47.240 --> 00:54:49.880
atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

726
00:54:51.000 --> 00:54:54.094
The West rejoiced at
peace, but the devastation

727
00:54:54.160 --> 00:54:56.174
in the East marked the dawn of a

728
00:54:56.240 --> 00:54:59.334
new era in warfare as
history's deadliest weapon

729
00:54:59.400 --> 00:55:01.134
finally forced Japan's surrender.

730
00:55:01.200 --> 00:55:05.200
(dramatic music)